The following tables show the frequencies assigned to analog broadcast television channels in various regions of the world, along with the ITU letter designator for the system used. The frequencies shown are for the analog video and audio carriers. The channel itself occupies several megahertz of bandwidth. For example, North American channel 1 occupies the spectrum from 44 to 50 MHz. See Broadcast television systems for a table of signal characteristics, including bandwidth, by ITU letter designator. Analog television broadcasts have been phased out in most regions, having been replaced by digital television broadcasts.
International broadcasting television frequencies are divided in two part of the spectrum; the Very high frequency or "VHF“ band and the Ultra high frequency or "UHF“ band.
During World War II, the frequencies originally assigned as channels 13 to 18 were appropriated by the U.S. military, which still uses them to this day. It was also decided to move the allocation for FM radio from the 42-50 MHz band to a larger 88-106 MHz band (later extended to the current 88-108 MHz FM band). This required a reassignment of the VHF channels to the plan currently in use. [1]
Channel | Lower edge | ATSC 1 pilot | Video carrier | ISDB-T/Tb center | Audio carrier | Upper edge |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 44 | 44.31 | 45.25 | 47.142857 | 49.75 | 50 |
2 | 54 | 54.31 | 55.25 | 57.142857 | 59.75 | 60 |
3 | 60 | 60.31 | 61.25 | 63.142857 | 65.75 | 66 |
4 | 66 | 66.31 | 67.25 | 69.142857 | 71.75 | 72 |
5 | 76 | 76.31 | 77.25 | 79.142857 | 81.75 | 82 |
6 | 82 | 82.31 | 83.25 | 85.142857 | 87.75 | 88 |
Channel | Lower edge | ATSC 1 pilot | Video carrier | ISDB-T/Tb center | Audio carrier | Upper edge |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
7 | 174 | 174.31 | 175.25 | 177.142857 | 179.75 | 180 |
8 | 180 | 180.31 | 181.25 | 183.142857 | 185.75 | 186 |
9 | 186 | 186.31 | 187.25 | 189.142857 | 191.75 | 192 |
10 | 192 | 192.31 | 193.25 | 195.142857 | 197.75 | 198 |
11 | 198 | 198.31 | 199.25 | 201.142857 | 203.75 | 204 |
12 | 204 | 204.31 | 205.25 | 207.142857 | 209.75 | 210 |
13 | 210 | 210.31 | 211.25 | 213.142857 | 215.75 | 216 |
Channel | Lower edge | Video carrier | ISDB-T center frequency | Audio carrier | Upper edge |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 90 | 91.25 | 93.142857 | 95.75 | 96 |
2 | 96 | 97.25 | 99.142857 | 101.75 | 102 |
3 | 102 | 103.25 | 105.142857 | 107.75 | 108 |
Channel | Lower edge | Video carrier | ISDB-T center frequency | Audio carrier | Upper edge |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
4 | 170 | 171.25 | 173.142857 | 175.75 | 176 |
5 | 176 | 177.25 | 179.142857 | 181.75 | 182 |
6 | 182 | 183.25 | 185.142857 | 187.75 | 188 |
7 | 188 | 189.25 | 191.142857 | 193.75 | 194 |
8 | 192 | 193.25 | 195.142857 | 197.75 | 198 |
9 | 198 | 199.25 | 201.142857 | 203.75 | 204 |
10 | 204 | 205.25 | 207.142857 | 209.75 | 210 |
11 | 210 | 211.25 | 213.142857 | 215.75 | 216 |
12 | 216 | 217.25 | 219.142857 | 221.75 | 222 |
Channel | Video carrier (MHz) | Audio carrier (MHz) |
---|---|---|
1 | 45.00 | 41.50 |
2 | 51.75 | 48.25 |
3 | 56.75 | 53.25 |
4 | 61.75 | 58.25 |
5 | 66.75 | 63.25 |
6 | 179.75 | 176.25 |
7 | 184.75 | 181.25 |
8 | 189.75 | 186.25 |
9 | 194.75 | 191.25 |
10 | 199.75 | 196.25 |
11 | 204.75 | 201.25 |
12 | 209.75 | 206.25 |
13 | 214.75 | 211.25 |
Channel | Video carrier (MHz) | Audio carrier (MHz) |
---|---|---|
A | 45.75 | 51.75 |
B | 53.75 | 59.75 |
C | 61.75 | 67.75 |
D | 175.25 | 181.25 |
E | 183.25 | 189.25 |
F | 191.25 | 197.25 |
G | 199.25 | 205.25 |
H | 207.25 | 213.25 |
I | 215.25 | 221.25 |
J | 223.25 | 229.25 |
Channel | Video carrier (MHz) | DVB-T/T2 (MHz) | Audio carrier (MHz) |
---|---|---|---|
1 | 41.25 | 43.5 | 46.75 |
1A | 42.25 | 44.5 | 47.75 |
2 | 48.25 | 50.5 | 53.75 |
2A | 49.75 | 52 | 55.25 |
3 | 55.25 | 57.5 | 60.75 |
4 | 62.25 | 64.5 | 67.75 |
4A | 82.25 | 84.5 | 87.75 |
5 | 175.25 | 177.5 | 180.75 |
6 | 182.25 | 184.5 | 187.75 |
7 | 189.25 | 191.5 | 194.75 |
8 | 196.25 | 198.5 | 201.75 |
9 | 203.25 | 205.5 | 208.75 |
10 | 210.25 | 212.5 | 215.75 |
11 | 217.25 | 219.5 | 222.75 |
12 | 224.25 | 226.5 | 229.75 |
Channel | Video carrier (MHz) | Audio carrier (MHz) |
---|---|---|
1 | 46.00 | 42.00 |
2 | 52.40 | 41.25 |
3 | 56.15 | 67.30 |
4 | 65.55 | 54.40 |
5 | 164.00 | 175.15 |
6 | 173.40 | 162.25 |
7 | 177.15 | 188.30 |
8A | 185.25 | 174.10 |
8 | 186.55 | 175.40 |
9 | 190.30 | 201.45 |
10 | 199.70 | 188.55 |
11 | 203.45 | 214.60 |
12 | 212.85 | 201.70 |
Channel | Video carrier (MHz) | Audio carrier (MHz) |
---|---|---|
1 | 47.75 | 41.25 |
2 | 55.75 | 49.25 |
3 | 60.50 | 54.00 |
4 | 63.75 | 57.25 |
5 | 176.00 | 182.50 |
6 | 184.00 | 190.50 |
7 | 192.00 | 198.50 |
8 | 200.00 | 206.50 |
9 | 208.00 | 214.50 |
10 | 216.00 | 222.50 |
Channel | Video carrier (MHz) | Audio carrier (MHz) |
---|---|---|
2 | 52.25 | 58.75 |
3 | 60.25 | 66.75 |
4 | 175.25 | 181.75 |
5 | 183.25 | 189.75 |
6 | 191.25 | 197.75 |
7 | 199.25 | 205.75 |
8 | 207.25 | 213.75 |
9 | 215.25 | 221.75 |
10 | 223.25 | 229.75 |
Channel | Video carrier (MHz) | Audio carrier (MHz) |
---|---|---|
A | 53.75 | 59.25 |
B | 62.25 | 67.75 |
C | 82.25 | 87.75 |
D | 175.25 | 180.75 |
E | 183.75 | 189.25 |
F | 192.25 | 197.75 |
G | 201.25 | 206.75 |
H | 210.25 | 215.75 |
H1 | 217.25 | 222.75 |
H2 | 224.25 | 229.75 |
Channel | Video carrier (MHz) | Audio carrier (MHz) |
---|---|---|
I | 41.75 | 48.25 |
II | 49.75 | 56.25 |
III | 59.25 | 65.75 |
IV | 77.25 | 83.75 |
1 | 145.25 | 151.75 |
2 | 153.25 | 159.75 |
3 | 161.25 | 167.75 |
4 | 169.25 | 175.75 |
5 | 177.25 | 183.75 |
6 | 185.25 | 191.75 |
7 | 193.25 | 199.75 |
8 | 201.25 | 207.75 |
9 | 209.25 | 215.75 |
Channel | Video carrier (MHz) | Audio carrier (MHz) |
---|---|---|
1 | 49.75 | 56.25 |
2 | 59.25 | 65.75 |
3 | 77.25 | 83.75 |
4 | 85.25 | 91.75 |
5 | 93.25 | 99.75 |
6 | 175.25 | 181.75 |
7 | 183.25 | 189.75 |
8 | 191.25 | 197.75 |
9 | 199.25 | 205.75 |
10 | 207.25 | 213.75 |
11 | 215.25 | 221.75 |
12 | 223.25 | 229.75 |
In its very early days DFF made some test transmissions using the D/K standard (6.5 MHz audio) before reverting (around 1957) to System B/G (5.5 MHz audio) but using some unique frequencies. [6]
Channel | Channel limits (MHz) | Vision carrier (MHz) | Main sound carrier (MHz) | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 (Pre 1957) | 41.00 - 49.00 | 41.75 | 48.25 | Identical to old OIR Ch I, also overlaps of Australian channel AU0 |
2 (Pre 1957) | 58.50 - 66.50 | 59.25 | 65.75 | Identical to old OIR Ch III (Overlaps western channels E3 and E4 and Australian channels AU1 and AU2) |
3 (Pre 1957) | 99.15 - 107.15 | 99.90 | 106.40 | Overlaps part of Western FM radio broadcast band and Australian channels AU4 and AU5 |
4 (Pre 1957) | 144.50 - 152.50 | 145.25 | 151.75 | Overlaps 2m Amateur radio band |
1 (1957–1960) | 58.00 - 65.00 | 59.25 | 64.75 | Same video freq as pre-1957 Ch 2 (but 5.5 MHz sound) Overlaps western channels E3 and E4 |
2 (1957–1960) | 144.00 - 151.00 | 145.25 | 150.75 | Overlaps 2m Amateur radio band |
3 (1957–1960) | 154.00 - 161.00 | 155.25 | 160.75 | Overlaps Marine VHF radio band |
E5 | 174.00 - 181.00 | 175.25 | 180.75 | Identical to western Channel E5, overlaps Australian channel AU6 |
E6 | 181.00 - 188.00 | 182.25 | 187.75 | Identical to western Channel E6, overlaps Australian channel AU7 |
E8 | 195.00 - 202.00 | 196.25 | 201.75 | Identical to western Channel E8, overlaps Australian channel AU9 |
E11 | 216.00 - 223.00 | 217.25 | 222.75 | Identical to western Channel E11, overlaps Australian channel AU11 |
Channel | Video carrier (MHz) | Audio carrier (MHz) |
---|---|---|
4 | 163.25 | 168.75 |
5 | 171.25 | 176.75 |
6 | 179.25 | 184.75 |
7 | 187.25 | 192.75 |
8 | 195.25 | 200.75 |
9 | 203.25 | 208.75 |
10 | 211.25 | 216.75 |
Channel | Video carrier (MHz) | Audio carrier (MHz) | Center (QAM) frequency (MHz) |
---|---|---|---|
0* | 46.25 | 51.75 | 48.5 |
1* | 57.25 | 62.75 | 59.5 |
2* | 64.25 | 69.75 | 66.5 |
3* | 86.25 | 91.75 | 88.5 |
4* | 95.25 | 100.75 | 97.5 |
5* | 102.25 | 107.75 | 104.5 |
5A* | 138.25 | 143.75 | 140.5 |
6 | 175.25 | 180.75 | 177.5 |
7 | 182.25 | 187.75 | 184.5 |
8 | 189.25 | 194.75 | 191.5 |
9 | 196.25 | 201.75 | 198.5 |
9A | 203.25 | 208.75 | 205.5 |
10 | 210.25 | 215.75* | 212.5 |
11 | 217.25 | 222.75* | 219.5 |
12 | 224.25 | 229.75* | 226.5 |
Channel | Video carrier (MHz) | Audio carrier (MHz) |
---|---|---|
1A | 44.25 | 49.75 |
1 | 45.25 | 50.75 |
2 | 55.25 | 60.75 |
3 | 62.25 | 67.75 |
4 | 175.25 | 180.75 |
5 | 182.25 | 187.75 |
6 | 189.25 | 194.75 |
7 | 196.25 | 201.75 |
8 | 203.25 | 208.75 |
9 | 210.25 | 215.75 |
10 | 217.25 | 222.75 |
11 | 224.25 | 229.75 |
Channel | Video carrier (MHz) | Audio carrier (MHz) | Remarks |
---|---|---|---|
1 | 43.25 | 49.25 | Never used terrestrially |
2 | 52.25 | 58.25 | Never used terrestrially |
3 | 60.25 | 66.25 | Never used terrestrially |
4 | 175.25 | 181.25 | Identical to Irish Channel D |
5 | 183.25 | 189.25 | Identical to Irish Channel E |
6 | 191.25 | 197.25 | Identical to Irish Channel F |
7 | 199.25 | 205.25 | Identical to Irish Channel G |
8 | 207.25 | 213.25 | Identical to Irish Channel H |
9 | 215.25 | 221.25 | Identical to Irish Channel I |
10 | 223.25 | 229.25 | Identical to Irish Channel J |
11 | 231.25 | 237.25 | |
12 | 239.25 | 245.25 | Never used terrestrially |
13 | 247.25 | 253.25 |
Channel | Frequency range (MHz) | Video carrier (MHz) | Audio carrier (MHz) |
---|---|---|---|
1 | 48.5-56.5 | 49.75 | 56.25 |
2 [10] | 56.5-64.5 | 57.75 | 64.25 |
3 | 76-84 | 77.25 | 83.75 |
4 | 84-92 | 85.25 | 91.75 |
5 | 92-100 | 93.25 | 99.75 |
Channel | Frequency range (MHz) | Video carrier (MHz) | Audio carrier (MHz) | DTMB center frequency (MHz) |
---|---|---|---|---|
VHF low-band | ||||
DS-1 | 48.5-56.5 | 49.75 | 56.25 | 52.5 |
DS-2 | 56.5-64.5 | 57.75 | 64.25 | 60.5 |
DS-3 | 64.5-72.5 | 65.75 | 72.25 | 68.5 |
DS-4 | 76-84 | 77.25 | 83.75 | 80 |
DS-5 | 84-92 | 85.25 | 91.75 | 88 |
VHF high-band (Band III) | ||||
DS-6 | 167-175 | 168.25 | 174.25 | 171 |
DS-7 | 175-183 | 176.25 | 182.75 | 179 |
DS-8 | 183-191 | 184.25 | 190.75 | 187 |
DS-9 | 191-199 | 192.25 | 198.75 | 195 |
DS-10 | 199-207 | 200.25 | 206.75 | 203 |
DS-11 | 207-215 | 208.25 | 214.75 | 211 |
DS-12 | 215-223 | 216.25 | 222.75 | 219 |
Channel | Frequency range (MHz) | Video carrier (MHz) | Audio carrier (MHz) | DVB-T2 center frequency (Mhz) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Band II | ||||
3 | 76 - 84 | 77.25 | 83.25 | 80 |
Band III | ||||
6 | 174 - 182 | 175.25 | 181.75 | 178 |
7 | 182 - 190 | 183.25 | 189.75 | 186 |
8 | 190 - 198 | 191.25 | 197.75 | 194 |
9 | 198 - 206 | 199.25 | 205.75 | 202 |
10 | 206 - 214 | 207.25 | 213.75 | 210 |
11 | 214 - 222 | 215.25 | 221.75 | 223 |
12 | 222 - 230 | 223.25 | 229.75 | 231 |
For frequencies used in the Americas (most countries), South Korea, Taiwan and the Philippines, refer to Pan-American television frequencies.
Channel | Lower edge | ATSC 1 pilot | Video carrier | ISDB-T/Tb center | Audio carrier | Upper edge |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
14 | 470 | 470.31 | 471.25 | 473.142857 | 475.75 | 476 |
15 | 476 | 476.31 | 477.25 | 479.142857 | 481.75 | 482 |
16 | 482 | 482.31 | 483.25 | 485.142857 | 487.75 | 488 |
17 | 488 | 488.31 | 489.25 | 491.142857 | 493.75 | 494 |
18 | 494 | 494.31 | 495.25 | 497.142857 | 499.75 | 500 |
500 MHz band | ||||||
19 | 500 | 500.31 | 501.25 | 503.142857 | 505.75 | 506 |
20 | 506 | 506.31 | 507.25 | 509.142857 | 511.75 | 512 |
21 | 512 | 512.31 | 513.25 | 515.142857 | 517.75 | 518 |
22 | 518 | 518.31 | 519.25 | 521.142857 | 523.75 | 524 |
23 | 524 | 524.31 | 525.25 | 527.142857 | 529.75 | 530 |
24 | 530 | 530.31 | 531.25 | 533.142857 | 535.75 | 536 |
25 | 536 | 536.31 | 537.25 | 539.142857 | 541.75 | 542 |
26 | 542 | 542.31 | 543.25 | 545.142857 | 547.75 | 548 |
27 | 548 | 548.31 | 549.25 | 551.142857 | 553.75 | 554 |
28 | 554 | 554.31 | 555.25 | 557.142857 | 559.75 | 560 |
29 | 560 | 560.31 | 561.25 | 563.142857 | 565.75 | 566 |
30 | 566 | 566.31 | 567.25 | 569.142857 | 571.75 | 572 |
31 | 572 | 572.31 | 573.25 | 575.142857 | 577.75 | 578 |
32 | 578 | 578.31 | 579.25 | 581.142857 | 583.75 | 584 |
33 | 584 | 584.31 | 585.25 | 587.142857 | 589.75 | 590 |
34 | 590 | 590.31 | 591.25 | 593.142857 | 595.75 | 596 |
600 MHz band | ||||||
35 | 596 | 596.31 | 597.25 | 599.142857 | 601.75 | 602 |
36 | 602 | 602.31 | 603.25 | 605.142857 | 607.75 | 608 |
37 | 608 | 608.31 | 609.25 | 611.142857 | 613.75 | 614 |
38 | 614 | 614.31 | 615.25 | 617.142857 | 619.75 | 620 |
39 | 620 | 620.31 | 621.25 | 623.142857 | 625.75 | 626 |
40 | 626 | 626.31 | 627.25 | 629.142857 | 631.75 | 632 |
41 | 632 | 632.31 | 633.25 | 635.142857 | 637.75 | 638 |
42 | 638 | 638.31 | 639.25 | 641.142857 | 643.75 | 644 |
43 | 644 | 644.31 | 645.25 | 647.142857 | 649.75 | 650 |
44 | 650 | 650.31 | 651.25 | 653.142857 | 655.75 | 656 |
45 | 656 | 656.31 | 657.25 | 659.142857 | 661.75 | 662 |
46 | 662 | 662.31 | 663.25 | 665.142857 | 667.75 | 668 |
47 | 668 | 668.31 | 669.25 | 671.142857 | 673.75 | 674 |
48 | 674 | 674.31 | 675.25 | 677.142857 | 679.75 | 680 |
49 | 680 | 680.31 | 681.25 | 683.142857 | 685.75 | 686 |
50 | 686 | 686.31 | 687.25 | 689.142857 | 691.75 | 692 |
51 | 692 | 692.31 | 693.25 | 695.142857 | 697.75 | 698 [12] [13] |
700 MHz band | ||||||
52 | 698 | 698.31 | 699.25 | 701.142857 | 703.75 | 704 |
53 | 704 | 704.31 | 705.25 | 707.142857 | 709.75 | 710 |
54 | 710 | 710.31 | 711.25 | 713.142857 | 715.75 | 716 |
55 | 716 | 716.31 | 717.25 | 719.142857 | 721.75 | 722 |
56 | 722 | 722.31 | 723.25 | 725.142857 | 727.75 | 728 |
57 | 728 | 728.31 | 729.25 | 731.142857 | 733.75 | 734 |
58 | 734 | 734.31 | 735.25 | 737.142857 | 739.75 | 740 |
59 | 740 | 740.31 | 741.25 | 743.142857 | 745.75 | 746 |
60 | 746 | 746.31 | 747.25 | 749.142857 | 751.75 | 752 |
61 | 752 | 752.31 | 753.25 | 755.142857 | 757.75 | 758 |
62 | 758 | 758.31 | 759.25 | 761.142857 | 763.75 | 764 |
63 | 764 | 764.31 | 765.25 | 767.142857 | 769.75 | 770 |
64 | 770 | 770.31 | 771.25 | 773.142857 | 775.75 | 776 |
65 | 776 | 776.31 | 777.25 | 779.142857 | 781.75 | 782 |
66 | 782 | 782.31 | 783.25 | 785.142857 | 787.75 | 788 |
67 | 788 | 788.31 | 789.25 | 791.142857 | 793.75 | 794 |
68 | 794 | 794.31 | 795.25 | 797.142857 | 799.75 | 800 |
69 | 800 | 800.31 | 801.25 | 803.142857 | 805.75 | 806 |
800 MHz band | ||||||
70 | 806 | 806.31 | 807.25 | 809.142857 | 811.75 | 812 |
71 | 812 | 812.31 | 813.25 | 815.142857 | 817.75 | 818 |
72 | 818 | 818.31 | 819.25 | 821.142857 | 823.75 | 824 |
73 | 824 | 824.31 | 825.25 | 827.142857 | 829.75 | 830 |
74 | 830 | 830.31 | 831.25 | 833.142857 | 835.75 | 836 |
75 | 836 | 836.31 | 837.25 | 839.142857 | 841.75 | 842 |
76 | 842 | 842.31 | 843.25 | 845.142857 | 847.75 | 848 |
77 | 848 | 848.31 | 849.25 | 851.142857 | 853.75 | 854 |
78 | 854 | 854.31 | 855.25 | 857.142857 | 859.75 | 860 |
79 | 860 | 860.31 | 861.25 | 863.142857 | 865.75 | 866 |
80 | 866 | 866.31 | 867.25 | 869.142857 | 871.75 | 872 |
81 | 872 | 872.31 | 873.25 | 875.142857 | 877.75 | 878 |
82 | 878 | 878.31 | 879.25 | 881.142857 | 883.75 | 884 |
83 | 884 | 884.31 | 885.25 | 887.142857 | 889.75 | 890 |
Frequency spacing for each channel in Japan is the same as in the countries listed above, but the channel numbers are 1 lower than in those countries; for example, channel 13 in Japan is on the same frequency as channel 14 in North and South America (most countries), South Korea, Taiwan, and the Philippines.
Channels 13-62 are used for analog and digital TV broadcasting.
Ch | Video (MHz) | Audio (MHz) | ISDB-T center |
---|---|---|---|
13 | 471.25 | 475.75 | 473.142857 |
14 | 477.25 | 481.75 | 479.142857 |
15 | 483.25 | 487.75 | 485.142857 |
16 | 489.25 | 493.75 | 491.142857 |
17 | 495.25 | 499.75 | 497.142857 |
18 | 501.25 | 505.75 | 503.142857 |
19 | 507.25 | 511.75 | 509.142857 |
20 | 513.25 | 517.75 | 515.142857 |
21 | 519.25 | 523.75 | 521.142857 |
22 | 525.25 | 529.75 | 527.142857 |
23 | 531.25 | 535.75 | 533.142857 |
24 | 537.25 | 541.75 | 539.142857 |
25 | 543.25 | 547.75 | 545.142857 |
26 | 549.25 | 553.75 | 551.142857 |
27 | 555.25 | 559.75 | 557.142857 |
28 | 561.25 | 565.75 | 563.142857 |
29 | 567.25 | 571.75 | 569.142857 |
30 | 573.25 | 577.75 | 575.142857 |
31 | 579.25 | 583.75 | 581.142857 |
32 | 585.25 | 589.75 | 587.142857 |
33 | 591.25 | 595.75 | 593.142857 |
34 | 597.25 | 601.75 | 599.142857 |
35 | 603.25 | 607.75 | 605.142857 |
36 | 609.25 | 613.75 | 611.142857 |
37 | 615.25 | 619.75 | 617.142857 |
38 | 621.25 | 625.75 | 623.142857 |
39 | 627.25 | 631.75 | 629.142857 |
40 | 633.25 | 637.75 | 635.142857 |
41 | 639.25 | 643.75 | 641.142857 |
42 | 645.25 | 649.75 | 647.142857 |
43 | 651.25 | 655.75 | 653.142857 |
44 | 657.25 | 661.75 | 659.142857 |
45 | 663.25 | 667.75 | 665.142857 |
46 | 669.25 | 673.75 | 671.142857 |
47 | 675.25 | 679.75 | 677.142857 |
48 | 681.25 | 685.75 | 683.142857 |
49 | 687.25 | 691.75 | 689.142857 |
50 | 693.25 | 697.75 | 695.142857 |
51 | 699.25 | 703.75 | 701.142857 |
52 | 705.25 | 709.75 | 707.142857 |
53 | 711.25 | 715.75 | 713.142857 |
54 | 717.25 | 721.75 | 719.142857 |
55 | 723.25 | 727.75 | 725.142857 |
56 | 729.25 | 733.75 | 731.142857 |
57 | 735.25 | 739.75 | 737.142857 |
58 | 741.25 | 745.75 | 743.142857 |
59 | 747.25 | 751.75 | 749.142857 |
60 | 753.25 | 757.75 | 755.142857 |
61 | 759.25 | 763.75 | 761.142857 |
62 | 765.25 | 769.75 | 767.142857 |
Channel | Video carrier (MHz) | Audio carrier (MHz) |
---|---|---|
21 | 471.25 | 477.25 |
22 | 479.25 | 485.25 |
23 | 487.25 | 493.25 |
24 | 495.25 | 501.25 |
25 | 503.25 | 509.25 |
26 | 511.25 | 517.25 |
27 | 519.25 | 525.25 |
28 | 527.25 | 533.25 |
29 | 535.25 | 541.25 |
30 | 543.25 | 549.25 |
31 | 551.25 | 557.25 |
32 | 559.25 | 565.25 |
33 | 567.25 | 573.25 |
34 | 575.25 | 581.25 |
35 | 583.25 | 589.25 |
36 | 591.25 | 597.25 |
37 | 599.25 | 605.25 |
38 | 607.25 | 613.25 |
39 | 615.25 | 621.25 |
40 | 623.25 | 629.25 |
41 | 631.25 | 637.25 |
42 | 639.25 | 645.25 |
43 | 647.25 | 653.25 |
44 | 655.25 | 661.25 |
45 | 663.25 | 669.25 |
46 | 671.25 | 677.25 |
47 | 679.25 | 685.25 |
48 | 687.25 | 693.25 |
49 | 695.25 | 701.25 |
50 | 703.25 | 709.25 |
51 | 711.25 | 717.25 |
52 | 719.25 | 725.25 |
53 | 727.25 | 733.25 |
54 | 735.25 | 741.25 |
55 | 743.25 | 749.25 |
56 | 751.25 | 757.25 |
57 | 759.25 | 765.25 |
58 | 767.25 | 773.25 |
59 | 775.25 | 781.25 |
60 | 783.25 | 789.25 |
61 | 791.25 | 797.25 |
62 | 799.25 | 805.25 |
63 | 807.25 | 813.25 |
64 | 815.25 | 821.25 |
65 | 823.25 | 829.25 |
66 | 831.25 | 837.25 |
67 | 839.25 | 845.25 |
68 | 847.25 | 853.25 |
69 | 855.25 | 861.25 |
Channel | Video carrier (MHz) | Audio carrier (MHz) |
---|---|---|
21 | 471.25 | 476.75 |
22 | 479.25 | 484.75 |
23 | 487.25 | 492.75 |
24 | 495.25 | 500.75 |
25 | 503.25 | 508.75 |
26 | 511.25 | 516.75 |
27 | 519.25 | 524.75 |
28 | 527.25 | 532.75 |
29 | 535.25 | 540.75 |
30 | 543.25 | 548.75 |
31 | 551.25 | 556.75 |
32 | 559.25 | 564.75 |
33 | 567.25 | 572.75 |
34 | 575.25 | 580.75 |
35 | 583.25 | 588.75 |
36 | 591.25 | 596.75 |
37 | 599.25 | 604.75 |
38 | 607.25 | 612.75 |
39 | 615.25 | 620.75 |
40 | 623.25 | 628.75 |
41 | 631.25 | 636.75 |
42 | 639.25 | 644.75 |
43 | 647.25 | 652.75 |
44 | 655.25 | 660.75 |
45 | 663.25 | 668.75 |
46 | 671.25 | 676.75 |
47 | 679.25 | 684.75 |
48 | 687.25 | 692.75 |
49 | 695.25 | 700.75 |
50 | 703.25 | 708.75 |
51 | 711.25 | 716.75 |
52 | 719.25 | 724.75 |
53 | 727.25 | 732.75 |
54 | 735.25 | 740.75 |
55 | 743.25 | 748.75 |
56 | 751.25 | 756.75 |
57 | 759.25 | 764.75 |
58 | 767.25 | 772.75 |
59 | 775.25 | 780.75 |
60 | 783.25 | 788.75 |
61 | 791.25 | 796.75 |
62 | 799.25 | 804.75 |
63 | 807.25 | 812.75 |
64 | 815.25 | 820.75 |
65 | 823.25 | 828.75 |
66 | 831.25 | 836.75 |
67 | 839.25 | 844.75 |
68 | 847.25 | 852.75 |
69 | 855.25 | 860.75 |
70 | 863.25 | 868.75 |
71 | 871.25 | 876.75 |
72 | 879.25 | 884.75 |
73 | 887.25 | 892.75 |
74 | 895.25 | 900.75 |
75 | 903.25 | 908.75 |
76 | 911.25 | 916.75 |
77 | 919.25 | 924.75 |
78 | 927.25 | 932.75 |
79 | 935.25 | 940.75 |
80 | 943.25 | 948.75 |
81 | 951.25 | 956.75 |
Channel | Video carrier (MHz) | Audio carrier (MHz) |
---|---|---|
21 | 471.25 | 477.75 |
22 | 479.25 | 485.75 |
23 | 487.25 | 493.75 |
24 | 495.25 | 501.75 |
25 | 503.25 | 509.75 |
26 | 511.25 | 517.75 |
27 | 519.25 | 525.75 |
28 | 527.25 | 533.75 |
29 | 535.25 | 541.75 |
30 | 543.25 | 549.75 |
31 | 551.25 | 557.75 |
32 | 559.25 | 565.75 |
33 | 567.25 | 573.75 |
34 | 575.25 | 581.75 |
35 | 583.25 | 589.75 |
36 | 591.25 | 597.75 |
37 | 599.25 | 605.75 |
38 | 607.25 | 613.75 |
39 | 615.25 | 621.75 |
40 | 623.25 | 629.75 |
41 | 631.25 | 637.75 |
42 | 639.25 | 645.75 |
43 | 647.25 | 653.75 |
44 | 655.25 | 661.75 |
45 | 663.25 | 669.75 |
46 | 671.25 | 677.75 |
47 | 679.25 | 685.75 |
48 | 687.25 | 693.75 |
49 | 695.25 | 701.75 |
50 | 703.25 | 709.75 |
51 | 711.25 | 717.75 |
52 | 719.25 | 725.75 |
53 | 727.25 | 733.75 |
54 | 735.25 | 741.75 |
55 | 743.25 | 749.75 |
56 | 751.25 | 757.75 |
57 | 759.25 | 765.75 |
58 | 767.25 | 773.75 |
59 | 775.25 | 781.75 |
60 | 783.25 | 789.75 |
61 | 791.25 | 797.75 |
62 | 799.25 | 805.75 |
63 | 807.25 | 813.75 |
64 | 815.25 | 821.75 |
65 | 823.25 | 829.75 |
66 | 831.25 | 837.75 |
67 | 839.25 | 845.75 |
68 | 847.25 | 853.75 |
69 | 855.25 | 861.75 |
Ch | Center frequency (MHz) |
---|---|
21 | 474 |
22 | 482 |
23 | 490 |
24 | 498 |
25 | 506 |
26 | 514 |
27 | 522 |
28 | 530 |
29 | 538 |
30 | 546 |
31 | 554 |
32 | 562 |
33 | 570 |
34 | 578 |
35 | 586 |
36 | 594 |
37 | 602 |
38 | 610 |
39 | 618 |
40 | 626 |
41 | 634 |
42 | 642 |
43 | 650 |
44 | 658 |
45 | 666 |
46 | 674 |
47 | 682 |
48 | 690 |
49 | 698 |
50 | 706 |
51 | 714 |
52 | 722 |
53 | 730 |
54 | 738 |
55 | 746 |
56 | 754 |
57 | 762 |
58 | 770 |
59 | 778 |
60 | 786 |
61 | 794 |
62 | 802 |
63 | 810 |
64 | 818 |
65 | 826 |
66 | 834 |
67 | 842 |
68 | 850 |
69 | 858 |
Channel | Video carrier (MHz) | DVB-T (MHz) | Audio carrier (MHz) |
---|---|---|---|
28 | 527.25 | 529.5 | 532.75 |
29 | 534.25 | 536.5 | 539.75 |
30 | 541.25 | 543.5 | 546.75 |
31 | 548.25 | 550.5 | 553.75 |
32 | 555.25 | 557.5 | 560.75 |
33 | 562.25 | 564.5 | 567.75 |
34 | 569.25 | 571.5 | 574.75 |
35 | 576.25 | 578.5 | 581.75 |
36 | 583.25 | 585.5 | 588.75 |
37 | 590.25 | 592.5 | 595.75 |
38 | 597.25 | 599.5 | 602.75 |
39 | 604.25 | 606.5 | 609.75 |
40 | 611.25 | 613.5 | 616.75 |
41 | 618.25 | 620.5 | 623.75 |
42 | 625.25 | 627.5 | 630.75 |
43 | 632.25 | 634.5 | 637.75 |
44 | 639.25 | 641.5 | 644.75 |
45 | 646.25 | 648.5 | 651.75 |
46 | 653.25 | 655.5 | 658.75 |
47 | 660.25 | 662.5 | 665.75 |
48 | 667.25 | 669.5 | 672.75 |
49 | 674.25 | 676.5 | 679.75 |
50 | 681.25 | 683.5 | 686.75 |
51 | 688.25 | 690.5 | 693.75 |
52 | 695.25 | 697.5 | 700.75 |
53 | 702.25 | 704.5 | 707.75 |
54 | 709.25 | 711.5 | 714.75 |
55 | 716.25 | 718.5 | 721.75 |
56 | 723.25 | 725.5 | 728.75 |
57 | 730.25 | 732.5 | 735.75 |
58 | 737.25 | 739.5 | 742.75 |
59 | 744.25 | 746.5 | 749.75 |
60 | 751.25 | 753.5 | 756.75 |
61 | 758.25 | 755.5 | 763.75 |
62 | 765.25 | 767.5 | 770.75 |
63 | 772.25 | 774.5 | 777.75 |
64 | 779.25 | 781.5 | 784.75 |
65 | 786.25 | 788.5 | 791.75 |
66 | 793.25 | 795.5 | 798.75 |
67 | 800.25 | 802.5 | 805.75 |
68 | 807.25 | 809.5 | 812.75 |
69 | 814.25 | 816.5 | 819.75 |
Channels 52–69 had been progressively phased out since the introduction of digital television and rationalisation of the spectrum
Provisional assignments in 1970s [17] | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
System K 625 lines | ||||
Channel | Video carrier (MHz) | Audio carrier (MHz) | ||
13 | 471.25 | 477.75 | ||
14 | 479.25 | 485.75 | ||
15 | 487.25 | 493.75 | ||
16 | 495.25 | 501.75 | ||
17 | 503.25 | 509.75 | ||
18 | 511.25 | 517.75 | ||
19 | 519.25 | 525.75 | ||
20 | 527.25 | 533.75 | ||
21 | 535.25 | 541.75 | ||
22 | 543.25 | 549.75 | ||
23 | 551.25 | 557.75 | ||
24 | 559.25 | 565.75 | ||
25 | 605.25 | 611.75 | ||
26 | 613.25 | 619.75 | ||
27 | 621.25 | 627.75 | ||
28 | 629.25 | 635.75 | ||
29 | 637.25 | 643.75 | ||
30 | 645.25 | 651.75 | ||
31 | 653.25 | 659.75 | ||
32 | 661.25 | 667.75 | ||
33 | 669.25 | 675.75 | ||
34 | 677.25 | 683.75 | ||
35 | 685.25 | 691.75 | ||
36 | 693.25 | 699.75 | ||
37 | 701.25 | 707.75 | ||
38 | 709.25 | 715.75 | ||
39 | 717.25 | 723.75 | ||
40 | 725.25 | 731.75 | ||
41 | 733.25 | 739.75 | ||
42 | 741.25 | 747.75 | ||
43 | 749.25 | 755.75 | ||
44 | 757.25 | 763.75 | ||
45 | 765.25 | 771.75 | ||
46 | 773.25 | 779.75 | ||
47 | 781.25 | 787.75 | ||
48 | 789.25 | 795.75 |
Channel | Video carrier (MHz) | DTMB/CMMB (MHz) | Audio carrier (MHz) |
---|---|---|---|
DS-13 | 471.25 | 474 | 477.75 |
DS-14 | 479.25 | 482 | 485.75 |
DS-15 | 487.25 | 490 | 493.75 |
DS-16 | 495.25 | 498 | 501.75 |
DS-17 | 503.25 | 506 | 509.75 |
DS-18 | 511.25 | 514 | 517.75 |
DS-19 | 519.25 | 522 | 525.75 |
DS-20 | 527.25 | 530 | 533.75 |
DS-21 | 535.25 | 538 | 541.75 |
DS-22 | 543.25 | 546 | 549.75 |
DS-23 | 551.25 | 554 | 557.75 |
DS-24 | 559.25 | 562 | 565.75 |
DS-25 | 607.25 | 610 | 613.75 |
DS-26 | 615.25 | 618 | 621.75 |
DS-27 | 623.25 | 626 | 629.75 |
DS-28 | 631.25 | 634 | 637.75 |
DS-29 | 639.25 | 642 | 645.75 |
DS-30 | 647.25 | 650 | 653.75 |
DS-31 | 655.25 | 658 | 661.75 |
DS-32 | 663.25 | 666 | 669.75 |
DS-33 | 671.25 | 674 | 677.75 |
DS-34 | 679.25 | 682 | 685.75 |
DS-35 | 687.25 | 690 | 693.75 |
DS-36 | 695.25 | 698 | 701.75 |
DS-37 | 703.25 | 706 | 709.75 |
DS-38 | 711.25 | 714 | 717.75 |
DS-39 | 719.25 | 722 | 725.75 |
DS-40 | 727.25 | 730 | 733.75 |
DS-41 | 735.25 | 738 | 741.75 |
DS-42 | 743.25 | 746 | 749.75 |
DS-43 | 751.25 | 754 | 757.75 |
DS-44 | 759.25 | 762 | 765.75 |
DS-45 | 767.25 | 770 | 773.75 |
DS-46 | 775.25 | 778 | 781.75 |
DS-47 | 783.25 | 786 | 789.75 |
DS-48 | 791.25 | 794 | 797.75 |
DS-49 | 799.25 | 802 | 805.75 |
DS-50 | 807.25 | 810 | 813.75 |
DS-51 | 815.25 | 818 | 821.75 |
DS-52 | 823.25 | 826 | 829.75 |
DS-53 | 831.25 | 834 | 837.75 |
DS-54 | 839.25 | 842 | 845.75 |
DS-55 | 847.25 | 850 | 853.75 |
DS-56 | 855.25 | 858 | 861.75 |
DS-57 | 863.25 | 866 | 869.75 |
DS-58 | 871.25 | 874 | 877.75 |
DS-59 | 879.25 | 882 | 885.75 |
DS-60 | 887.25 | 890 | 893.75 |
DS-61 | 895.25 | 898 | 901.75 |
DS-62 | 903.25 | 906 | 909.75 |
DS-63 | 911.25 | 914 | 917.75 |
DS-64 | 919.25 | 922 | 925.75 |
DS-65 | 927.25 | 930 | 933.75 |
DS-66 | 935.25 | 938 | 941.75 |
DS-67 | 943.25 | 946 | 949.75 |
DS-68 | 951.25 | 954 | 957.75 |
Channel | Video carrier (MHz) | Audio carrier (MHz) | DVB T2 frequencies (from 2018) |
---|---|---|---|
21 | 471.25 | 477.75 | 474 |
22 | 479.25 | 485.75 | 482 |
23 | 487.25 | 493.75 | 490 |
24 | 495.25 | 501.75 | 498 |
25 | 503.25 | 509.75 | 506 |
26 | 511.25 | 517.75 | 514 |
27 | 519.25 | 525.75 | 522 |
28 | 527.25 | 533.75 | 530 |
29 | 535.25 | 541.75 | 538 |
30 | 543.25 | 549.75 | 546 |
31 | 551.25 | 557.75 | 554 |
32 | 559.25 | 565.75 | 562 |
33 | 567.25 | 573.75 | 570 |
34 | 575.25 | 581.75 | 578 |
35 | 583.25 | 589.75 | 586 |
36 | 591.25 | 597.75 | 594 |
37 | 599.25 | 605.75 | 602 |
38 | 607.25 | 613.75 | 610 |
39 | 615.25 | 621.75 | 618 |
40 | 623.25 | 629.75 | 626 |
41 | 631.25 | 637.75 | 634 |
42 | 639.25 | 645.75 | 642 |
43 | 647.25 | 653.75 | 650 |
44 | 655.25 | 661.75 | 658 |
45 | 663.25 | 669.75 | 666 |
46 | 671.25 | 677.75 | 674 |
47 | 679.25 | 685.75 | 682 |
48 | 687.25 | 693.75 | 690 |
49 | 695.25 | 701.75 | 698 |
50 | 703.25 | 709.75 | 706 |
51 | 711.25 | 717.75 | 714 |
52 | 719.25 | 725.75 | 722 |
53 | 727.25 | 733.75 | 730 |
54 | 735.25 | 741.75 | 738 |
55 | 743.25 | 749.75 | 746 |
56 | 751.25 | 757.75 | 754 |
57 | 759.25 | 765.75 | 762 |
58 | 767.25 | 773.75 | 770 |
59 | 775.25 | 781.75 | 778 |
60 | 783.25 | 789.75 | 786 |
61 | 791.25 | 797.75 | 794 |
62 | 799.25 | 805.75 | 802 |
Analog television is the original television technology that uses analog signals to transmit video and audio. In an analog television broadcast, the brightness, colors and sound are represented by amplitude, phase and frequency of an analog signal.
Very high frequency (VHF) is the ITU designation for the range of radio frequency electromagnetic waves from 30 to 300 megahertz (MHz), with corresponding wavelengths of ten meters to one meter. Frequencies immediately below VHF are denoted high frequency (HF), and the next higher frequencies are known as ultra high frequency (UHF).
Terrestrial television, or over-the-air television (OTA) is a type of television broadcasting in which the content is transmitted via radio waves from the terrestrial (Earth-based) transmitter of a TV station to a TV receiver having an antenna. The term terrestrial is more common in Europe and Latin America, while in Canada and the United States it is called over-the-air or simply broadcast. This type of TV broadcast is distinguished from newer technologies, such as satellite television, in which the signal is transmitted to the receiver from an overhead satellite; cable television, in which the signal is carried to the receiver through a cable; and Internet Protocol television, in which the signal is received over an Internet stream or on a network utilizing the Internet Protocol. Terrestrial television stations broadcast on television channels with frequencies between about 52 and 600 MHz in the VHF and UHF bands. Since radio waves in these bands travel by line of sight, reception is generally limited by the visual horizon to distances of 64–97 kilometres, although under better conditions and with tropospheric ducting, signals can sometimes be received hundreds of kilometers distant.
The FM broadcast band is a range of radio frequencies used for FM broadcasting by radio stations. The range of frequencies used differs between different parts of the world. In Europe and Africa and in Australia and New Zealand, it spans from 87.5 to 108 megahertz (MHz) - also known as VHF Band II - while in the Americas it ranges from 88 to 108 MHz. The FM broadcast band in Japan uses 76 to 95 MHz, and in Brazil, 76 to 108 MHz. The International Radio and Television Organisation (OIRT) band in Eastern Europe is from 65.9 to 74.0 MHz, although these countries now primarily use the 87.5 to 108 MHz band, as in the case of Russia. Some other countries have already discontinued the OIRT band and have changed to the 87.5 to 108 MHz band.
Digital Radio Mondiale is a set of digital audio broadcasting technologies designed to work over the bands currently used for analogue radio broadcasting including AM broadcasting—particularly shortwave—and FM broadcasting. DRM is more spectrally efficient than AM and FM, allowing more stations, at higher quality, into a given amount of bandwidth, using xHE-AAC audio coding format. Various other MPEG-4 codecs and Opus are also compatible, but the standard now specifies xHE-AAC.
Digital radio is the use of digital technology to transmit or receive across the radio spectrum. Digital transmission by radio waves includes digital broadcasting, and especially digital audio radio services.
The International Telecommunication Union uses an internationally agreed system for classifying radio frequency signals. Each type of radio emission is classified according to its bandwidth, method of modulation, nature of the modulating signal, and type of information transmitted on the carrier signal. It is based on characteristics of the signal, not on the transmitter used.
Broadcasttelevision systems are the encoding or formatting systems for the transmission and reception of terrestrial television signals.
Amateur television (ATV) is the transmission of broadcast quality video and audio over the wide range of frequencies of radio waves allocated for radio amateur (Ham) use. ATV is used for non-commercial experimentation, pleasure, and public service events. Ham TV stations were on the air in many cities before commercial television stations came on the air. Various transmission standards are used, these include the broadcast transmission standards of NTSC in North America and Japan, and PAL or SECAM elsewhere, utilizing the full refresh rates of those standards. ATV includes the study of building of such transmitters and receivers, and the study of radio propagation of signals travelling between transmitting and receiving stations.
Near Instantaneous Companded Audio Multiplex (NICAM) is an early form of lossy compression for digital audio. It was originally developed in the early 1970s for point-to-point links within broadcasting networks. In the 1980s, broadcasters began to use NICAM compression for transmissions of stereo TV sound to the public.
FM broadcasting is a method of radio broadcasting that uses frequency modulation (FM) of the radio broadcast carrier wave. Invented in 1933 by American engineer Edwin Armstrong, wide-band FM is used worldwide to transmit high-fidelity sound over broadcast radio. FM broadcasting offers higher fidelity—more accurate reproduction of the original program sound—than other broadcasting techniques, such as AM broadcasting. It is also less susceptible to common forms of interference, having less static and popping sounds than are often heard on AM. Therefore, FM is used for most broadcasts of music and general audio. FM radio stations use the very high frequency range of radio frequencies.
A television transmitter is a transmitter that is used for terrestrial (over-the-air) television broadcasting. It is an electronic device that radiates radio waves that carry a video signal representing moving images, along with a synchronized audio channel, which is received by television receivers belonging to a public audience, which display the image on a screen. A television transmitter, together with the broadcast studio which originates the content, is called a television station. Television transmitters must be licensed by governments, and are restricted to a certain frequency channel and power level. They transmit on frequency channels in the VHF and UHF bands. Since radio waves of these frequencies travel by line of sight, they are limited by the horizon to reception distances of 40–60 miles depending on the height of transmitter station.
Channel 37 is an intentionally unused ultra-high frequency (UHF) television broadcasting channel by countries in most of ITU region 2 such as the United States, Canada, Mexico and Brazil. The frequency range allocated to this channel is important for radio astronomy, so all broadcasting is prohibited within a window of frequencies centred typically on 611 MHz. Similar reservations exist in portions of the Eurasian and Asian regions, although the channel numbering varies.
Band III is the name of the range of radio frequencies within the very high frequency (VHF) part of the electromagnetic spectrum from 174 to 240 megahertz (MHz). It is primarily used for radio and television broadcasting. It is also called high-band VHF, in contrast to Bands I and II.
Band I is a range of radio frequencies within the very high frequency (VHF) part of the electromagnetic spectrum. The first time there was defined "for simplicity" in Annex 1 of "Final acts of the European Broadcasting Conference in the VHF and UHF bands - Stockholm, 1961". Band I ranges from 47 to 68 MHz for the European Broadcasting Area, and from 54 to 88 MHz for the Americas and it is primarily used for television broadcasting in compliance with ITU Radio Regulations. With the transition to digital TV, most Band I transmitters have already been switched off.
Television frequency allocation has evolved since the start of television in Australia in 1956, and later in New Zealand in 1960. There was no coordination between the national spectrum management authorities in either country to establish the frequency allocations. The management of the spectrum in both countries is largely the product of their economical and political situation. New Zealand didn't start to develop television service until 1965 due to World War 2 and its economic harm in the country's economy.
CCIR System M, sometimes called 525–line, NTSC, NTSC-M, or CCIR-M, is the analog broadcast television system approved by the FCC for use in the United States since July 1, 1941, replacing the 441-line TV system introduced in 1938. It is also known as EIA standard 170. System M comprises a total of 525 interlaced lines of video, of which 486 contain the image information, at 30 frames per second. Video is amplitude modulated and audio is frequency modulated, with a total bandwidth of 6 MHz for each channel, including a guard band.
CCIR System B was the 625-line VHF analog broadcast television system which at its peak was adopted by more than one hundred countries, either with PAL or SECAM colour. It is usually associated with CCIR System G for UHF broadcasts.
The Pan-American television frequencies are different for terrestrial and cable television systems. Terrestrial television channels are divided into two bands: the VHF band which comprises channels 2 through 13 and occupies frequencies between 54 and 216 MHz, and the UHF band, which comprises channels 14 through 36 and occupies frequencies between 470 and 608 MHz. These bands are different enough in frequency that they often require separate antennas to receive, and separate tuning controls on the television set. The VHF band is further divided into two frequency ranges: VHF low band between 54 and 88 MHz, containing channels 2 through 6, and VHF high band between 174 and 216 MHz, containing channels 7 through 13. The wide spacing between these frequency bands is responsible for the complicated design of rooftop TV antennas. The UHF band has higher noise and greater attenuation, so higher gain antennas are often required for UHF.
CCIR System D is an analog broadcast television system used in Bulgaria, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, Czech Republic, Hungary, Albania and the People's Republic of China, Mongolia, Kyrgyzstan, North Korea, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Moldova, Russia, Ukraine and Belarus paired with the PAL/SECAM colour.