WCYB-TV

Last updated

WCYB-TV
City Bristol, Virginia
Channels
Branding
  • WCYB-TV 5; News 5
  • Tri-Cities CW (on DT2)
Programming
Affiliations
Ownership
Owner
WEMT
History
First air date
August 13, 1956(68 years ago) (1956-08-13)
Former channel number(s)
  • Analog: 5 (VHF, 1956–2009)
  • Digital: 28 (UHF, 1996–2009), 5 (VHF, 2009–2022)
  • Both secondary:
  • ABC (1956–1969)
  • The WB (1996–2006)
Call sign meaning
City of Bristol
Technical information [2]
Licensing authority
 FCC
Facility ID 2455
ERP 1,000 kW [1]
HAAT 755 m (2,477 ft) [1]
Transmitter coordinates 36°26′58.2″N82°6′28.7″W / 36.449500°N 82.107972°W / 36.449500; -82.107972
Links
Public license information
Website wcyb.com

WCYB-TV (channel 5) is a television station licensed to Bristol, Virginia, United States, serving the Tri-Cities area as an affiliate of NBC and The CW. It is one of two commercial television stations in the market that are licensed in Virginia (alongside religious station WLFG, channel 68, in Grundy). WCYB-TV is owned by the Sinclair Broadcast Group, which also provides certain services to Greeneville, Tennessee–licensed Fox affiliate WEMT (channel 39) under a local marketing agreement (LMA) with Cunningham Broadcasting. However, Sinclair effectively owns WEMT as the majority of Cunningham's stock is owned by the family of deceased group founder Julian Smith. The two stations share studios on Lee Street on the Virginia side of Bristol (straddling the Virginia–Tennessee line); WCYB-TV's transmitter is located at Rye Patch Knob on Holston Mountain in the Cherokee National Forest.

Contents

History

As early as 1952, companies and groups began competing for a chance to get the better-picture, lower VHF channel 5, allocated to Bristol. A consortium of four Bristol businessmen—Robert Smith, J. Fey Rogers (sales manager of WOPI radio in Bristol, Tennessee), Charles M. Gore and Harry M. Daniel—filed for the channel at Bristol, Tennessee, along with the Appalachian Television Company, owners of WCYB radio (AM 690, now WZAP), for a station on the Virginia side of the state line. [3] [4] The matter came into contest between the two groups; WOPI's group broadened to take in Kingsport radio station WKPT, with plans for studios in both cities. [5]

The initial studio was planned for the first floor of the Hotel General Shelby (home to WCYB radio), at Cumberland and Front streets, with a full-power transmitter to be located on Brumley Mountain, 1,964 feet (599 m) above average terrain in the Jefferson National Forest, 20 miles (32 km) northeast of Bristol. [4] While still in the construction stage, the proposed transmitter was moved to Holston High Knob, 25 miles (40 km) southeast of Bristol and 700 feet (213 m) north of a geological triangulation station and fire tower on top of the Holston Mountain ridge. [4]

On diversity of ownership grounds, a Federal Communications Commission (FCC) hearing examiner found in favor of WCYB's bid in January 1955. [6] A final construction permit grant was made on April 11, 1956, and construction began at once. [7] That May, station planners successfully sought to increase the proposed coverage area by changing the proposed transmitter location to Rye Patch Knob. The transmitter and tower survive to this day at that location, 2,230 feet (680 m) above average terrain. Meanwhile, studios were leased in a building at Cumberland and Lee streets. [8]

WCYB-TV began broadcasting on August 13, 1956; it primarily continued testing for several more weeks until a full launch on September 1, [9] though the early start allowed it to present coverage of that year's Democratic National Convention. [10] It has always been a primary NBC affiliate, although it carried a secondary ABC affiliation (shared with WJHL-TV, channel 11) [11] until 1969, when WKPT-TV (channel 19) signed on and took the ABC affiliation. [12]

In 1969, the group sold WCYB-TV to Starr Broadcasting; Starr's president and chief stockholder was publisher and columnist William F. Buckley Jr. of National Review fame. [4] Starr sold Appalachian Broadcasting to the DGH Company/Lamco Communications (former publisher of the Grit newspaper) in 1977. [13] It was sold again to Bluestone Television in 2004, who then merged with Bonten Media Group for $230 million in 2007.

Robert Smith Sr. served as general manager of the station for almost 25 years. During his tenure, well-known newscasters Merrill Moore, Johnny Wood, and Steve Hawkins began their successful careers. Smith also oversaw the construction of a new building in downtown Bristol. The new facility was industry-leading in its design. After Smith's retirement, Joe Conway became general manager in 1981. During the early 1980s, Lamco invested extensively in people, news, programming, equipment, and marketing. WCYB was marketed as "The News Station". At the same time, NBC became the top-rated network with hits like The Cosby Show and Cheers , and WCYB secured top-rated syndicated programs such as Wheel of Fortune and Jeopardy! A hot air balloon with an NBC peacock design was purchased and flown across the region to promote the station. For most of the time from the 1980s to the early 2000s, WCYB claimed to be the highest-rated station in the top 100 U.S. TV markets.[ citation needed ] In 1984, Conway died suddenly. He was succeeded as general manager in 1985 by Bob Smith, Jr., who had been the station's News Director for several years. During the 1990s and beyond, Joe Macione, Jim McKernan and Jack Dempsey followed as general managers. Steve Flint was named VP/General manager in 2018.

In the 1960s, this station produced a live weekday cartoon show for children called the Looney Tunes Club, hosted by Ed Spiegel. The show welcomed some 50 youngsters each day to participate on the show and was traditionally visited by children celebrating their birthdays. Each broadcast was opened with a rousing "Hi, boys and girls!" from Spiegel, with "Hi, Ed!" shouted back by the youngsters. The 1960s also saw three locally produced quiz shows: Kiddie Kollege (which pitted young students from different local schools against each other), Klassroom Kwiz (whose contestants were older high school students, a variation on the It's Academic format) and Klub Kwiz (which did the same using members of local civic and service clubs).

WCYB took over WEMT's operations in February 2006 in a deal with WEMT's new owner, Aurora Broadcasting. As part of the Bonten deal later that year, Esteem Broadcasting bought WEMT from Aurora. Esteem would then pay $1.4 million in outstanding debt. WEMT moved from its studios in Johnson City to WCYB's facilities.

On April 21, 2017, Sinclair announced its intent to purchase the Bonten stations for $240 million. [14] [15] The sale was completed on September 1. [16]

News operation

WCYB logo until 2012 WCYB5.png
WCYB logo until 2012

WCYB's news dominance from the 1980s and beyond was largely due to the presence of the station's longtime anchormen Merrill Moore, Johnny Wood, and Steve Hawkins. Moore joined the station in 1962 as the weeknight 11 o'clock anchor and added the weeknight 6 p.m. broadcast in 1964. He remained the station's top anchorman until his retirement in 2000. In the 1960s, News Director Walter Crockett also delivered editorials at 6:25 p.m. daily, and Evelyn Booher was one of the first woman newscasters in the Tri-Cities at that time. For most of the time from the 1980s to the early 2000s, WCYB claimed to be the highest-rated television station in the United States. In January 2005, WCYB won the RTNDA's Ultimate Newscast Makeover contest, which included a new set, graphics and music package at no charge.

WCYB currently broadcasts 25 hours of locally-produced newscasts each week (with five hours on weekdays, two hours on Saturdays, two hours on Sundays, and updates every half-hour during Today , in addition to updates during prime time programming). WCYB also produces Fox Tri-Cities News @ 10 on sister station WEMT.

Starting with the 5 p.m. news on October 13, 2008, the NewsCenter 5 name was changed to News 5. WEMT's nightly 10 o'clock newscast started on September 12, 2005, and it is produced by WCYB. Originally a half-hour long, it has expanded to an hour on September 11, 2006. In October 2008, they dropped WCYB's on-air look. Instead of using all blue graphics, WEMT now employs blue and red. That station also renamed the weather forecasting and modified many other elements of the broadcast.

On June 17, 2010, WCYB's newscasts became the first in the Tri-Cities market to broadcast in high definition. [17] [18] Starting with the 2012 election day newscast, WCYB debuted new graphics and a new logo, similar to San Antonio's WOAI.

On July 29, 2014, it was announced that the noon newscast on WCYB would be shortened to a 30-minute segment, followed by an episode of Judge Judy with anchors Preston Ayres and Samantha Kozsey rotating positions each week. Meteorologist Donnie Cox will be co-hosting with Ayres and Kozsey. WCYB continues to be the dominant station in the Tri-Cities, with WEMT and WJHL closely tied for second.[ citation needed ]

On February 20, 2015, it was announced that Meteorologist Donnie Cox would be moving to WCTI-TV in New Bern, North Carolina. [19] [20]

At one point, WCYB-DT2 aired an hour-long extension of the main channel's weekday morning show at 8. This has since been dropped.

Technical information

Subchannels

The station's signal is multiplexed:

Subchannels of WCYB-TV [21]
Channel Res. Aspect Short nameProgramming
5.1 1080i 16:9 WCYB-DT NBC
5.2CW-HD The CW
5.3 480i 4:3 Comet Comet
5.416:9TrueCrm True Crime Network

On August 23, 2011, Disney-ABC Television Group announced an affiliation agreement with WCYB to carry Live Well Network on a new third digital subchannel. [22] The network has since been replaced with Decades, which in turn was eventually replaced with Comet.

Analog-to-digital conversion

WCYB-TV shut down its analog signal, over VHF channel 5, on June 12, 2009, the official date on which full-power television stations in the United States transitioned from analog to digital broadcasts under federal mandate. The station's digital signal relocated from its pre-transition UHF channel 28 to VHF channel 5. [23] [24]

On August 22, 2022, WCYB turned off its signal on low-VHF channel 5 and activated a new signal on UHF channel 35 under special temporary authority. [1] [25] [26] [27]

Until 2022, WCYB operated a UHF fill-in digital translator on channel 29 that helped viewers alleviate some signal reception issues on channel 5. [28] The station applied for a second repeater on channel 21, licensed to Kingsport with a transmitter on Bays Mountain, but this has since expired. [29]

Out-of-market cable carriage

In recent years, WCYB has been carried on cable in multiple areas outside of the Tri-Cities media market. That includes cable systems within the Bluefield market in Virginia, the Knoxville market in Tennessee, the Lexington market in Kentucky and the Asheville and Charlotte markets in North Carolina. [30] According to Zap2it, WCYB has been carried on cable in College Grove, Tennessee, which is within the Nashville market. [31]

During the 1970s and 1980s through CATV, WCYB was once carried in Pikeville, Kentucky, Wilkesboro, North Carolina, and McDowell County, West Virginia. [32]

See also

Related Research Articles

WVVA is a television station licensed to Bluefield, West Virginia, United States, serving the Bluefield–Beckley–Oak Hill market as an affiliate of NBC and The CW Plus. Owned by Gray Television, the station maintains studios on U.S. Route 460 in Bluefield, West Virginia, and its transmitter is located atop East River Mountain, near the West Virginia–Virginia border.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">WSOC-TV</span> ABC affiliate in Charlotte, North Carolina

WSOC-TV is a television station in Charlotte, North Carolina, United States, affiliated with ABC and Telemundo. It is owned by Cox Media Group alongside Kannapolis-licensed independent station WAXN-TV. The two stations share studios on West 23rd Street north of uptown Charlotte; WSOC-TV's transmitter is located near Reedy Creek Park in the Newell section of the city.

WCTI-TV is a television station licensed to New Bern, North Carolina, United States, serving as the ABC affiliate for Eastern North Carolina. It is owned by Sinclair Broadcast Group, which provides certain services to Greenville-licensed Fox affiliate WYDO under a shared services agreement (SSA) with Cunningham Broadcasting. However, Sinclair effectively owns WYDO as the majority of Cunningham's stock is owned by the family of deceased group founder Julian Smith. The two stations share studios on Glenburnie Drive in New Bern; WCTI-TV's transmitter is located north of Trenton along NC 41.

WTVF is a television station in Nashville, Tennessee, United States, affiliated with CBS. It is owned by the E. W. Scripps Company alongside Ion Television owned-and-operated station WNPX-TV. WTVF's studios are located on James Robertson Parkway in downtown Nashville, and its transmitter is located north of downtown along I-24 near Whites Creek.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">WATE-TV</span> ABC affiliate in Knoxville, Tennessee

WATE-TV is a television station in Knoxville, Tennessee, United States, affiliated with ABC and owned by Nexstar Media Group. The station's studios are located in the Greystone mansion on North Broadway/SR 33/SR 71/US 441, and its transmitter is located on Sharp's Ridge in North Knoxville.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">KBOI-TV</span> CBS affiliate in Boise, Idaho

KBOI-TV is a television station in Boise, Idaho, United States, affiliated with CBS. It is owned by Sinclair Broadcast Group alongside low-power CW+ affiliate KYUU-LD. The two stations share studios on North 16th Street in downtown Boise; KBOI-TV's transmitter is located at the Bogus Basin ski area summit in unincorporated Boise County.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">KTSM-TV</span> NBC affiliate in El Paso, Texas

KTSM-TV is a television station in El Paso, Texas, United States, affiliated with NBC and owned by Nexstar Media Group. The station's studios are located on Oregon Street in northwest El Paso, and its transmitter is located atop the Franklin Mountains on the El Paso city limits.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">WYDO</span> Fox affiliate in Greenville, North Carolina

WYDO is a television station licensed to Greenville, North Carolina, United States, serving as the Fox affiliate for Eastern North Carolina. It is owned by Cunningham Broadcasting, which maintains a shared services agreement (SSA) with Sinclair Broadcast Group, owner of New Bern–licensed ABC affiliate WCTI-TV, for the provision of certain services. However, Sinclair effectively owns WYDO as the majority of Cunningham's stock is owned by the family of deceased group founder Julian Smith. The two stations share studios on Glenburnie Drive in New Bern; WYDO's transmitter is located north of Trenton along NC 41. There is no separate website for WYDO; instead, it is integrated with that of sister station WCTI-TV.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">WSET-TV</span> ABC affiliate in Lynchburg, Virginia

WSET-TV is a television station licensed to Lynchburg, Virginia, United States, serving as the ABC affiliate for the Roanoke–Lynchburg market. The station is owned by Sinclair Broadcast Group, and has studios on Langhorne Road in Lynchburg; its transmitter is located atop Thaxton Mountain, near Thaxton, Virginia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bonten Media Group</span> American television broadcast company

Bonten Media Group was a New York City-based owner of television broadcast stations in the United States. It was formed by Randall D. Bongarten and Diamond Castle Holdings in November 2006. Its first acquisition was 14 stations from Bluestone Television, founded by Sandy DiPasquale and Providence Equity Partners on May 31, 2007. Bluestone had acquired the same stations from Lamco Communications in 2004. On January 1, 2008, Bonten entered into an agreement with Esteem Broadcasting to provide services to the Fox affiliates (WFXI/WYDO) in the Greenville-New Bern market, in addition to WEMT in the Tri-Cities area of Northeastern Tennessee and Southwestern Virginia, bringing the number of stations which Bonten Media Group owns or provides services up to 16 from 13.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">WYMT-TV</span> CBS affiliate in Hazard, Kentucky

WYMT-TV is a television station licensed to Hazard, Kentucky, United States, serving as the CBS affiliate for the Eastern Kentucky Coalfield region. Owned by Gray Television, the station maintains studios on Black Gold Boulevard off the KY 15 bypass in Hazard, and its transmitter is located south of the city in the Perry County community of Viper.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">WJHL-TV</span> TV station in Johnson City, Tennessee

WJHL-TV is a television station licensed to Johnson City, Tennessee, United States, serving the Tri-Cities area as an affiliate of CBS and ABC. The station is owned by Nexstar Media Group, and maintains studios on East Main Street in downtown Johnson City; its transmitter is located on Holston Mountain in the Cherokee National Forest.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">WKPT-TV</span> Cozi TV affiliate in Kingsport, Tennessee

WKPT-TV is a television station licensed to Kingsport, Tennessee, United States, serving the Tri-Cities area as an affiliate of Cozi TV. It is owned by Glenwood Communications Corporation alongside low-power Class A MeTV affiliate WAPK-CD and several radio stations, including WKPT. All of the outlets share studios on Commerce Street in downtown Kingsport; WKPT-TV's transmitter is located on Holston Mountain in the Cherokee National Forest.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">WEMT</span> Fox affiliate in Greeneville, Tennessee

WEMT is a television station licensed to Greeneville, Tennessee, United States, serving as the Fox affiliate for the Tri-Cities area. It is owned by Cunningham Broadcasting, which maintains a local marketing agreement (LMA) with Sinclair Broadcast Group, owner of Bristol, Virginia–licensed dual NBC/CW affiliate WCYB-TV, for the provision of certain services. However, Sinclair effectively owns WEMT; the majority of Cunningham's stock is owned by the family of deceased group founder Julian Smith. The two stations share studios on Lee Street on the Virginia side of Bristol ; WEMT's transmitter is located at Rye Patch Knob on Holston Mountain in the Cherokee National Forest.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">KRCG</span> CBS affiliate in Jefferson City, Missouri

KRCG is a television station licensed to Jefferson City, Missouri, United States, serving as the CBS affiliate for the Columbia–Jefferson City market. Owned by Sinclair Broadcast Group, the station maintains studios and transmitter facilities on US 54 in the nearby town of New Bloomfield.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">KHQA-TV</span> CBS/ABC affiliate in Hannibal, Missouri

KHQA-TV is a television station licensed to Hannibal, Missouri, United States, serving the Quincy, Illinois–Hannibal, Missouri–Keokuk, Iowa market as an affiliate of CBS and ABC. The station is owned by the Sinclair Broadcast Group, and maintains studios on South 36th Street in Quincy; its transmitter is located northeast of the city on Cannonball Road near I-172.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Holston Mountain</span> Mountain in United States of America

Holston Mountain is a mountain ridge in Upper East Tennessee and southwest Virginia, in the United States. It is in the Blue Ridge Mountains part of the Appalachian Mountains. Holston Mountain is a very prominent ridge-type mountain in Tennessee's Ridge and Valley Region, about 28 miles (45 km) long, running from southwest to northeast, covering about 268 square miles (690 km2). Its highest summit is Holston High Point, on which a Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) aircraft navigational beacon is located, at an elevation of 4,280 feet (1,300 m) above mean sea level. The second and third highest points are Rye Patch Knob, at 4,260 feet (1,300 m) above mean sea level and Rich Knob, at 4,240 above mean sea level respectively. The fourth highest point is Holston High Knob where an old dismantled Cherokee National Forest fire tower marks the elevation at 4,136 feet (1,261 m) above mean sea level.

WJCW is a commercial radio station, licensed to Johnson City, Tennessee and serving the Tri-Cities radio market. It is owned by Cumulus Media and airs a news/talk format.

WETP-TV and WKOP-TV, together branded as East Tennessee PBS, are public television stations serving Knoxville and the Tri-Cities in East Tennessee, United States. The stations are owned by the East Tennessee Public Communications Corporation and broadcast from studios and offices on East Magnolia Avenue in downtown Knoxville. WETP-TV, licensed to Sneedville, Tennessee, is broadcast from a transmitter atop Short Mountain near Mooresburg, while WKOP-TV's transmitter is situated on Sharp's Ridge in North Knoxville.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">WBCM-LP</span> Radio station in Bristol, Virginia

WBCM-LP is a classic country, bluegrass, and Americana-formatted broadcast radio station. Licensed to Bristol, Virginia, the station serves the twin cities of Bristol in Virginia and in Tennessee. The Birthplace of Country Music Museum owns and operates WBCM-LP.

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 "???AMDRULCHA.PageHeading???". Licensing and Management System. Federal Communications Commission. February 22, 2021. Retrieved February 23, 2021.
  2. ↑ "Facility Technical Data for WCYB-TV". Licensing and Management System. Federal Communications Commission.
  3. ↑ "Edwards Buys $200,000 Stock In Bristol Radio". Johnson City Press. Johnson City, Tennessee. July 9, 1952. p. 9. Retrieved July 29, 2022– via Newspapers.com.
  4. 1 2 3 4 FCC History Cards for WCYB-TV
  5. ↑ "Tri-Cities TV Service Begins Soon". Johnson City Press. Johnson City, Tennessee. September 28, 1952. p. 8A. Retrieved July 29, 2022– via Newspapers.com.
  6. ↑ "Official Urges WCYB Get Bristol TV". Johnson City Press. Johnson City, Tennessee. Associated Press. February 2, 1955. p. 2. Retrieved July 29, 2022– via Newspapers.com.
  7. ↑ "Bristol TV Station Gets Final FCC Authorization". Johnson City Press. Johnson City, Tennessee. April 14, 1956. p. 1. Retrieved July 29, 2022– via Newspapers.com.
  8. ↑ "WCYB-TV Leases Studio Building". The Bristol Herald Courier. Bristol, Tennessee. June 20, 1956. p. 2. Retrieved July 29, 2022– via Newspapers.com.
  9. ↑ "TV Station Goes On Air". Bristol Virginia-Tennessean. Bristol, Virginia. September 1, 1956. p. 8. Retrieved July 29, 2022– via Newspapers.com.
  10. ↑ "WCYB-TV Begins Telecasts Monday". The Bristol Herald Courier. Bristol, Tennessee. August 11, 1956. p. 1, 2 . Retrieved July 29, 2022– via Newspapers.com.
  11. ↑ "Plans For Bristol TV Station Told To Area Newspapermen On Saturday". Johnson City Press. Johnson City, Tennessee. July 29, 1956. p. 5. Retrieved July 29, 2022– via Newspapers.com.
  12. ↑ Rice, Basil (August 10, 1969). "New TV Station Hopes To Be 'Airborne' Aug. 15". Kingsport Times-News. Kingsport, Tennessee. p. 7-A. Retrieved July 29, 2022– via Newspapers.com.
  13. ↑ Television Factbook #49, 1980 Edition, page 882-B
  14. ↑ "Sinclair Buying Bonten Stations For $240M". TVNewsCheck. April 21, 2017. Retrieved April 21, 2017.
  15. ↑ "Sinclair Announces Agreement To Purchase Bonten Media Group TV Stations -". sbgi.net.
  16. ↑ Consummation Notice, CDBS Public Access, Federal Communications Commission, Retrieved September 6, 2017.
  17. ↑ "News 5 Now Broadcasting In HD". WCYB-TV. June 17, 2010. Archived from the original on September 10, 2017. Retrieved June 17, 2010.
  18. ↑ "WCYB-TV and WEMT-TV Are First with HD Local News Broadcasts In Tri-Cities Market". WCYB-TV. June 17, 2010. Archived from the original on June 24, 2010. Retrieved June 18, 2010.
  19. ↑ "WCTI-TV announces new Chief Meteorologist" . Retrieved April 13, 2015.
  20. ↑ "News 5 Today says goodbye to Donnie Cox" . Retrieved April 13, 2015.
  21. ↑ "RabbitEars query for WCYB-TV". RabbitEars.info .
  22. ↑ Live Well Adds 7 Affils, Tops 40% Clearance, TVNewsCheck, August 23, 2011.
  23. ↑ "DTV Tentative Channel Designations for the First and the Second Rounds" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on August 29, 2013. Retrieved March 24, 2012.
  24. ↑ Eggerton, John (June 29, 2009). "Boise Station Gets Power Boost". Broadcasting & Cable . Retrieved July 1, 2009.
  25. ↑ "Report and Order", Media Bureau, Federal Communications Commission, June 15, 2021, Retrieved June 15, 2021.
  26. ↑ "DTV Engineering STA Application". Licensing and Management System. Federal Communications Commission. August 22, 2022. Retrieved August 29, 2022.
  27. ↑ "WCYB SIGNAL UPDATE: Important information for viewers". WCYB.com. August 18, 2022. Retrieved August 29, 2022.
  28. ↑ "CDBS Print". licensing.fcc.gov.
  29. ↑ "Application View ... Redirecting". licensing.fcc.gov.
  30. ↑ "SVTV Stations - the things you care that others won't". Archived from the original on May 2, 2012. Retrieved September 9, 2012.
  31. ↑ "TV Listings- Find Local TV Listings and Watch Full Episodes - Zap2it.com". Zap2It. September 1, 2017.
  32. ↑ [ dead link ]
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.