United States Senate elections, 1830 and 1831

United States Senate elections, 1830 and 1831
16 of the 48 seats in the United States Senate (plus special elections); 25 seats needed for a majority
Majority party before election; Jacksonian;	Elected Majority party; Jacksonian;

Last updated April 01, 2019

The United States Senate elections of 1830 and 1831 were elections that had Jacksonians gain one seat in the United States Senate from the Anti-Jacksonian coalition, but lose one seat to the short-lived Nullifier Party. By the time Congress first met in December 1831, however, the Jacksonians had a net loss of one seat.

The United States Senate is the upper chamber of the United States Congress, which along with the United States House of Representatives—the lower chamber—comprises the legislature of the United States. The Senate chamber is located in the north wing of the Capitol, in Washington, D.C.

The Nullifier Party was an American political party based in South Carolina in the 1830s. Considered an early American third party, it was started by John C. Calhoun sometime in May–December 1828.

Results summary
Change in Senate composition
Before the elections
As a result of the elections
At the beginning of the first session, December 5, 1831
Race summaries
Special elections during the 21st Congress
Races leading to the 22nd Congress
Elections during the 22nd Congress
Complete list of races
New York
Ohio
Pennsylvania (special)
See also
References

As these elections were prior to ratification of the seventeenth amendment, Senators were chosen by State legislatures.

The Seventeenth Amendment to the United States Constitution established the popular election of United States Senators by the people of the states. The amendment supersedes Article I, §3, Clauses 1 and 2 of the Constitution, under which senators were elected by state legislatures. It also alters the procedure for filling vacancies in the Senate, allowing for state legislatures to permit their governors to make temporary appointments until a special election can be held.

A state legislature in the United States is the legislative body of any of the 50 U.S. states. The formal name varies from state to state. In 25 states, the legislature is simply called the Legislature, or the State Legislature, while in 19 states, the legislature is called the General Assembly. In Massachusetts and New Hampshire, the legislature is called the General Court, while North Dakota and Oregon designate the legislature the Legislative Assembly.

Results summary

Senate Party Division, 22nd Congress (1831–1833)

Majority Party: Jacksonian (24–23)
Minority Party: Anti-Jackson (21–23)
Other Parties: Nullifier (2–1)
Total Seats: 48

Change in Senate composition

Before the elections

After the January 7, 1830 special election in Delaware.

AJ₁₅	AJ₁₆	AJ₁₇	AJ₁₈	AJ₁₉	AJ₂₀	AJ₂₂	AJ₂₁	AJ₂₃	J₂₅
						AJ₁	AJ₂	AJ₃	AJ₄
AJ₁₄	AJ₁₃	AJ₁₂	AJ₁₁	AJ₁₀	AJ₉	AJ₈	AJ₇	AJ₆	AJ₅
Majority →									J₂₄
J₁₅	J₁₆	J₁₇	J₁₈	J₁₉	J₂₀	J₂₁	J₂₂	J₂₃	J₂₄
J₁₄	J₁₃	J₁₂	J₁₁	J₁₀	J₉	J₈	J₇	J₆	J₅
						J₁	J₂	J₃	J₄

As a result of the elections

AJ₁₅ Re-elected	AJ₁₆ Re-elected	AJ₁₇ Re-elected	AJ₁₈ Hold	AJ₁₉ Hold	AJ₂₀ Hold	V₁	N₁ Gain	J₂₆ Gain	J₂₅ Gain
						AJ₁	AJ₂	AJ₃	AJ₄
AJ₁₄	AJ₁₃	AJ₁₂	AJ₁₁	AJ₁₀	AJ₉	AJ₈	AJ₇	AJ₆	AJ₅
Majority →									J₂₄ Gain
J₁₅	J₁₆	J₁₇	J₁₈	J₁₉ Re-elected	J₂₀ Re-elected	J₂₁ Hold	J₂₂ Hold	J₂₃ Hold	J₂₄ Gain
J₁₄	J₁₃	J₁₂	J₁₁	J₁₀	J₉	J₈	J₇	J₆	J₅
						J₁	J₂	J₃	J₄

At the beginning of the first session, December 5, 1831

AJ₁₅	AJ₁₆	AJ₁₇	AJ₁₈	AJ₁₉	AJ₂₀	AJ₂₁* Gain	AJ₂₂* Gain	N₁	N₂* Gain
						AJ₁	AJ₂	AJ₃	AJ₄
AJ₁₄	AJ₁₃	AJ₁₂	AJ₁₁	AJ₁₀	AJ₉	AJ₈	AJ₇	AJ₆	AJ₅
*Plurality →**									J₂₄
J₁₅	J₁₆	J₁₇	J₁₈	J₁₉	J₂₀	J₂₁	J₂₂	J₂₃	J₂₄
J₁₄	J₁₃	J₁₂	J₁₁	J₁₀	J₉	J₈	J₇	J₆	J₅
						J₁	J₂	J₃	J₄

Notes:

AJ₂₁ (Kentucky class 3 seat): Legislature elected Anti-Jacksonian late in the Congress, on November 10, 1831.
AJ₂₂ (Indiana class 1 seat): Jacksonian died February 26, 1831, in the previous Congress, and an Anti-Jacksonian Senator was appointed August 19, 1831.
N₂ (South Carolina class 2 seat): Jacksonian changed party to Nullifier.
Plurality: The Jacksonians maintained Senate control as evidenced by their electing Jacksonians as Presidents pro tempore: Samuel Smith, Littleton W. Tazewell, and Hugh Lawson White.

The President pro tempore of the United States Senate is the second-highest-ranking official of the United States Senate. Article One, Section Three of the United States Constitution provides that the Vice President of the United States is the President of the Senate, and mandates that the Senate must choose a President pro tempore to act in the Vice President's absence. Unlike the Vice President, the President pro tempore is an elected member of the Senate, able to speak or vote on any issue. Selected by the Senate at large, the President pro tempore has enjoyed many privileges and some limited powers. During the Vice President's absence, the President pro tempore is empowered to preside over Senate sessions. In practice, neither the Vice President nor the President pro tempore usually presides; instead, the duty of presiding officer is rotated among junior U.S. Senators of the majority party to give them experience in parliamentary procedure.

Samuel Smith was a United States Senator and Representative from Maryland, a mayor of Baltimore, Maryland, and a general in the Maryland militia. He was the brother of cabinet secretary Robert Smith.

Hugh Lawson White was a prominent American politician during the first third of the 19th century. After filling in several posts particularly in Tennessee's judiciary and state legislature since 1801, thereunder as a Tennessee Supreme Court justice, he was chosen to succeed former presidential candidate Andrew Jackson in the United States Senate in 1825 and became a member of the new Democratic Party, supporting Jackson's policies and his future presidential administration. However, he left the Democrats in 1836 and was a Whig candidate in that year's presidential election.

Key:

AJ_#	= Anti-Jacksonian
J_#	= Jacksonian
N_#	= Nullfier
V_#	= Vacant

Race summaries

Bold states link to specific election articles.

Special elections during the 21st Congress

In these special elections, the winners were seated during 1830 or before March 4, 1831; ordered by election date.

State	Incumbent			Results	Candidates
State	Senator	Party	Electoral history	Results	Candidates
Illinois (Class 2)	David J. Baker	Jacksonian	1830 (Appointed)	Incumbent appointee retired when elected successor qualified. Winner elected December 11, 1830. Jacksonian hold.	John M. Robinson (Jacksonian)
Mississippi (Class 2)	Thomas B. Reed	Jacksonian	1826 (Special) 1827 (Lost re-election) 1828 or 1829 (Election)	Incumbent died November 26, 1829. Winner elected January 6, 1830. Jacksonian hold.	Robert H. Adams (Jacksonian)
Delaware (Class 1)	Louis McLane	Jacksonian	1827	Incumbent resigned April 29, 1829 to become U.S. Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary to the United Kingdom. Winner elected January 7, 1830. Anti-Jacksonian gain.	Arnold Naudain (Anti-Jacksonian)
Indiana (Class 1)	James Noble	Anti-Jacksonian	1816 1821 (Re-elected) 1827 (Re-elected)	Incumbent died February 26, 1831. Seat filled next Congress.	None

Races leading to the 22nd Congress

In these general elections, the winner was seated on March 4, 1831 (except where noted due to late election); ordered by state.

All of the elections involved the Class 3 seats.

State	Incumbent			Results	Candidates
State	Senator	Party	Electoral history	Results	Candidates
Alabama	John McKinley	Jacksonian	1826 (Special)	Incumbent lost re-election. Winner elected in 1831. Jacksonian hold.	√ Gabriel Moore (Jacksonian) John McKinley (Jacksonian) [Data unknown/missing.]
Connecticut	Calvin Willey	Anti-Jacksonian	1825	Unknown if incumbent ran for re-election. Winner elected in 1830 or 1831. Anti-Jacksonian hold.	√ Gideon Tomlinson (Anti-Jacksonian) [Data unknown/missing.]
Georgia	John Forsyth	Jacksonian	1829 (Special)	Incumbent re-elected in 1830 or 1831.	√ John Forsyth (Jacksonian) [Data unknown/missing.]
Illinois	Elias Kane	Jacksonian	1825	Incumbent re-elected in 1831.	√ Elias K. Kane (Jacksonian) [Data unknown/missing.]
Indiana	William Hendricks	Anti-Jacksonian	1824	Incumbent re-elected in 1830.	√ William Hendricks (Anti-Jacksonian) [Data unknown/missing.]
Kentucky	John Rowan	Jacksonian	1824	Legislature elected late. Seat vacant.	[Data unknown/missing.]
Louisiana	Josiah S. Johnston	Anti-Jacksonian	1824 (Appointed) 1825	Incumbent re-elected in 1831.	√ Josiah S. Johnston (Anti-Jacksonian) [Data unknown/missing.]
Maryland	Ezekiel F. Chambers	Anti-Jacksonian	1826 (Special)	Incumbent re-elected in 1831.	√ Ezekiel F. Chambers (Anti-Jacksonian) [Data unknown/missing.]
Missouri	David Barton	Anti-Jacksonian	1821 1825 (Re-elected)	Incumbent lost re-election. Winner elected in 1830. Jacksonian gain.	√ Alexander Buckner (Jacksonian) David Barton (Anti-Jacksonian) [Data unknown/missing.]
New Hampshire	Levi Woodbury	Jacksonian	1825	Unknown if incumbent ran for re-election. Winner elected in 1831. Jacksonian hold.	√ Isaac Hill (Jacksonian) [Data unknown/missing.]
New York	Nathan Sanford	Anti-Jacksonian	1826 (Elected late)	Incumbent lost re-election. Winner elected February 1, 1831. Jacksonian gain.	√ William L. Marcy (Jacksonian) 20+86 Samuel Works (Anti-Masonic) 5+27 Nathan Sanford (Anti-Jacksonian) 0+1
North Carolina	James Iredell, Jr.	Jacksonian	1828 (Special)	Incumbent retired. Winner elected in 1830. Jacksonian hold.	√ Willie P. Mangum (Jacksonian) [Data unknown/missing.]
Ohio	Jacob Burnet	Anti-Jacksonian	1828 (Special)	Incumbent retired. Winner elected in 1830. Anti-Jacksonian hold.	√ Thomas Ewing (Anti-Jacksonian) 54 Micajah T. Williams (Jacksonian) 51 Edward King (Anti-Jacksonian) 2
Pennsylvania	William Marks	Anti-Jacksonian	1825	Incumbent lost re-election. Winner elected in 1830 or 1831. Jacksonian gain.	√ William Wilkins (Jacksonian) William Marks (Anti-Jacksonian) [Data unknown/missing.]
South Carolina	William Smith	Jacksonian	1826 (Special)	Incumbent lost re-election. Winner elected in 1830 or 1831. Nullifier gain.	√ Stephen D. Miller (Nullifier) William Smith (Jacksonian) [Data unknown/missing.]
Vermont	Dudley Chase	Anti-Jacksonian	1825	Unknown if incumbent ran for re-election. Winner elected in 1831. Anti-Jacksonian hold.	√ Samuel Prentiss (Anti-Jacksonian) [Data unknown/missing.]

Elections during the 22nd Congress

In these special elections, the winners were seated in 1831 after March 4; ordered by election date.

State	Incumbent			Results	Candidates
State	Senator	Party	Electoral history	Results	Candidates
Kentucky (Class 3)	Vacant			Legislature had failed to elect or had elected late. Winner elected November 10, 1831. Anti-Jacksonian gain.	√ Henry Clay (Anti-Jacksonian) [Data unknown/missing.]
Louisiana (Class 2)	Edward Livingston	Jacksonian	1828 or 1829	Incumbent resigned May 24, 1831 to become U.S. Secretary of State. Winner elected November 15, 1831. Anti-Jacksonian gain.	√ George A. Waggaman (Anti-Jacksonian) [Data unknown/missing.]
Pennsylvania (Class 1)	Isaac D. Barnard	Jacksonian	1826	Incumbent resigned December 6, 1831 due to ill health. Winner elected December 13, 1831.^[1] Jacksonian hold.	√ George M. Dallas (Jacksonian) 67 Joseph Hemphill (Jacksonian) 34 Richard Rush (Anti-Masonic) 30 Samuel B. Davis (Jacksonian) 1 Not voting 1^[1]

Complete list of races

New York

The Senate election in New York was held on February 1, 1831, by the New York State Legislature. Nathan Sanford had been elected in 1826 to this seat, and his term would expire on March 3, 1831. At the state election in November 1830, the Jacksonians managed to defeat the combined Anti-Masons and Anti-Jacksonians. Enos T. Throop was narrowly re-elected Governor, a large Jacksonian majority was elected to the Assembly, and five of the nine State Senators elected were Jacksonian Democrats. The 54th New York State Legislature met from January 4 to April 26, 1831, at Albany, New York. The Jacksonian State legislators held a caucus before the election, and nominated New York Supreme Court Justice William L. Marcy. The vote was 77 for Marcy, 15 for Erastus Root, 6 for the incumbent Nathan Sanford and 6 scattering votes. William L. Marcy was the choice of both the Assembly and the Senate, and was declared elected.

The New York State Legislature consists of the two houses that act as the state legislature of the U.S. state of New York. The New York Constitution does not designate an official term for the two houses together. It says only that "legislative power is vested in the senate and assembly." The session laws are published in the official Laws of New York. The permanent laws of a general nature are codified in the Consolidated Laws of New York. The legislature is seated at the New York State Capitol in Albany.

Nathan Sanford was an American politician.

The Anti-Masonic Party, also known as the Anti-Masonic Movement, was the first third party in the United States. It strongly opposed Freemasonry as a single-issue party and later aspired to become a major party by expanding its platform to take positions on other issues. After emerging as a political force in the late 1820s, most of the Anti-Masonic Party's members joined the Whig Party in the 1830s and the party disappeared after 1838.

House	Jacksonian		Anti-Mason		Anti-Jacksonian
State Senate (32 members)	William L. Marcy	20	Samuel Works	5
State Assembly (128 members)	William L. Marcy	86	Samuel Works	27	Nathan Sanford	1

Ohio

The two houses of the Ohio General Assembly met during the winter of 1830-1831 in joint assembly to elect a Senator (Class 3). After seven ballots, on various dates, Thomas Ewing was elected on a majority of the ballots. The balloting was as follows:^[2]

The Ohio General Assembly is the state legislature of the U.S. state of Ohio. It consists of the 99-member Ohio House of Representatives and the 33-member Ohio Senate. Both houses of the General Assembly meet at the Ohio Statehouse in Columbus.

Thomas Ewing Sr. was a National Republican and Whig politician from Ohio. He served in the U.S. Senate as well as serving as the Secretary of the Treasury and the first Secretary of the Interior. He is also known as the foster father of famous American Civil War general William Tecumseh Sherman.

Ballot	Thomas Ewing (Anti-Jacksonian)	Micajah T. Williams (Jacksonian)	Edward King (Anti-Jacksonian)
1	33	49	21
2	37	50	21
3	42	49	16
4	46	52	9
5	51	51	5
6	54	53	2
7	√ 54	51	2

Pennsylvania (special)

Following the December 6, 1831 resignation of Senator Isaac Barnard due to ill health, the Pennsylvania General Assembly convened on December 13, 1831, to elect a new Senator to fill the vacancy. A total of eleven ballots were recorded. The results of the eleventh and final ballot of both houses combined are as follows:

State Legislature Results^[3]^[4]
Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Democratic	George M. Dallas	67	50.38
	Democratic	Joseph Hemphill	34	25.56
	Anti-Masonic	Richard Rush	30	22.56
	Democratic	Samuel B. Davis	1	0.75
	N/A	Not voting	1	0.75
Totals			133	100.00%

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The United States Senate elections of 1834 and 1835 were elections that had the Anti-Jackson coalition maintain control of the United States Senate. However, during the 24th Congress, the Jacksonian coalition gained control of the Senate.

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References

1 2 "U.S. Senate Election - 13 December 1831" (PDF). Wilkes University. Retrieved December 21, 2012.
↑ Taylor, William Alexander; Taylor, Aubrey Clarence (1899). Ohio statesmen and annals of progress: from the year 1788 to the year 1900…. State of Ohio. p. 151.
↑ "U.S. Senate Election - 13 December 1831" (PDF). Wilkes University. Retrieved December 21, 2012.
↑ "PA US Senate - Special Election". OurCampaigns. Retrieved December 21, 2012.

Party Division in the Senate, 1789-Present, via Senate.gov

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[PASpecial-1] 1 2 "U.S. Senate Election - 13 December 1831" (PDF). Wilkes University. Retrieved December 21, 2012.

[2] Taylor, William Alexander; Taylor, Aubrey Clarence (1899). Ohio statesmen and annals of progress: from the year 1788 to the year 1900…. State of Ohio. p. 151.

[results-3] "U.S. Senate Election - 13 December 1831" (PDF). Wilkes University. Retrieved December 21, 2012.

[4] "PA US Senate - Special Election". OurCampaigns. Retrieved December 21, 2012.

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