Vale Formation

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Vale Formation
Stratigraphic range: Early Permian,
Leonardian (Kungurian?)
Type Formation
Unit of Clear Fork Group
Sub-unitsStandpipe Limestone, Brushy Creek Sandstone, Cedar Top Sandstone
Underlies Choza Formation
Overlies Arroyo Formation
Thickness160 metres (520 ft)
Lithology
Primary mudstone, claystone, siltstone
Other shale, sandstone, conglomerate
Location
RegionFlag of Texas.svg  Texas
CountryFlag of the United States.svg  United States
Type section
Named forVale Post Office (Runnels County)
Named byBeede & Waite, 1918

The Vale Formation is a geological formation in north-central Texas, a component of the Texas red beds preserving sediments and fossils from the Early Permian Leonardian series. It occupies the middle part of the Clear Fork Group, above the Arroyo Formation and below the Choza Formation. [1] Some sources consider the Vale Formation to be merely an informal subunit of the Clear Fork Formation, thus renaming it to the Middle Clear Fork Formation. [2]

Contents

Geology

The Vale Formation is named after a former post office in the vicinity of Ballinger in Runnels County. [1] At its broadest conception, the Vale Formation is a unit of primarily terrestrial sediments up to 160 metres (520 ft) thick, [2] stretching from the Texas-Oklahoma border at Wilbarger County, as far south as Runnels County. The base of the Vale Formation is marked by either a limestone bed (the Standpipe Limestone, south of Abilene), or in some northern areas, a sharp unconformity. Likewise, its contact with the Choza Formation is marked by the base of the Bullwagon Dolomite, which is most well-exposed south of Haskell, or by evaporite beds in northern exposures such as Knox County. [3] [1]

Limestone is rare in the fully terrestrial northern red beds, complicating the distinction between the three formations of the Clear Fork Group. [3] To resolve this problem, some geologists, like Nelson et al. (2013), consider the northern part of the Clear Fork Group to be a single formation divided into three informal subunits. [2] In the northern area, major sandstone beds are the most useful stratigraphic markers for distinguishing these informal subunits. The Middle Clear Fork Formation extends from the base of the Brushy Creek Sandstone to the base of the Rt. 1919 Sandstone. Another major sandstone bed, the Cedar Top Sandstone, occurs between these two levels. [2]

As with much of the Texas red beds, the dominant sediments (around 80% by volume) are fine-grained red floodplain deposits such as mudstones, clays, shales, siltstones, and paleosols. Localized beds and lenses of sandstone and conglomerate recorded active meandering river channels, abandoned channels (such as oxbow lakes), and crevasse splays. [3] [1] [4] [2] [5] [6] The conglomerates of the Vale Formation occur in two distinct forms, either large light-colored fragments or (particularly in the northern area) dark brown pebbles derived from the surrounding clay. [3] [7] Light even-bedded clay (pond deposits) may occasionally be found. [3] [1] [2] [8]

Though quite fossiliferous, the fossils of the Vale Formation have not been studied as long as older parts of the Texas red beds, some of which have been prospected since the 1870s. Geologists of the University of Texas discovered the first fossils from the Vale Formation in the 1930s, at the Sid McAdams locality in Taylor County. [9] [1] Since 1946, many more finds were recovered from Knox, Baylor, and Foard counties under the direction of University of Chicago paleontologist Everett C. Olson, who described the northern Vale fossil fauna in detail over the course of the 1950s. [10] [3] [1] Other notable sites include the Stamford locality in Haskell County (discovered by Dalquest and Maymay in 1963), [11] [1] the Blackwood locality in Taylor County (discovered by David Berman in 1970), [1] and the Mud Hill locality (described by Bryan Gee et al. in 2018), also in Taylor County. [12] Over 60 small fossil sites are scattered south of the Clear Fork of the Brazos River. [1]

Paleobiota

Synapsids

Synapsids of the Vale Formation
GenusSpeciesNotesImages
Casea C. broiliiA medium-sized caseid. [13] Well-preserved fossils of this species are concentrated within the Cacops bonebed in Baylor County, which may belong to either the upper Arroyo or lower Vale formation. [14] [15] [1] Casea broilii.jpg
"C." nicholsi [14] A rare medium-sized caseid, similar to C. broilii but with a larger head, torso, and forelimbs. Known from two closely associated partial skeletons from the upper part of the Vale Formation in Knox County. [14] [15] [1] Phylogenetic analyses suggest that this species is not closely related to Casea broilii, but its fossil material is too fragmentary to warrant a new genus. [16] [17] [18]
Dimetrodon D. giganhomogenesA large and fairly common sail-backed sphenacodontid known from various isolated remains and a few partial skeletons which are most similar to Dimetrodon giganhomogenes from the Arroyo Formation. One of the more common fossils of the Sid McAdams and Blackwood localities, with at least 22 individuals from the former site. [1] This species is often misspelled as Dimetrodon gigashomogenes. [13] [19] [3] Dimetrodon gigashomog DB.jpg
Ophiacodon?O.? sp.A very rare possible ophiacodontid, based on a small humerus from the Sid McAdams locality. If legitimate, it may have been the last surviving member of its family. The next youngest ophiacodontid is Varanosaurus , from the Arroyo Formation. [1]
Varanops V. brevirostrisA large varanopid. [13] Most fossils of this species are concentrated within the Cacops bonebed in Baylor County, which may belong to either the upper Arroyo or lower Vale formation. [1] In addition, an articulated partial skeleton is known from the Mud Hill locality. [20] [21] [12] Varanops brevirostris2DB.jpg

Reptiles

The largest true reptile known from the Vale Formation is an indeterminate moradisaurine captorhinid represented by an enormous tooth plate, at least 11.6 centimetres (4.6 in) in length. [22] This tooth plate was so large it was originally considered to be from an unnamed species of edaphosaurid, which would have made it the youngest known member of that family. [23] As a moradisaurine fossil, it corresponds to a skull around 35 centimetres (14 in) long, larger than Labidosaurikos meachami but smaller than Moradisaurus grandis . [22]

Reptiles of the Vale Formation
GenusSpeciesNotesImages
Araeoscelis A. gracilisA rare araeoscelidian known from only a few postcranial remains from the Sid McAdams locality. [1] Araeoscelis .sp.png
Captorhinikos [24] "C." cf. chozaensis [24] A moradisaurine-like captorhinid, likely unrelated to Captorhinikos valensis. [25] Only known from rare tooth-bearing fragments from the Mud Hill locality. [12]
C. valensis [24] A fairly common basal moradisaurine which first appears in the middle part of the Vale Formation. [24] [26] [1] [25]
Captorhinoides [27] C. valensis [27] A very rare captorhinid based on a single skull from the middle-upper part of the Vale Formation of Knox County. [27] [24] [26] Possibly a junior synonym of Captorhinus or Captorhinikos. [28]
Captorhinus C. agutiAn uncommon but widespread and geologically long-lived captorhinid. [24] [26] [1] Captorhinus BW.jpg
Labidosaurikos L. barkeri [24] A fairly common advanced moradisaurine. [24] [1] May be considered a junior synonym of Labidosaurikos meachami, the larger type species which is primarily known from the Early Permian of Oklahoma. [26] Labidos1.jpg
cf. Rothianiscus cf. R. sp.Tooth plate fragments have been reported from the formation. [1]

Amphibians

An indeterminate hapsidopareiid microsaur is known from the Mud Hill locality. It is potentially one of the youngest known microsaurs, apart from a few rhynchonkids known from Choza-equivalent strata near Norman, Oklahoma. [12]

Amphibians of the Vale Formation
GenusSpeciesNotesImages
Cacops cf. C. aspidephorusA eucacopine dissorophid. Well-preserved fossils of Cacops aspidephorus are concentrated within the Cacops bonebed in Baylor County, which may belong to either the upper Arroyo or lower Vale formation. [1] One particularly large partial skeleton is known a site in Baylor County which is assigned to the Vale Formation with more certainty. This larger individual was originally named as a new trematopid species, Trematopsis seltini . [29] [30] [31] Cacops1DB.jpg
Diadectes D. sp.An uncommon diadectid diadectomorph, with only a few fossils persisting into the lower part of the formation. [23] [1] [12] Diadectes1DB (flipped).jpg
Diplocaulus D. magnicornisA diplocaulid nectridean with robust blunt-tipped horns. Very common in pond sediments in the lower part of the formation, but not present in subsequent layers, which may indicate extinction via climate change or replacement by potential descendants such as D. recurvatus. [32] [1] Diplocaulus vale21DB.jpg
D. recurvatus [32] A diplocaulid nectridean with bent horns tapering to a sharp point. One of the most common fossils in stream sediments from the middle-upper part of the formation, [32] [12] with "literally hundreds" [11] [1] known from the Stamford locality, and many from the Blackwood locality as well. [1]
Eryops E. megacephalusA large eryopid temnospondyl, [27] locally common at a few sites such as the Blackwood locality. [1] Eryops1DB.jpg
Gerobatrachus? [33] G. hottoni [33] A small amphibamiform known from a partial skeleton. One of the Paleozoic amphibians most similar to lissamphibians (modern amphibians such as frogs, salamanders, and caecilians). [33] Its locality in Baylor County is from the lower half of the Clear Fork Group (Arroyo or Vale formation). Gerobatrachus NT.jpg
Lysorophus L. tricarinatusA widespread and locally abundant lysorophian, a type of elongated microsaur predominantly found aestivating in lakeside burrows. [34] [1] The validity of this genus and species has been questioned, and it may be regarded as a junior synonym of Brachydectes . [35] [36] [37] Lysorophus.jpg
Peronedon P. primusA small "keraterpetontid" (diplocaulid) nectridean which is only found at a few particular sites. [38] [1]
Seymouria S. baylorensisA large seymouriamorph, mostly known from vertebrae and hindlimb material found at the Sid McAdams locality. [1] Seymouria2.jpg
S. grandis [39] A large seymouriamorph known from skeletal material found at the Blackwood locality. These fossils were previously misattributed to Labidosaurikos meachami. [39] [1]
Tersomius?T.? sp.Various tooth-bearing dissorophid skull fragments from the Sid McAdams locality, similar to Tersomius and Broiliellus . [1]
Trimerorhachis T. insignisAn aquatic dvinosaur which is very common at most sites. [40] [41] [1] [42] Trimerorhachis insignis life restoration.jpg
T. cf. mesopsA dvinosaur skull from the Stamford locality with several traits (longer snout, absence of an intertemporal bone) comparable to Trimerorhachis mesops. [1] [42]
Waggoneria [27] W. knoxensis [27] An uncommon and enigmatic tetrapod with thick vertebrae, a broad otic notch, and multiple rows of teeth on the lower jaw. Its original description compared it to Seymouria, Diadectes, Procolophon , and Labidosaurus , tentatively labeling it as a seymouriamorph. [27]

Fish

Fish of the Vale Formation
GenusSpeciesNotesImages
Ctenacanthus Rare. [1]
Gnathorhiza G. dikeloda [27] Common lungfish teeth and skull fragments. First appears at the base of the Vale Formation. [27] [1] GnathorhizaDB.jpg
G. serrataFairly common lungfish teeth, though less abundant than G. dikeloda. [27] [1]
Lawnia [9] L. taylorensis [9] A palaeoniscoid actinopterygian known from at least 16 partial skeletons from the Sid McAdams locality. [9] [1]
Orthacanthus O. cf. platypternusTeeth, fin spines, and skull fragments of a common xenacanth shark. [43] Previously referred to Xenacanthus . [23] [1] Orthacanths of USA.jpg

Invertebrates

A few invertebrate fossils are known from the Sid McAdams locality. These include freshwater bivalves (? Palaenodonta ) and a single well-preserved pygocephalomorph crustacean, Mamayocaris jespeni , a species which is abundant in Permian sediments of South Dakota. [1]

Plants

Plant fossils of the middle Clear Fork are most well-preserved in fine-grained abandoned river channel deposits. [4] Some abandoned channel sites are dominated by walchian conifers, Taeniopteris , and "comioid" peltasperms ( Auritifolia ). [8] Others have a high proportion of woody gigantopterids ( Evolsonia ), Taeniopteris, and marattialean tree ferns. [6] Tree ferns were probably most specialized for swampy areas alongside permanent water, while conifers occupied dry uplands. Peltasperms and gigantopterids were accustomed to intermediate conditions: well-drained soils with a high water table. [8] [6] A diverse array of insect damage is reported from leaf fossils, with particular preference towards Auritifolia and Taniopteris. [44]

Plants of the Vale Formation
GenusSpeciesNotesImages
Auritifolia [45] A. waggoneria [45] Large "comioid" peltasperm fronds up to 40 centimetres (16 in) in length. [45] [44] [8]
Calamites C. sp. Sphenophyte (horsetail) fragments. [4] [46]
Callipteris C. sp."Callipterid" seed ferns. [46]
Cathaysiopteris [47] C. yochelsonii [47] Large gigantopterid leaves up to 20 centimetres (7.9 in) in length. [47] [46]
Comia C. craddockii [48] Large "comioid" peltasperm fronds up to 30 centimetres (12 in) in length. [48]
Cordaites C. sp.Strap-shaped leaves of a conifer-like gymnosperm. [46] [8]
Evolsonia [49] E. texana [49] Very large gigantopterid leaves, at least 80 centimetres (31 in) in length. Previously considered specimens of Gigantopteris. [49] [44] [8] [6]
Nanshanopteris N. sp."Supaioid" peltasperm foliage, formerly known as Brongniartites. [46] [8]
Odontopteris O. sp. Medullosalean fronds of the Mixoneura type. [8]
Pecopteris P. sp.Marattialean fern leaves. [46]
Phasmatocycas?P.? sp.A fragmentary branch of a cycad-like gymnosperm, bearing seed-like organs. [50]
Rhachiphyllum R. sp.Peltasperm foliage. [44] [8]
Sandrewia [51] S. texana [51] Foliage of a plant of uncertain affinities. [51] [46] [44]
Sphenophyllum S. cf. thoniiFragmentary foliage of a fern-like plant. [46] [44] [8] [6]
Supaia S. sp."Supaioid" peltasperm foliage. [46] [44] [8]
Taeniopteris T. sp.Smooth-sided leaves of cycad-like gymnosperms. [46] [44] [8] [6]
Walchia W. piniformisConifer foliage. [44] [8]

See also

Related Research Articles

<i>Cacops</i> Extinct genus of amphibians

Cacops, is a genus of dissorophid temnospondyls from the Kungurian stage of the early Permian of the United States. Cacops is one of the few olsoniforms whose ontogeny is known. Cacops fossils were almost exclusively known from the Cacops Bone Bed of the Lower Permian Arroyo Formation of Texas for much of the 20th century. New material collected from the Dolese Brothers Quarry, near Richards Spur, Oklahoma in the past few decades has been recovered, painting a clearer picture of what the animal looked and acted like.

<i>Varanops</i> Extinct genus of tetrapods

Varanops is an extinct genus of Early Permian varanopid known from Texas and Oklahoma of the United States. It was first named by Samuel Wendell Williston in 1911 as a second species of Varanosaurus, Varanosaurus brevirostris. In 1914, Samuel W. Williston reassigned it to its own genus and the type species is Varanops brevirostris.

Casea is a genus of herbivorous caseid synapsids that lived during the late Lower Permian (Kungurian) in what is now Texas, United States. The genus is only represented by its type species, Casea broilii, named by Samuel Wendell Williston in 1910. The species is represented by a skull associated with a skeleton, a second skull, a partial skull with a better preserved dentition than that of the preceding skulls, and several incomplete postcranial skeletons. Three other Casea species were later erected, but these are considered today to be invalid or belonging to different genera. Casea was a small animal with a length of about 1.20 m and a weight of around 20 kg.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Araeoscelidia</span> Extinct clade of reptiles

Araeoscelidia or Araeoscelida is a clade of extinct amniotes superficially resembling lizards, extending from the Late Carboniferous to the Early Permian. The group contains the genera Araeoscelis, Petrolacosaurus, the possibly aquatic Spinoaequalis, and less well-known genera such as Kadaliosaurus and Zarcasaurus. This clade is usually considered to be the sister group to all later diapsids.

<i>Cotylorhynchus</i> Extinct genus of synapsids

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<i>Captorhinus</i> Extinct genus of reptiles

Captorhinus is an extinct genus of captorhinid reptiles that lived during the Permian period. Its remains are known from North America and possibly South America.

<i>Labidosaurikos</i> Extinct genus of tetrapods

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Paleontology in Oklahoma</span> Paleontological research in the U.S. state of Oklahoma

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Archer City Formation</span> Geologic formation in Texas, United States

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Richards Spur is a Permian fossil locality located at the Dolese Brothers Limestone Quarry north of Lawton, Oklahoma. The locality preserves clay and mudstone fissure fills of a karst system eroded out of Ordovician limestone and dolomite, with the infilling dating to the Artinskian stage of the early Permian (Cisuralian), around 289 to 286 million years ago. Fossils of terrestrial animals are abundant and well-preserved, representing one of the most diverse Paleozoic tetrapod communities known. A common historical name for the site is Fort Sill, in reference to the nearby military base. Fossils were first reported at the quarry by workers in 1932, spurring a wave of collecting by local and international geologists. Early taxa of interest included the abundant reptile Captorhinus and microsaurs such as Cardiocephalus and Euryodus. Later notable discoveries include Doleserpeton, the most diverse assortment of parareptiles in the Early Permian, and the rare early diapsid Orovenator.

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 Olson, Everett C.; Mead, James G. (March 1982). "The Vale Formation (Lower Permian) Its Vertebrates and Paleoecology". Texas Memorial Museum Bulletin. 29: 1–46.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Nelson, W. John; Hook, Robert W.; Chaney, Dan S. (2013). "Lithostratigraphy of the Lower Permian (Leonardian) Clear Fork Formation of north-central Texas". New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin. 60: 286–311.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Olson, Everett Claire (7 March 1958). "Fauna of the Vale and Choza: 14, Summary, Review, and Integration of the Geology and the Faunas". Fieldiana: Geology. 10 (32): 397–448.
  4. 1 2 3 DiMichele, William A.; Tabor, Neil J.; Chaney, Dan S.; Nelson, W. John (2006), "From wetlands to wet spots: Environmental tracking and the fate of Carboniferous elements in Early Permian tropical floras", Wetlands through Time, Geological Society of America, doi:10.1130/2006.2399(11), ISBN   978-0-8137-2399-0
  5. ↑ Simon, Sharane S.T.; Gibling, Martin R. (2017). Fielding, Chris (ed.). "Fine-grained meandering systems of the Lower Permian Clear Fork Formation of north-central Texas, USA: Lateral and oblique accretion on an arid plain". Sedimentology. 64 (3): 714–746. doi:10.1111/sed.12322. ISSN   0037-0746.
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Simon, Sharane S.T.; Gibling, Martin R.; Dimichele, William A.; Chaney, Dan S.; Koll, Rebecca (2018-12-10), Ghinassi, Massimiliano; Colombera, Luca; Mountney, Nigel P.; Reesink, Arnold Jan H. (eds.), "An exhumed fine-grained meandering channel in the lower Permian Clear Fork Formation, north-central Texas: Processes of mud accumulation and the role of vegetation in channel dynamics", Fluvial Meanders and Their Sedimentary Products in the Rock Record (1 ed.), Wiley, pp. 149–171, doi:10.1002/9781119424437.ch6, ISBN   978-1-119-42446-8 , retrieved 2024-06-03
  7. ↑ Simon, Sharane S.T.; Gibling, Martin R. (2017). "Pedogenic Mud Aggregates Preserved In A Fine-Grained Meandering Channel In the Lower Permian Clear Fork Formation, North-Central Texas, U.S.A." Journal of Sedimentary Research. 87 (3): 230–252. Bibcode:2017JSedR..87..230S. doi:10.2110/jsr.2017.12. ISSN   1527-1404.
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Simon, Sharane S.T.; Gibling, Martin R.; DiMichele, William A.; Chaney, Dan S.; Looy, Cindy V.; Tabor, Neil J. (2016). "An Abandoned-Channel Fill with Exquisitely Preserved Plants in Redbeds of the Clear Fork Formation, Texas, USA: An Early Permian Water-Dependent Habitat on the Arid Plains of Pangea". Journal of Sedimentary Research. 86 (8): 944–964. Bibcode:2016JSedR..86..944S. doi:10.2110/jsr.2016.60. ISSN   1527-1404.
  9. 1 2 3 4 Wilson, John Andrew (1953). "Permian Vertebrates from Taylor County, Texas". Journal of Paleontology. 27 (3): 456–470. JSTOR   1300003.
  10. ↑ Olson, Everett Claire (1948). "A Preliminary Report on Vertebrates from the Permian Vale Formation of Texas". The Journal of Geology. 56 (3): 186–198. Bibcode:1948JG.....56..186O. doi:10.1086/625500. ISSN   0022-1376. JSTOR   30063387.
  11. 1 2 Dalquest, Walter W.; Mamay, Sergius H. (1963). "A Remarkable Concentration of Permian Amphibian Remains in Haskell County, Texas". The Journal of Geology. 71 (5): 641–644. Bibcode:1963JG.....71..641D. doi:10.1086/626938. ISSN   0022-1376.
  12. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Gee, Bryan M.; Rosscoe, Steven J.; Scott, Diane; Ostlien, Judie; Reisz, Robert R. (2018). "Faunal overview of the Mud Hill locality from the early Permian Vale Formation of Taylor County, Texas". Journal of Paleontology. 92 (6): 1092–1106. Bibcode:2018JPal...92.1092G. doi:10.1017/jpa.2018.26. ISSN   0022-3360.
  13. 1 2 3 Romer, A. S.; Price, L. W. (1940), "Review of the Pelycosauria", 28 : Review of the Pelycosauria, Geological Society of America Special Papers, vol. 28, Geological Society of America, pp. 1–534, doi:10.1130/spe28-p1
  14. 1 2 3 Olson, Everett Claire (29 July 1954). "Fauna of the Vale and Choza: 7, Pelycosauria: Family Caseidae". Fieldiana: Geology. 10 (17): 193–204.
  15. 1 2 Olson, Everett C. (13 February 1968). "The family Caseidae". Fieldiana: Geology. 17 (5): 225–349.
  16. ↑ Romano, Marco; Nicosia, Umberto (2015). "Cladistic analysis of Caseidae (Caseasauria, Synapsida): using the gap-weighting method to include taxa based on incomplete specimens". Palaeontology. 58 (6): 1109–1130. Bibcode:2015Palgy..58.1109R. doi:10.1111/pala.12197. ISSN   0031-0239.
  17. ↑ Brocklehurst, Neil; Romano, Marco; Fröbisch, Jörg (2016). "Principal component analysis as an alternative treatment for morphometric characters: phylogeny of caseids as a case study". Palaeontology. 59 (6): 877–886. Bibcode:2016Palgy..59..877B. doi:10.1111/pala.12264. ISSN   0031-0239.
  18. ↑ Spindler, Frederik; Falconnet, Jocelyn; Fröbisch, Jörg (2016). "Callibrachion and Datheosaurus, two historical and previously mistaken basal caseasaurian synapsids from Europe". Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. 61. doi: 10.4202/app.00221.2015 .
  19. ↑ Olson, Everett Claire (29 July 1954). "Fauna of the Vale and Choza: 8, Pelycosauria: Dimetrodon". Fieldiana: Geology. 10 (18): 205–210.
  20. ↑ Reisz, Robert R.; Tsuji, Linda A. (2006-12-11). "An articulated skeleton of Varanops with bite marks: the oldest known evidence of scavenging among terrestrial vertebrates". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 26 (4): 1021–1023. doi:10.1671/0272-4634(2006)26[1021:AASOVW]2.0.CO;2. ISSN   0272-4634.
  21. ↑ Campione, Nicolás E.; Reisz, Robert R. (2010-05-18). "Varanops brevirostris (Eupelycosauria: Varanopidae) from the Lower Permian of Texas, with discussion of varanopid morphology and interrelationships". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 30 (3): 724–746. Bibcode:2010JVPal..30..724C. doi:10.1080/02724631003762914. ISSN   0272-4634.
  22. 1 2 Modesto, Sean P.; Flear, Vonica J.; Dilney, Melissa M.; Reisz, Robert R. (2016-11-01). "A large moradisaurine tooth plate from the Lower Permian of Texas and its biostratigraphic implications". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 36 (6): e1221832. Bibcode:2016JVPal..36E1832M. doi:10.1080/02724634.2016.1221832. ISSN   0272-4634.
  23. 1 2 3 Olson, Everett Claire (31 May 1956). "Fauna of the Vale and Choza: 13, Diadectes, Xenacanthus, and Specimens of Uncertain Affinities". Fieldiana: Geology. 10 (27): 329–334.
  24. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Olson, Everett Claire (29 July 1954). "Fauna of the Vale and Choza: 9, Captorhinomorpha". Fieldiana. 10 (19): 211–218.
  25. 1 2 Modesto, Sean P.; Lamb, Amy J.; Reisz, R. R. (2014). "The captorhinid reptile Captorhinikos valensis from the lower Permian Vale Formation of Texas, and the evolution of herbivory in eureptiles". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 34 (2): 291–302. Bibcode:2014JVPal..34..291M. doi:10.1080/02724634.2013.809358. ISSN   0272-4634.
  26. 1 2 3 4 Seltin, Richard J. (22 October 1959). "A review of the family Captorhinidae". Fieldiana: Geology. 10 (34): 461–509.
  27. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Olson, Everett Claire (28 August 1951). "Fauna of the Vale and Choza: 1-5". Fieldiana: Geology. 10 (11): 89–128.
  28. ↑ Bolt, John R.; Demar, Robert E. (1978). "Taxonomic Position of Captorhinoides valensis Olson (Reptilia: Captorhinomorpha)". Journal of Paleontology. 52 (4): 934–937. JSTOR   1303912.
  29. ↑ Olson, Everett Claire (31 May 1956). "Fauna of the Vale and Choza: 12, A New Trematopid Amphibian from the Vale Formation". Fieldiana: Geology. 10 (26): 323–328.
  30. ↑ Milner, Andrew R. (1985). "On the identity of Trematopsis seltini (Amphibia: Temnospondyli) from the Lower Permian of Texas". Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie. 1985 (6): 357–367. doi:10.1127/njgpm/1985/1985/357.
  31. ↑ Gee, Bryan M. (2021-11-08). "Returning to the roots: resolution, reproducibility, and robusticity in the phylogenetic inference of Dissorophidae (Amphibia: Temnospondyli)". PeerJ. 9: e12423. doi: 10.7717/peerj.12423 . ISSN   2167-8359. PMC   8582317 .
  32. 1 2 3 Olson, Everett Claire (27 June 1952). "Fauna of the upper Vale and Choza: 6, Diplocaulus". Fieldiana: Geology. 10 (14): 147–166.
  33. 1 2 3 Anderson, Jason S.; Reisz, Robert R.; Scott, Diane; Fröbisch, Nadia B.; Sumida, Stuart S. (2008). "A stem batrachian from the Early Permian of Texas and the origin of frogs and salamanders". Nature. 453 (7194): 515–518. Bibcode:2008Natur.453..515A. doi:10.1038/nature06865. ISSN   0028-0836. PMID   18497824.
  34. ↑ Olson, Everett Claire (31 May 1956). "Fauna of the Vale and Choza: 11, Lysorophus: Vale and Choza, Diplocaulus, Cacops, and Eryopidae: Choza". Fieldiana: Geology. 10 (25): 313–322.
  35. ↑ Wellstead, C. F. (1991). "Taxonomic revision of the Lysorophia, Permo-Carboniferous lepospondyl amphibians" (PDF). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. 209: 1–90.
  36. ↑ Pardo, Jason D.; Anderson, Jason S. (2016-08-26). "Cranial Morphology of the Carboniferous-Permian Tetrapod Brachydectes newberryi (Lepospondyli, Lysorophia): New Data from µCT". PLOS ONE. 11 (8): e0161823. Bibcode:2016PLoSO..1161823P. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0161823 . ISSN   1932-6203. PMC   5001628 . PMID   27563722.
  37. ↑ Mann, Arjan; Pardo, Jason D; Maddin, Hillary C (2019-09-30). "Infernovenator steenae, a new serpentine recumbirostran from the 'Mazon Creek' Lagerstätte further clarifies lysorophian origins". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 187 (2): 506–517. doi:10.1093/zoolinnean/zlz026. ISSN   0024-4082.
  38. ↑ Haglund, Thomas R. (1977). "New Occurrences and Paleoecology of Peronedon primus Olson (Nectridea)". Journal of Paleontology. 51 (5): 982–985. JSTOR   1303770.
  39. 1 2 Olson, Everett C. (1979). "Seymouria grandis n. sp. (Batrachosauria: Amphibia) from the Middle Clear Fork (Permian) of Oklahoma and Texas". Journal of Paleontology. 53 (3): 720–728. JSTOR   1304008.
  40. ↑ Olson, Everett Claire (30 March 1955). "Fauna of the Vale and Choza: 10, Trimerohachis: Including a Revision of Pre-Vale Species". Fieldiana: Geology. 10 (21): 225–274.
  41. ↑ Olson, Everett C. (1979). "Aspects of the Biology of Trimerorhachis (Amphibia: Temnospondyli)". Journal of Paleontology. 53 (1): 1–17. JSTOR   1304028.
  42. 1 2 Milner, Andrew R.; Schoch, Rainer R. (2013-10-01). "Trimerorhachis (Amphibia: Temnospondyli) from the Lower Permian of Texas and New Mexico: cranial osteology, taxonomy and biostratigraphy". Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie - Abhandlungen. 270 (1): 91–128. doi:10.1127/0077-7749/2013/0360. ISSN   0077-7749.
  43. ↑ Johnson, Gary D. (1999). "Dentitions of Late Palaeozoic Orthacanthus species and new species of ?Xenacanthus (Chondrichthyes: Xenacanthiformes) from North America". Acta Geologica Polonica. 49 (3): 215–266.
  44. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Schachat, Sandra R.; Labandeira, Conrad C.; Gordon, Jessie; Chaney, Dan; Levi, Stephanie; Halthore, Maya N.; Alvarez, Jorge (2014). "Plant-Insect Interactions from Early Permian (Kungurian) Colwell Creek Pond, North-Central Texas: The Early Spread of Herbivory in Riparian Environments". International Journal of Plant Sciences. 175 (8): 855–890. doi:10.1086/677679. ISSN   1058-5893.
  45. 1 2 3 Chaney, Dan S.; Mamay, Sergius H.; DiMichele, William A.; Kerp, Hans (2009). "Auritifolia gen. nov., Probable Seed Plant Foliage with Comioid Affinities from the Early Permian of Texas, U.S.A." International Journal of Plant Sciences. 170 (2): 247–266. doi:10.1086/595293. ISSN   1058-5893.
  46. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Chaney, D.S.; DiMichele, W.A. (2007). Wong, T.E. (ed.). "Paleobotany of the classic redbeds (Clear Fork Group – Early Permian) of north central Texas". Proceedings of the XVTH International Congress on Carboniferous and Permian Stratigraphy. Utrecht, the Netherlands: 357–367.
  47. 1 2 3 Mamay, Sergius H. (1986). "New species of Gigantopteridaceae". Phytologia. 61 (5): 311–315. doi: 10.5962/bhl.part.6538 .
  48. 1 2 Mamay, Sergius H.; Chaney, Dan S.; DiMichele, William A. (2009). "Comia, a Seed Plant Possibly of Peltaspermous Affinity: A Brief Review of the Genus and Description of Two New Species from the Early Permian (Artinskian) of Texas, C. greggii sp. nov. and C. craddockii sp. nov". International Journal of Plant Sciences. 170 (2): 267–282. doi:10.1086/595294. ISSN   1058-5893.
  49. 1 2 3 Mamay, Sergius H. (1989). "EVOLSONIA, A NEW GENUS OF GIGANTOPTERIDACEAE FROM THE LOWER PERMIAN VALE FORMATION, NORTH-CENTRAL TEXAS". American Journal of Botany. 76 (9): 1299–1311. doi:10.1002/j.1537-2197.1989.tb15111.x. ISSN   0002-9122.
  50. ↑ Mamay, Sergius H. (1976). "Paleozoic origin of the cycads" (PDF). Geological Survey Professional Paper. 934: 1–48. doi:10.3133/pp934.
  51. 1 2 3 Mamay, Sergius H. (1975). "Sandrewia, n. gen., a problematical plant from the Lower Permian of Texas and Kansas". Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology. 20 (1–2): 75–83. Bibcode:1975RPaPa..20...75M. doi:10.1016/0034-6667(75)90008-1.
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