University of Nebraska Omaha

Last updated

University of Nebraska Omaha
Seal of the University of Nebraska.svg
Former names
University of Omaha
(1908–1968)
Type Public research university
Established1908;116 years ago (1908)
Parent institution
 University of Nebraska system
Academic affiliations
Endowment $110 million
Chancellor Joanne Li [1]
President Jeffrey P. Gold
Academic staff
1,069 [2]
Students15,058 [3] (fall 2022)
Undergraduates 12,488 [2]
Postgraduates 3,038 [2]
Location
Omaha
,
Nebraska
,
U.S.

41°15′32″N96°00′22″W / 41.259°N 96.006°W / 41.259; -96.006
Campus Large City, 534 acres (216 ha)
78 acres (32 ha)
(North Campus)
154 acres (62 ha)
(South Campus) [4]
Colors Crimson and black [5]
   
Nickname Mavericks
Sporting affiliations
MascotDurango
Website unomaha.edu
Nebraska-Omaha wordmark.svg
Usa edcp relief location map.png
Red pog.svg
Omaha
class=notpageimage|
Location in the United States
USA Nebraska relief location map.svg
Red pog.svg
Omaha
class=notpageimage|
Location in Nebraska

The University of Nebraska Omaha (UNO) is a public research university in Omaha, Nebraska, United States. [6] Founded in 1908 by faculty from the Omaha Presbyterian Theological Seminary as a private non-sectarian college, the university was originally known as the University of Omaha. [7] [8] Originally meant to provide a Christian-based education free from ecclesiastical control, the university served as a strong alternative to the city's many successful religiously-affiliated institutions. [9]

Contents

Since the year 2000, the university has more than tripled its student housing and opened a 450-bed student dormitory and academic space on its Scott Campus in 2017. [7] [10] [11] It has also recently constructed modern facilities for its engineering, information technology, business, and biomechanics programs. [7] UNO currently offers more than 200 programs of study across 6 different colleges and has over 60 classroom, student, athletic, and research facilities spread across 3 campuses. [12] [13] It is classified among "R2: Doctoral Universities – High research activity". [6]

The Omaha Mavericks compete in 15 NCAA Division I sports in both the NCHC and Summit League conferences. The ice hockey, basketball, and volleyball teams compete in Baxter Arena on the university's Center Campus. Opened in 2021, Connie Claussen Field is the home of the softball team and the baseball team plays at Tal Anderson Field; both are located at Maverick Park, west of Baxter Arena. [14] UNO enjoyed national attention in 2015, when the hockey team reached the national semifinal (Frozen Four) of the NCAA tournament for the first time. [15]

History

Origin

The original Omaha University was founded in 1908 in the Kountze Place neighborhood of North Omaha. The first classes were located in the Redick Mansion, once at North 24th and Pratt Streets, from 1909 through 1917. As the university was established a few blocks north of the Presbyterian Theological Seminary, most of its early faculty were recruited from Seminary teachers, as well as the faculty of what was then known as Bellevue College (a Presbyterian college in operation from 1883-1918, and not related to the later Bellevue University). There were 26 students in the first year, most of whom had graduated from Omaha Central High School. Three of the university's first four presidents were ordained Presbyterian ministers. [16] [17] Two other buildings on the original campus included Jacobs Hall, a gymnasium erected in 1910, and Joslyn Hall, a classroom building erected in 1917.

Jacobs Hall was a gymnasium facing North 24th Street, built with $14,000 from the sale of land donated by Lillian Maul. The land, the first donation to the university, was near the present West Dodge campus of the university. It was the first new building constructed on the university campus. Joslyn Hall was built with funds donated by a well-known resident, George A. Joslyn. Donating $25,000 toward the building, he stipulated the school match that with another $25,000 in a year. The building was located just north of Redick Hall and was finished in January 1917. Joslyn Hall had three stories and a basement, with a total of thirty classrooms that accommodated 750 students. The building included chemistry and physics laboratories, an auditorium and music department. [18] Redick Hall was sold and moved in February 1917 to Minnesota, where it was adapted for use in a resort.

In the early 1920s a proposed "magnificent campus" was slated for development between 21st and 25th Avenues, bounded by Kountze Park and the Carter Lake Park. In 1927, businessmen formed the North Omaha Activities Association in order to redevelop Saratoga School's playing field into a football field for the university's football team. With new bleachers built to accommodate a crowd of one thousand, the Saratoga Field was home to OU's football team until 1951. [19] The school also served as OU's science call from 1917 to 1926. [20]

Change to public university status

The university became a public municipal institution in 1930, and it moved from the North Omaha campus to its present main location at 60th and Dodge Street in 1938. [7] The old campus buildings were redeveloped for a time as apartments and offices. In June 1964 Jacobs and Joslyn halls were the last two original OU buildings at 24th & Pratt Streets to be demolished. They were taken down in the early 1960s to make way for a 12-story Omaha Housing Authority apartment building for the elderly, which was completed in 1965. [18]

Dr. Milo Bail became president of Omaha University in 1948 and served until 1965. During that time, Omaha hotel magnate Eugene C. Eppley's foundation gave more than $1.2 million to the university. After Eppley's death, the Eppley Foundation donated another $50,000 to recruit distinguished professors. The Eugene C. Eppley Administration Building, designed by John Latenser, Sr., [20] at the university was named in recognition of the gifts. [21] [22] In 1952 the national Silver Wings student organization was founded at the University of Omaha. In 1976 the Dr. C.C. and Mabel L. Criss Library replaced the Eppley Library.

The university was integrated into the University of Nebraska system in 1968.

Academics

Academic rankings
National
U.S. News & World Report [23] 284
Washington Monthly [24] 163 [25]

UNO is classified among "R2: Doctoral Universities – High research activity". [6] UNO is the home of the Peter Kiewit Institute a $70 million computer science facility and engineering facility. PKI houses UNO's College of Information Science and Technology, UNL's College of Engineering and Technology, and the Holland Computing Center, which houses the Firefly supercomputer. [26] The College of Information Science and Technology offers undergraduate/graduate degrees in Computer Science, Management Information Systems, Bioinformatics (graduate degree offered in collaboration with UNMC's Pathology's graduate program), Information Assurance, and Information Technology Innovation. In 2002, UNO became the first university in Nebraska to offer an ABET accredited computer science degree and the only university in the state with an ABET accredited information systems program. [27]

The UNO College of Public Affairs and Community Service (CPACS) comprises 8 units and several subunits. The programs are interdisciplinary and work with countless local, national, and international organizations to make a difference in communities in Nebraska and around the world. As the state's highest-ranked college, it has eight programs ranked in the top 25 in the nation by U.S. News & World Report for 2023. These include #23 (tie) Best Public Affairs Program, #7 (tie) Local Government Management, #11 Nonprofit Management, #5 Public Finance, and #19 Public Management. Within the many programs offered by CPACS, rankings remain high for the college's  popular School of Criminology and Criminal Justice  graduate program, ranked 13th nationally. (U.S. News & World Report kept the rankings the same for all criminology programs this year.) [28] The College of Business Administration's Master of Business Administration students ranked in the top 5% nationally, while the undergraduate students ranked in the top 15% on a 2007 standardized exam on business topics conducted by the Educational Testing Service. [29] The College of Business has continuously held accreditation from the Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business (AACSB) since 1965. In 2013 the Department of Accounting was granted separate AACSB accreditation for its undergraduate and graduate programs. In 2014 the college opened the Jack & Stephanie Koraleski Commerce and Applied Behavioral Laboratory (CAB LAB). The lab is used by researchers in the college and across the university to conduct a range of research for businesses and governmental entities across the country.

UNO's College of Public Affairs and Community Service is home to the Goodrich Scholarship Program, a prestigious program that provides full-tuition scholarships, counseling services, and a rigorous curriculum to high achieving Nebraska residents.

UNO maintains a widely regarded online film journal called the Journal of Religion and Film .

Campus

UNO is located in midtown Omaha, with a campus separated in three by Elmwood Park and Aksarben Village (The campus north of Elmwood is referred to as 'Dodge Campus', the campus south of Elmwood but north of Aksarben Village as 'Scott Campus', and the southernmost campus, home to Baxter Arena and south of Aksarben Village, as 'Center Campus'.)

Dodge Campus

Dodge Campus is the largest and primary campus for the University of Nebraska Omaha. The following colleges and their associated facilities are located on Dodge Campus:

University of Nebraska Omaha North campus University of Nebraska-Omaha campus-2.JPG
University of Nebraska Omaha North campus
  • College of Arts and Sciences
  • College of Communication, Fine Arts, and Media
  • College of Education
  • College of Public Affairs and Community Service
  • Graduate Studies
  • International Studies
  • Service-Learning Academy

Additionally, Dodge Campus is also the home to the Dr. C.C. and Mabel L. Criss Library, the Strauss Performing Arts Center, the UNO Art Gallery, and the Black Box Theater.

University Village and Maverick Village student housing complexes, each composed of multiple buildings, are spread across the western edge of Dodge Campus, and additional housing is present on Scott Campus.

The H&K (Health and Kinesiology) building houses the Athletic Training Department as well as student fitness areas. Attached is the Sapp Field House and Al F. Caniglia Field where athletics practice. The Pep Bowl is located near Caniglia Field.

Scott Campus

Scott Campus (formerly Pacific Campus) houses the primary facilities for the College of Business Administration and the College of Information Science and Technology, which includes the Peter Kiewit Institute, the Charles W. Durham School of Architectural Engineering, and the Firefly supercomputer. The College of Information Science and Technology houses the only National Security Agency (NSA) designated Center for Academic Excellence in Cyber Operations (CAE-CO) in the State of Nebraska. [30] [31] [32] [33] Furthermore, College of Information Science and Technology has been designated as the NSA Center for Academic Excellence in Cyber Defense (CAE-CD) since 2002 and renewed twice since then. [34] [35]

The Scott Technology Center incubator, which aims to assist start-up enterprises, is also located on the Scott Campus. The Scott Data Center and Scott Conference Center are other features of Scott Campus. The campus was renamed in the Fall of 2016 to honor Walter Scott Jr.

Baxter Arena

Baxter Arena opened south of the Scott Campus in October 2015. The arena seats 7,500 and houses men’s hockey, men’s and women’s basketball, women’s volleyball, and numerous community events. It has a main arena, and a permanent ice rink.

Athletics

The university's sports teams, branded as "Omaha", have been nicknamed the Mavericks since 1971. [36] In 2011, 13 of the 16 sports that the university then sponsored moved from NCAA Division II to Division I and The Summit League. The exceptions were men's ice hockey, which already competed in Division I; and football and wrestling, both of which UNO dropped. Wrestling had been the school's most successful sport with national championships in 1991, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2009, 2010, and 2011. [37] The state's only Division I ice hockey program, Omaha became a charter member of the National Collegiate Hockey Conference in 2011 with play beginning in the 2013–14 season, following a major conference realignment. Previously, the Mavericks had been in the Western Collegiate Hockey Association since 2010–11. Omaha added teams in men's golf and men's soccer in 2011. Men's sports at UNO include tennis, baseball, basketball, soccer, swimming and diving, golf, and ice hockey. Women's sports include basketball, cross country, golf, soccer, softball, swimming and diving, tennis, track and field, and volleyball. The softball team won the Women's College World Series national championship in 1975 as a member of the Association for Intercollegiate Athletics for Women (AIAW). The volleyball team won the Division II title in 1996, and the women's soccer team won the Division II championship in 2005.

Media

KVNO 90.7 FM is produced and broadcast from UNO's North Campus. The station's format is primarily classical music, although approximately 10% of its broadcast time is devoted to athletic and campus events. MavRadio (HD FM 90.7-2) is a student produced college/indie station also produced and broadcast from UNO's North Campus. The Gateway is the school's student newspaper, published bi-weekly during the spring and fall academic semesters.

Notable people

Notable alumni

Notable faculty

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">University of Nebraska–Lincoln</span> Public university in Lincoln, Nebraska, US

The University of Nebraska–Lincoln is a public land-grant research university in Lincoln, Nebraska, United States. Chartered in 1869 by the Nebraska Legislature as part of the Morrill Act of 1862, the school was the University of Nebraska until 1968, when it absorbed the Municipal University of Omaha to form the University of Nebraska system. It is the state's oldest university and the flagship institution of the state-wide system. The university has been governed by the Board of Regents since 1871, whose members are elected by district to six-year terms.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">University of New Orleans</span> Public university in New Orleans, Louisiana, U.S.

The University of New Orleans (UNO) is a public research university in New Orleans, Louisiana. First opened in 1958 as Louisiana State University in New Orleans, it is the largest public university and one of two doctoral research universities in the Greater New Orleans region. UNO is a member of the University of Louisiana System and is classified among "R2: Doctoral Universities – High research activity". The university consists of eight schools and colleges offering 40 bachelor's, 45 master's and 17 doctoral degrees. Among its academic offerings are the only civil, mechanical and electrical engineering programs in New Orleans, the only graduate hospitality and tourism program and PAB-accredited urban planning program in the state of Louisiana, and one of the few schools of naval architecture and engineering in the United States.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Dakota State University</span> University in Madison, South Dakota, US

Dakota State University (DSU) is a public university in Madison, South Dakota, United States. The school was founded in 1881 as a normal school, or teacher training school. Education is still the university's heritage mission, but a signature mission of technology was added by the state legislature in 1984 to specialize in "programs in computer management, computer information systems, and other related undergraduate and graduate programs."

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bellevue University</span> Private university in Bellevue, Nebraska, US

Bellevue University is a private university in Bellevue, Nebraska. It opened in 1966 as Bellevue College and from the outset has focused on providing adult education and educational outreach. As of 2011, 80% of its undergraduates were aged 25 and over. The university has over 10,000 students enrolled in a variety of undergraduate and graduate programs.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">University of Nebraska at Kearney</span> Public university in Kearney, Nebraska, U.S.

The University of Nebraska at Kearney (UNK) is a campus of the public University of Nebraska system and located in Kearney, Nebraska. It was founded in 1905 as the Nebraska State Normal School at Kearney.

Omaha North High Magnet School is a public high school located at 4410 North 36th Street in the city of Omaha, Nebraska. The school is a science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) magnet school in the Omaha Public Schools district. North has won several awards, including being named a 2007 Magnet Schools of America "Magnet School of Excellence".

<span class="mw-page-title-main">University of Nebraska Medical Center</span> Public medical center in Omaha, Nebraska, US

The University of Nebraska Medical Center (UNMC) is a public academic health science center in Omaha, Nebraska. Founded in 1869 and chartered as a private medical college in 1881, UNMC became part of the University of Nebraska System in 1902. Rapidly expanding in the early 20th century, the university founded a hospital, dental college, pharmacy college, college of nursing, and college of medicine. It later added colleges of public health and allied health professions. One of Omaha's top employers, UNMC had an annual budget of $1.024 billion for 2024 to 2025 and an economic impact of $5.9 billion.

Metropolitan Community College is a public community college in Omaha, Nebraska. It has multiple campuses throughout the Omaha-Council Bluffs metropolitan area.

The Eugene C. Eppley Foundation was founded in Omaha, Nebraska. Founded by Omaha hotel magnate Eugene C. Eppley, the foundation was the leading benefactor for several charities and institutions in the Midwestern United States.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sports in Omaha, Nebraska</span>

Sports in Omaha, Nebraska are supported by a high attendance at events and tax support from the City of Omaha. Omaha, Nebraska is home to several professional sports teams and modern sports venues.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">KVNO</span> Classical music public radio station in Omaha, Nebraska

KVNO is a radio station with a classical music format in Omaha, Nebraska, United States. It is owned by the University of Nebraska Omaha (UNO) and broadcasts from studios on the university's Dodge Street campus and a transmitter facility co-sited with television station KMTV. The station is a media operations unit of UNO's College of Communication, Fine Arts and Media; KVNO's broadcasting license is held by the University of Nebraska Board of Regents. HD Radio subchannels of KVNO provide feeds of MavRadio, the student-run radio station at UNO, and a subchannel primarily consisting of BBC World Service output.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Omaha Mavericks</span> Sports teams of the University of Nebraska Omaha

The Omaha Mavericks are the sports teams of the University of Nebraska Omaha. They participate in the NCAA's Division I and in The Summit League, except in ice hockey, where they compete in the National Collegiate Hockey Conference (NCHC).

The Redick Mansion, also known as the Mayne Mansion and Redick Hall, was located at 3612 North 24th Street in North Omaha, Nebraska. It served as the first home of Omaha University, now known as the University of Nebraska at Omaha, from 1909 through 1917. A five-story tower on the front of the mansion was a notable landmark throughout the area.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Eugene C. Eppley Administration Building</span>

The Eugene C. Eppley Administration Building is located on the University of Nebraska at Omaha north campus in Omaha, Nebraska.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Omaha Mavericks men's ice hockey</span> College ice hockey team

The Omaha Mavericks men's ice hockey team, also called the Nebraska Omaha Mavericks and UNO Mavericks, is a National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division I college ice hockey program that represents the University of Nebraska Omaha. The Mavericks are a member of the National Collegiate Hockey Conference (NCHC). They play home games at Baxter Arena, an on-campus facility that opened in 2015. The Mavericks hockey program was started in 1997; the team has qualified for the NCAA tournament on four occasions, in 2006, 2011, 2015, and 2021. During the 2015 tournament, the team made their first appearance in the tournament semifinals, branded by the NCAA as the Frozen Four. The Mavericks competed in the Central Collegiate Hockey Association (CCHA) between 1999 and 2010 before joining the WCHA for the 2010–11 season. The Mavericks joined the National Collegiate Hockey Conference starting in the 2013–14 season along with fellow charter members Colorado College, the University of Denver, Miami University, the University of Minnesota Duluth, and the University of North Dakota, plus invited founding members St. Cloud State University and Western Michigan University.

The Nebraska–Omaha Mavericks football team represented the University of Nebraska Omaha in NCAA Division II college football, and played its first season in 1911. They competed in the Mid-America Intercollegiate Athletic Association (MIAA) during their last season in 2010 and played home games on campus at Al F. Caniglia Field in Omaha, Nebraska.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Omaha Mavericks men's basketball</span> Basketball team of the University of Nebraska, Omaha

The Omaha Mavericks men's basketball team, also called the Nebraska–Omaha Mavericks, represents the University of Nebraska Omaha in Omaha, Nebraska, United States. The Mavericks compete in The Summit League. Led by head coach Chris Crutchfield, they play their games at the on-campus Baxter Arena, which they moved to at the start of the 2015–16 season. The 2015–16 season was also the first in which they were eligible for the NCAA tournament, NIT, or The Summit League tournament; they had been ineligible during the school's four-year transition from Division II to Division I, which began in the 2011–12 season. During this period, they made one appearance in the CIT, a tournament which is not directly sponsored by the NCAA, in 2014.

Mike Gabinet is a Canadian former professional ice hockey player and current head men's hockey ice hockey coach at the University of Nebraska at Omaha.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Baxter Arena</span> Sports arena in Omaha, Nebraska

Baxter Arena is a sports arena in the central United States in Omaha, Nebraska. Owned and operated by the University of Nebraska Omaha, it serves as the home of several of the university's intercollegiate athletic teams, known as the Omaha Mavericks. The arena opened to the public on October 23, 2015, when the hockey team defeated Air Force 4–2.

References

  1. ↑ Lee, Melissa (May 2, 2021). "Joanne Li Confirmed as UNO Chancellor; Will Assume Role July 1". University of Nebraska Omaha. Retrieved August 5, 2021.
  2. 1 2 3 "UNO Factbook" . Retrieved September 27, 2016.
  3. ↑ "College Navigator - University of Nebraska at Omaha". National Center for Education Statistics . Retrieved September 16, 2024.
  4. ↑ "University of Nebraska--Omaha".
  5. ↑ "Color Palette" . Retrieved April 16, 2016.
  6. 1 2 3 "Carnegie Classifications Institution Lookup". carnegieclassifications.iu.edu. Center for Postsecondary Education. Retrieved September 13, 2020.
  7. 1 2 3 4 Howard K. Marcus. "Student housing, campus expansion and now new arena transform UNO". Omaha World Herald.
  8. ↑ Jim McKee. "The University of Omaha born in an Omaha Victorian mansion". Lincoln Journal Star.
  9. ↑ "History of UNO". Archived from the original on December 22, 2015. Retrieved December 19, 2015.
  10. ↑ Kate Howard. "Private developer to completely finance new UNO residence hall". Omaha World Herald.
  11. ↑ Baker, Kamrin (August 22, 2017). "Over 400 students move into Scott Crossing". The Gateway. Retrieved September 11, 2019.
  12. ↑ "UNO Academics".
  13. ↑ "University of Nebraska at Omaha Map" (PDF).
  14. ↑ "Mavericks Open New Facility". Omaha World-Herald. March 10, 2021. Retrieved September 11, 2019.
  15. ↑ Barbara Matson. "Omaha goes all in, and it's paying off in Frozen Four". Boston Globe.
  16. ↑ "History of Omaha at a glance" Archived October 29, 2008, at the Wayback Machine , Douglas County Historical Society. Retrieved 4/10/08. p 65.
  17. ↑ (1993) A History of UNO Archived September 29, 2007, at the Wayback Machine . University of Nebraska Omaha. Retrieved 5/29/07.
  18. 1 2 "Old campus fades into oblivion", UNO Alumni Newsletter. August 1964. Retrieved 4/29/08.
  19. ↑ Saratoga Field Archived September 29, 2007, at the Wayback Machine University of Nebraska Omaha website.
  20. 1 2 "West Dodge Campus Choice Gave Unique Building Design", The Gateway - UNO. Retrieved 3/26/08.
  21. ↑ "There's more to UNO buildings that just a name" Archived September 27, 2008, at the Wayback Machine , Gateway. July 10, 2004. Retrieved 2/3/08.
  22. ↑ "University buildings" Archived September 27, 2008, at the Wayback Machine , UNO Gateway. Retrieved 2/4/08.
  23. ↑ "2023-2024 Best National Universities Rankings". U.S. News & World Report . September 18, 2023. Retrieved August 9, 2024.
  24. ↑ "2024 National University Rankings". Washington Monthly . August 25, 2024. Retrieved August 29, 2024.
  25. ↑ "2014 National Universities Rankings". Washington Monthly. n.d. Archived from the original on August 28, 2014. Retrieved May 27, 2015.
  26. ↑ Holland Computing Center. Holland Computing Center Website Archived February 8, 2011, at the Wayback Machine Retrieved November 14, 2010.
  27. ↑ Database Search. Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology.
  28. ↑ "- University of Nebraska Omaha". unomaha.edu.
  29. ↑ Press Release. Archived February 10, 2008, at the Wayback Machine University of Nebraska Omaha.
  30. ↑ List of Centers of Academic Excellence in Cyber Operations.
  31. ↑ UNO's Cybersecurity Program Receives NSA Honor.
  32. ↑ NSA Designates UNO as a National Center of Academic Excellence in Cyber Operations.
  33. ↑ Bachelor of Science in Cybersecurity - Cyber Operations Track.
  34. ↑ NSA Announces the Designation of Centers of Academic Excellence in Information Assurance Education.
  35. ↑ List of Centers of Academic Excellence in Cyber Defense.
  36. ↑ UNO Alumni.org - excerpt from Summer 1971 yearbook, Tomahawk
  37. ↑ Americanchronicle.com. Americanchronicle.com. Retrieved on April 12, 2014.
  38. ↑ "Captain Merlyn Hans Dethlefsen". iowahistory.org.
  39. ↑ "Jake Ellenberger UFC Bio" . Retrieved January 1, 2014.
  40. ↑ Central High School Foundation | James W. Fous
  41. ↑ Sonja Carberry (Fall 1998). "Opera Star" (PDF). UNO Magazine. University of Nebraska Omaha: 13-14.
  42. ↑ Paul Henderson, Pulitzer Prize-winning Seattle Times reporter who championed the underdog, dies at 79 | The Seattle Times
  43. ↑ "UNO Alumni Association - Retrospect". unoalumni.org.
  44. ↑ Smith, Rudy (2020). The Black experience through the lens of Rudy Smith (First ed.). Omaha, NE: Omaha World-Herald. ISBN   978-1-7322317-9-5. OCLC   1141736532.
  45. ↑ "UNO Alumni Association - UNO Magazine Fall 2013 - Boys in the Service". unoalumni.org.
  46. ↑ Wood, Charlie. "FSB Hill 4-11, Biography of Jack L. Treadwell". www.hill4-11.org. Retrieved March 31, 2018.

Further reading

This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.