Very-long-chain 3-oxoacyl-CoA synthase

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Very-long-chain 3-oxoacyl-CoA synthase
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EC no. 2.3.1.199
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Very-long-chain 3-oxoacyl-CoA synthase (EC 2.3.1.199, very-long-chain 3-ketoacyl-CoA synthase, very-long-chain beta-ketoacyl-CoA synthase, condensing enzyme, CUT1, CER6, FAE1, KCS, ELO) is an enzyme with systematic name malonyl-CoA:very-long-chain acyl-CoA malonyltransferase (decarboxylating and thioester-hydrolysing). [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction

very-long-chain acyl-CoA + malonyl-CoA very-long-chain 3-oxoacyl-CoA + CO2 + coenzyme A

This is the first component of the elongase, a microsomal protein complex responsible for extending palmitoyl-CoA and stearoyl-CoA to very-long-chain acyl CoAs. (Very-long-chain in this context refers, for example, to the C26 fatty acids involved in the synthesis of phospholipids and ceramides. [2]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Enoyl CoA isomerase</span>

Enoyl-CoA-(∆) isomerase (EC 5.3.3.8, also known as dodecenoyl-CoA- isomerase, 3,2-trans-enoyl-CoA isomerase, ∆3 ,∆2 -enoyl-CoA isomerase, or acetylene-allene isomerase, is an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of cis- or trans-double bonds of coenzyme A bound fatty acids at gamma-carbon to trans double bonds at beta-carbon as below:

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Malonyl-CoA</span> Chemical compound

Malonyl-CoA is a coenzyme A derivative of malonic acid.

In biochemistry, fatty acid synthesis is the creation of fatty acids from acetyl-CoA and NADPH through the action of enzymes called fatty acid synthases. This process takes place in the cytoplasm of the cell. Most of the acetyl-CoA which is converted into fatty acids is derived from carbohydrates via the glycolytic pathway. The glycolytic pathway also provides the glycerol with which three fatty acids can combine to form triglycerides, the final product of the lipogenic process. When only two fatty acids combine with glycerol and the third alcohol group is phosphorylated with a group such as phosphatidylcholine, a phospholipid is formed. Phospholipids form the bulk of the lipid bilayers that make up cell membranes and surrounds the organelles within the cells. In addition to cytosolic fatty acid synthesis, there is also mitochondrial fatty acid synthesis (mtFASII), in which malonyl-CoA is formed from malonic acid with the help of malonyl-CoA synthetase (ACSF3), which then becomes the final product octanoyl-ACP (C8) via further intermediate steps.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Long-chain-fatty-acid—CoA ligase</span> Class of enzymes

The long chain fatty acyl-CoA ligase is an enzyme of the ligase family that activates the oxidation of complex fatty acids. Long chain fatty acyl-CoA synthetase catalyzes the formation of fatty acyl-CoA by a two-step process proceeding through an adenylated intermediate. The enzyme catalyzes the following reaction,

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Beta-ketoacyl-ACP synthase</span> Enzyme

In molecular biology, Beta-ketoacyl-ACP synthase EC 2.3.1.41, is an enzyme involved in fatty acid synthesis. It typically uses malonyl-CoA as a carbon source to elongate ACP-bound acyl species, resulting in the formation of ACP-bound β-ketoacyl species such as acetoacetyl-ACP.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Thiolase</span> Enzymes

Thiolases, also known as acetyl-coenzyme A acetyltransferases (ACAT), are enzymes which convert two units of acetyl-CoA to acetoacetyl CoA in the mevalonate pathway.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">3-oxoacyl-(acyl-carrier-protein) reductase</span> Enzyme

In enzymology, a 3-oxoacyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] reductase (EC 1.1.1.100) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction

In enzymology, a 6-methylsalicylic-acid synthase (EC 2.3.1.165) is a polyketide synthase that catalyzes the chemical reaction

In enzymology, a [acyl-carrier-protein] S-acetyltransferase is an enzyme that catalyzes the reversible chemical reaction

In enzymology, a [acyl-carrier-protein] S-malonyltransferase is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction

In enzymology, a beta-ketoacyl-acyl-carrier-protein synthase I is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction

In enzymology, a beta-ketoacyl-acyl-carrier-protein synthase II (EC 2.3.1.179) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Beta-ketoacyl-ACP synthase III</span> Enzyme

In enzymology, a β-ketoacyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] synthase III (EC 2.3.1.180) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction

In enzymology, an erythronolide synthase is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Fatty-acyl-CoA synthase</span>

Fatty-acyl-CoA Synthase, or more commonly known as yeast fatty acid synthase, is an enzyme complex responsible for fatty acid biosynthesis, and is of Type I Fatty Acid Synthesis (FAS). Yeast fatty acid synthase plays a pivotal role in fatty acid synthesis. It is a 2.6 MDa barrel shaped complex and is composed of two, unique multi-functional subunits: alpha and beta. Together, the alpha and beta units are arranged in an α6β6 structure. The catalytic activities of this enzyme complex involves a coordination system of enzymatic reactions between the alpha and beta subunits. The enzyme complex therefore consists of six functional centers for fatty acid synthesis.

In enzymology, an icosanoyl-CoA synthase (EC 2.3.1.119) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction

In enzymology, a long-chain-alcohol O-fatty-acyltransferase is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction

Very-long-chain 3-oxoacyl-CoA reductase (EC 1.1.1.330, very-long-chain 3-ketoacyl-CoA reductase, very-long-chain beta-ketoacyl-CoA reductase, KCR (gene), IFA38 (gene)) is an enzyme with systematic name (3R)-3-hydroxyacyl-CoA:NADP+ oxidoreductase. This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction

Very-long-chain enoyl-CoA reductase (EC 1.3.1.93, TSC13 (gene name), CER10 (gene)) is an enzyme with systematic name very-long-chain acyl-CoA:NADP+ oxidoreductase. This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ketoacyl synthase</span> Catalyst for a key step in fatty acid synthesis

Ketoacyl synthases (KSs) catalyze the condensation reaction of acyl-CoA or acyl-acyl ACP with malonyl-CoA to form 3-ketoacyl-CoA or with malonyl-ACP to form 3-ketoacyl-ACP. This reaction is a key step in the fatty acid synthesis cycle, as the resulting acyl chain is two carbon atoms longer than before. KSs exist as individual enzymes, as they do in type II fatty acid synthesis and type II polyketide synthesis, or as domains in large multidomain enzymes, such as type I fatty acid synthases (FASs) and polyketide synthases (PKSs). KSs are divided into five families: KS1, KS2, KS3, KS4, and KS5.

References

  1. Toke DA, Martin CE (August 1996). "Isolation and characterization of a gene affecting fatty acid elongation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 271 (31): 18413–22. doi: 10.1074/jbc.271.31.18413 . PMID   8702485.
  2. 1 2 Oh CS, Toke DA, Mandala S, Martin CE (July 1997). "ELO2 and ELO3, homologues of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae ELO1 gene, function in fatty acid elongation and are required for sphingolipid formation". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 272 (28): 17376–84. doi: 10.1074/jbc.272.28.17376 . PMID   9211877.
  3. Dittrich F, Zajonc D, Hühne K, Hoja U, Ekici A, Greiner E, Klein H, Hofmann J, Bessoule JJ, Sperling P, Schweizer E (March 1998). "Fatty acid elongation in yeast--biochemical characteristics of the enzyme system and isolation of elongation-defective mutants". European Journal of Biochemistry. 252 (3): 477–85. doi: 10.1046/j.1432-1327.1998.2520477.x . PMID   9546663.
  4. Millar AA, Clemens S, Zachgo S, Giblin EM, Taylor DC, Kunst L (May 1999). "CUT1, an Arabidopsis gene required for cuticular wax biosynthesis and pollen fertility, encodes a very-long-chain fatty acid condensing enzyme". The Plant Cell. 11 (5): 825–38. doi:10.2307/3870817. JSTOR   3870817. PMC   144219 . PMID   10330468.
  5. Ghanevati M, Jaworski JG (July 2002). "Engineering and mechanistic studies of the Arabidopsis FAE1 beta-ketoacyl-CoA synthase, FAE1 KCS". European Journal of Biochemistry. 269 (14): 3531–9. doi:10.1046/j.1432-1033.2002.03039.x. PMID   12135493.
  6. Blacklock BJ, Jaworski JG (July 2006). "Substrate specificity of Arabidopsis 3-ketoacyl-CoA synthases". Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 346 (2): 583–90. doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2006.05.162. PMID   16765910.
  7. Denic V, Weissman JS (August 2007). "A molecular caliper mechanism for determining very long-chain fatty acid length". Cell. 130 (4): 663–77. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2007.06.031 . PMID   17719544.
  8. Tresch S, Heilmann M, Christiansen N, Looser R, Grossmann K (April 2012). "Inhibition of saturated very-long-chain fatty acid biosynthesis by mefluidide and perfluidone, selective inhibitors of 3-ketoacyl-CoA synthases". Phytochemistry. 76: 162–71. Bibcode:2012PChem..76..162T. doi:10.1016/j.phytochem.2011.12.023. PMID   22284369.