This page provides supplementary data to the article properties of water.
Further comprehensive authoritative data can be found at the NIST Chemistry WebBook page on thermophysical properties of fluids. [1]
Structure and properties | |
---|---|
Index of refraction, nD | 1.333 at 20 °C |
Dielectric constant [2] | 88.00 at 0 °C |
Bond strength | 492.215 kJ/mol O–H bond dissociation energy [3] |
Bond length | 95.87 pm (equilibrium) [4] |
Bond angle | 104.48° (equilibrium) [5] [6] |
Magnetic susceptibility | −9.04 × 10−6 volume SI units [7] |
Phase behavior | |
---|---|
Triple point | 273.16 K (0.01 °C), 611.73 Pa |
Critical point | 647 K (374 °C), 22.1 MPa |
Enthalpy change of fusion at 273.15 K, ΔfusH | 6.01 kJ/mol |
Entropy change of fusion at 273.15 K, 1 bar, ΔfusS | 22.0 J/(mol·K) |
Std enthalpy change of vaporization, ΔvapH | 44.0 kJ/mol |
Enthalpy change of vaporization at 373.15 K, ΔvapH | 40.68 kJ/mol |
Std entropy change of vaporization, ΔvapS | 118.89 J/(mol·K) |
Entropy change of vaporization at 373.15 K, ΔvapS | 109.02 J/(mol·K) |
Enthalpy change of sublimation at 273.15 K, ΔsubH | 51.1 kJ/mol |
Std entropy change of sublimation at 273.15 K, 1 bar, ΔsubS | ~144 J/(mol·K) |
Molal freezing point constant | −1.858 °C kg/mol |
Molal boiling point constant | 0.512 °C kg/mol |
Solid properties | |
Std enthalpy change of formation, ΔfH | −291.83 kJ/mol |
Standard molar entropy, S | 41 J/(mol K) |
Heat capacity, cp | 12.2 J/(mol K) at −200 °C 15.0 J/(mol K) at −180 °C 17.3 J/(mol K) at −160 °C 19.8 J/(mol K) at −140 °C 24.8 J/(mol K) at −100 °C 29.6 J/(mol K) at −60 °C 32.77 J/(mol K) at −38.3 °C 33.84 J/(mol K) at −30.6 °C 35.20 J/(mol K) at −20.8 °C 36.66 J/(mol K) at −11.0 °C 37.19 J/(mol K) at −4.9 °C 37.84 J/(mol K) at −2.2 °C |
Liquid properties | |
Std enthalpy change of formation, ΔfH | −285.83 kJ/mol |
Standard molar entropy, S | 69.95 J/(mol K) |
Heat capacity, cp | 75.97 J/(mol K) and 4.2176 J/(g·K) at 0 °C 75.52 J/(mol K) and 4.1921 J/(g·K) at 10 °C 75.33 J/(mol K) and 4.1818 J/(g·K) at 20 °C 75.28 J/(mol K) and 4.1787 J/(g·K) at 25 °C 75.26 J/(mol K) and 4.1784 J/(g·K) at 30 °C 75.26 J/(mol K) and 4.1785 J/(g·K) at 40 °C 75.30 J/(mol K) and 4.1806 J/(g·K) at 50 °C 75.37 J/(mol K) and 4.1843 J/(g·K) at 60 °C 75.46 J/(mol K) and 4.1895 J/(g·K) at 70 °C 75.58 J/(mol K) and 4.1963 J/(g·K) at 80 °C 75.74 J/(mol K) and 4.2050 J/(g·K) at 90 °C 75.94 J/(mol K) and 4.2159 J/(g·K) at 100 °C |
Gas properties | |
Std enthalpy change of formation, ΔfH | −241.83 kJ/mol |
Standard molar entropy, S | 188.84 J/(mol K) |
Heat capacity, cp | 36.5 J/(mol K) at 100 °C 36.1 J/(mol K) at 200 °C 36.2 J/(mol K) at 400 °C 37.9 J/(mol K) at 700 °C 41.4 J/(mol K) at 1000 °C |
Heat capacity, cv | 27.5 J/(mol K) at 100 °C 27.6 J/(mol K) at 200 °C 27.8 J/(mol K) at 400 °C 29.5 J/(mol K) at 700 °C 33.1 J/(mol K) at 1000 °C |
Heat capacity ratio, γ = cp/cv | 1.324 at 100 °C 1.310 at 200 °C 1.301 at 400 °C 1.282 at 700 °C 1.252 at 1000 °C |
van der Waals' constants | a = 553.6 L2 kPa/mol2 b = 0.03049 L/mol |
Velocity of sound in water | |
---|---|
c in distilled water at 25 °C | 1498 m/s |
c at other temperatures [8] | 1403 m/s at 0 °C 1427 m/s at 5 °C 1447 m/s at 10 °C 1481 m/s at 20 °C 1507 m/s at 30 °C 1526 m/s at 40 °C 1541 m/s at 50 °C 1552 m/s at 60 °C 1555 m/s at 70 °C 1555 m/s at 80 °C 1550 m/s at 90 °C 1543 m/s at 100 °C |
Density [9] [2] [ page needed ] | |
0.983854 g/cm3 at −30 °C | 0.99221 g/cm3 at 40 °C |
0.993547 g/cm3 at −20 °C | 0.99022 g/cm3 at 45 °C |
0.998117 g/cm3 at −10 °C | 0.98804 g/cm3 at 50 °C |
0.9998395 g/cm3 at 0 °C | 0.98570 g/cm3 at 55 °C |
0.999972 g/cm3 at 3.984 °C [10] | |
0.9999720 g/cm3 at 4 °C | 0.98321 g/cm3 at 60 °C |
0.99996 g/cm3 at 5 °C | 0.98056 g/cm3 at 65 °C |
0.9997026 g/cm3 at 10 °C | 0.97778 g/cm3 at 70 °C |
0.9991026 g/cm3 at 15 °C | 0.97486 g/cm3 at 75 °C |
0.9982071 g/cm3 at 20 °C | 0.97180 g/cm3 at 80 °C |
0.9977735 g/cm3 at 22 °C | 0.96862 g/cm3 at 85 °C |
0.9970479 g/cm3 at 25 °C | 0.96531 g/cm3 at 90 °C |
0.9956502 g/cm3 at 30 °C | 0.96189 g/cm3 at 95 °C |
0.99403 g/cm3 at 35 °C | 0.95835 g/cm3 at 100 °C |
The values below 0 °C refer to supercooled water. | |
Viscosity [11] | |
1.7921 mPa·s (cP) at 0 °C | 0.5494 mPa·s at 50 °C |
1.5188 mPa·s at 5 °C | 0.5064 mPa·s at 55 °C |
1.3077 mPa·s at 10 °C | 0.4688 mPa·s at 60 °C |
1.1404 mPa·s at 15 °C | 0.4355 mPa·s at 65 °C |
1.0050 mPa·s at 20 °C | 0.4061 mPa·s at 70 °C |
0.8937 mPa·s at 25 °C | 0.3799 mPa·s at 75 °C |
0.8007 mPa·s at 30 °C | 0.3635 mPa·s at 80 °C |
0.7225 mPa·s at 35 °C | 0.3355 mPa·s at 85 °C |
0.6560 mPa·s at 40 °C | 0.3165 mPa·s at 90 °C |
0.5988 mPa·s at 45 °C | 0.2994 mPa·s at 95 °C |
0.2838 mPa·s at 100 °C | |
Surface tension [12] | |
75.64 dyn/cm at 0 °C | 69.56 dyn/cm at 40 °C |
74.92 dyn/cm at 5 °C | 68.74 dyn/cm at 45 °C |
74.22 dyn/cm at 10 °C | 67.91 dyn/cm at 50 °C |
73.49 dyn/cm at 15 °C | 66.18 dyn/cm at 60 °C |
72.75 dyn/cm at 20 °C | 64.42 dyn/cm at 70 °C |
71.97 dyn/cm at 25 °C | 62.61 dyn/cm at 80 °C |
71.18 dyn/cm at 30 °C | 60.75 dyn/cm at 90 °C |
70.38 dyn/cm at 35 °C | 58.85 dyn/cm at 100 °C |
Temperature, °C | Conductivity, μS/m |
---|---|
0.01 | 1.15 |
25 | 5.50 |
100 | 76.5 |
200 | 299 |
300 | 241 |
Vapor pressure formula for steam in equilibrium with liquid water: [14]
where P is equilibrium vapor pressure in kPa, and T is temperature in kelvins.
For T = 273 K to 333 K: A = 7.2326; B = 1750.286; C = 38.1.
For T = 333 K to 423 K: A = 7.0917; B = 1668.21; C = 45.1.
Steam table [15] | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Temperature (°C) | Pressure (kPa) | H of liquid (J/g) | ΔvapH (J/g) | Wvap (J/g) | ρ of vapor (kg/m3) |
0 | 0.612 | 0.00 | 2496.5 | 126.0 | 0.004845 |
10 | 1.227 | 42.0 | 2473.5 | 130.5 | 0.009398 |
20 | 2.336 | 83.8 | 2450.9 | 135.1 | 0.01728 |
30 | 4.242 | 125.6 | 2427.9 | 139.7 | 0.03036 |
40 | 7.370 | 167.2 | 2404.9 | 144.2 | 0.05107 |
50 | 12.33 | 209.0 | 2381.4 | 148.7 | 0.08285 |
60 | 19.90 | 250.8 | 2357.6 | 153.0 | 0.1300 |
70 | 31.15 | 292.7 | 2332.9 | 157.3 | 0.1979 |
80 | 46.12 | 334.6 | 2307.7 | 161.5 | 0.2931 |
90 | 70.10 | 376.6 | 2282.6 | 165.5 | 0.4232 |
100 | 101.32 | 419.0 | 2256.3 | 169.4 | 0.5974 |
110 | 143.27 | 460.8 | 2229.5 | 173.1 | 0.8264 |
120 | 198.50 | 503.2 | 2201.4 | 176.7 | 1.121 |
130 | 270.13 | 545.8 | 2172.5 | 180.2 | 1.497 |
140 | 361.4 | 588.5 | 2142.8 | 183.2 | 1.967 |
150 | 476.0 | 631.5 | 2111.8 | 186.1 | 2.548 |
160 | 618.1 | 674.7 | 2080.0 | 188.7 | 3.263 |
170 | 792.0 | 718.5 | 2047.0 | 190.6 | 4.023 |
180 | 1002.7 | 762.5 | 2012.2 | 192.8 | 5.165 |
190 | 1254.9 | 807.0 | 1975.8 | 194.5 | 6.402 |
200 | 1554.3 | 851.9 | 1937.3 | 195.6 | 7.868 |
210 | 1907.9 | 897.5 | 1897.5 | 196.3 | 9.606 |
221.1 | 2369.8 | 948.5 | 1850.2 | 196.6 | 11.88 |
229.4 | 2769.6 | 987.9 | 1812.5 | 196.2 | 13.87 |
240.6 | 3381.1 | 1040.6 | 1759.4 | 195.1 | 16.96 |
248.9 | 3904.1 | 1080.3 | 1715.8 | 193.7 | 19.66 |
260.0 | 4695.9 | 1134.8 | 1653.9 | 190.8 | 23.84 |
271.1 | 5603.4 | 1195.9 | 1586.5 | 186.9 | 28.83 |
279.4 | 6366.5 | 1240.7 | 1532.5 | 183.3 | 33.18 |
290.6 | 7506.2 | 1302.3 | 1456.3 | 177.4 | 39.95 |
298.9 | 8463.9 | 1350.0 | 1394.8 | 172.2 | 45.93 |
310.0 | 9878.0 | 1415.7 | 1307.7 | 164.2 | 55.25 |
321.1 | 11461 | 1483.9 | 1212.7 | 154.5 | 66.58 |
329.4 | 12785 | 1537.9 | 1133.2 | 145.6 | 76.92 |
340.6 | 14727 | 1617.9 | 1007.6 | 130.9 | 94.25 |
348.9 | 16331 | 1687.0 | 892.0 | 117.0 | 111.5 |
360.0 | 18682 | 1797.0 | 694.0 | 91.0 | 145.3 |
371.1 | 21349 | 1968.3 | 365.0 | 47.0 | 214.5 |
374.4 | 22242 | 2151.2 | 0 | 0 | 306.8 |
Temperature (°C) | Pressure (kPa) | H of liquid (J/g) | ΔvapH (J/g) | Wvap (J/g) | ρ of vapor (kg/m3) |
Data in the table above is given for water–steam equilibria at various temperatures over the entire temperature range at which liquid water can exist. Pressure of the equilibrium is given in the second column in kPa. The third column is the heat content of each gram of the liquid phase relative to water at 0 °C. The fourth column is the heat of vaporization of each gram of liquid that changes to vapor. The fifth column is the work PΔV done by each gram of liquid that changes to vapor. The sixth column is the density of the vapor.
Data obtained from CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 44th ed., p. 2390.
Pressure kPa | Temp. °C |
101.325 | 0.0 |
32950 | −2.5 |
60311 | −5.0 |
87279 | −7.5 |
113267 | −10.0 |
138274 | −12.5 |
159358 | −15.0 |
179952 | −17.5 |
200251 | −20.0 |
215746 | −22.1 |
Properties of various forms of ice [16] | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ice form | Density g/cm3 | Crystal structure | Triple points | TP temp °C | TP pressure MPa |
Ih | 0.92 | hexagonal | Lq, Vap, Ih | 0.01 | 0.000612 |
Lq, Ih, III | −22.0 | 207.5 | |||
Ih, II, III | −34.7 | 212.9 | |||
Ic | 0.92 | cubic | |||
II | 1.17 | rhombohedral | Ih, II, III | −34.7 | 212.9 |
II, III, V | −24.3 | 344.3 | |||
II, V, VI | −55 (est) | 620 | |||
III | 1.14 | tetragonal | Lq, Ih, III | −22.0 | 207.5 |
Lq, III, V | −17 | 346.3 | |||
Ih, II, III | −34.7 | 212.9 | |||
II, III, V | −24.3 | 344.3 | |||
IV | 1.27 | rhombohedral | |||
V | 1.23 | monoclinic | Lq, III, V | −17 | 346.3 |
Lq, V, VI | 0.16 | 625.9 | |||
II, III, V | −24.3 | 344.3 | |||
II, V, VI | −55 (est) | 620 | |||
VI | 1.31 | tetragonal | Lq, V, VI | 0.16 | 625.9 |
Lq, VI, VII | 81.6 | 2200 | |||
II, V, VI | −55 (est) | 620 | |||
VI, VII, VIII | ≈5 | 2100 | |||
VII | 1.50 | cubic | Lq, VI, VII | 81.6 | 2200 |
VI, VII, VIII | ≈5 | 2100 | |||
VII, VIII, X | −173 | 62000 | |||
VIII | 1.46 | tetragonal | VI, VII, VIII | ≈5 | 2100 |
VII, VIII, X | −173 | 62000 | |||
IX | 1.16 | tetragonal | |||
X | 2.46 | cubic | VII, VIII, X | −173 | 62000 |
XI ‡ | 0.92 | orthorhombic | Vap, Ih, XI | −201.5 | 0 (expected) |
XII | 1.29 | tetragonal | |||
XIII | 1.23 | monoclinic | |||
XIV | 1.29 | orthorhombic | |||
‡Ice XI triple point is theoretical and has never been obtained
NaCl, wt% | Teq, °C | ρ, g/cm3 | n | η, mPa·s |
---|---|---|---|---|
0 | 0 | 0.99984 | 1.333 | 1.002 |
0.5 | −0.3 | 1.0018 | 1.3339 | 1.011 |
1 | −0.59 | 1.0053 | 1.3347 | 1.02 |
2 | −1.19 | 1.0125 | 1.3365 | 1.036 |
3 | −1.79 | 1.0196 | 1.3383 | 1.052 |
4 | −2.41 | 1.0268 | 1.34 | 1.068 |
5 | −3.05 | 1.034 | 1.3418 | 1.085 |
6 | −3.7 | 1.0413 | 1.3435 | 1.104 |
7 | −4.38 | 1.0486 | 1.3453 | 1.124 |
8 | −5.08 | 1.0559 | 1.347 | 1.145 |
9 | −5.81 | 1.0633 | 1.3488 | 1.168 |
10 | −6.56 | 1.0707 | 1.3505 | 1.193 |
12 | −8.18 | 1.0857 | 1.3541 | 1.25 |
14 | −9.94 | 1.1008 | 1.3576 | 1.317 |
16 | −11.89 | 1.1162 | 1.3612 | 1.388 |
18 | −14.04 | 1.1319 | 1.3648 | 1.463 |
20 | −16.46 | 1.1478 | 1.3684 | 1.557 |
22 | −19.18 | 1.164 | 1.3721 | 1.676 |
23.3 | −21.1 | |||
23.7 | −17.3 | |||
24.9 | −11.1 | |||
26.1 | −2.7 | |||
26.28 | 0 | |||
26.32 | 10 | |||
26.41 | 20 | |||
26.45 | 25 | |||
26.52 | 30 | |||
26.67 | 40 | |||
26.84 | 50 | |||
27.03 | 60 | |||
27.25 | 70 | |||
27.5 | 80 | |||
27.78 | 90 | |||
28.05 | 100 |
Note: ρ is density, n is refractive index at 589 nm,[ clarification needed ] and η is viscosity, all at 20 °C; Teq is the equilibrium temperature between two phases: ice/liquid solution for Teq < 0–0.1 °C and NaCl/liquid solution for Teq above 0.1 °C.
°C | −35 | 0 | 25 | 60 | 300 (~50 MPa) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
pKw [18] | 17 | 14.9 | 14.0 | 13.0 | 12 |
UV-Vis | ||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
λmax | ? nm | |||||||||||||||
Extinction coefficient, ε | ? | |||||||||||||||
IR | ||||||||||||||||
Major absorption bands [19] |
| |||||||||||||||
NMR | ||||||||||||||||
Proton NMR | 4.79 ppm in D2O ; 1.56 ppm in CDCl3 ; 0.40 ppm in C6D6 ; 4.87 in CD3OD [20] | |||||||||||||||
Carbon-13 NMR | N/A | |||||||||||||||
Other NMR data | ||||||||||||||||
MS | ||||||||||||||||
Masses of main fragments | ||||||||||||||||
Experimental self-diffusion coefficients at various temperatures [21] | ||||||||||
Temperature in °C | Coefficients in 10−9 m2/s | |||||||||
0 | 1.099 | |||||||||
1 | 1.138 | |||||||||
4 | 1.261 | |||||||||
5 | 1.303 | |||||||||
10 | 1.525 | |||||||||
15 | 1.765 | |||||||||
20 | 2.023 | |||||||||
25 | 2.299 | |||||||||
30 | 2.594 | |||||||||
35 | 2.907 | |||||||||
40 | 3.238 | |||||||||
45 | 3.588 | |||||||||
50 | 3.956 | |||||||||
56 | 4.423 | |||||||||
60 | 4.748 | |||||||||
70 | 5.615 | |||||||||
80 | 6.557 | |||||||||
90 | 7.574 | |||||||||
100 | 8.667 |
The data that follows was copied and translated from the German language Wikipedia version of this page (which has moved to here). It provides supplementary physical, thermodynamic, and vapor pressure data, some of which is redundant with data in the tables above, and some of which is additional.
In the following tables, values are temperature-dependent and to a lesser degree pressure-dependent, and are arranged by state of aggregation (s = solid, lq = liquid, g = gas), which are clearly a function of temperature and pressure. All of the data were computed from data given in "Formulation of the Thermodynamic Properties of Ordinary Water Substance for Scientific and General Use" (IAPWS , 1984) (obsolete as of 1995). [22] This applies to:
In the following table, material data are given for standard pressure of 0.1 MPa (equivalent to 1 bar). Up to 99.63 °C (the boiling point of water at 0.1 MPa), at this pressure water exists as a liquid. Above that, it exists as water vapor. Note that the boiling point of 100.0 °C is at a pressure of 0.101325 MPa (1 atm), which is the average atmospheric pressure.
Water/steam data table at standard pressure (0.1 MPa) | ||||||||||
T °C | V dm3/kg | H kJ/kg | U kJ/kg | S kJ/(kg·K) | cp kJ/(kg·K) | γ 10−3/K | λ mW / (m·K) | η μPa·s | σ ‡ mN/m | |
0 | lq | 1.0002 | 0.06 | −0.04 | −0.0001 | 4.228 | −0.080 | 561.0 | 1792 | 75.65 |
5 | 1.0000 | 21.1 | 21.0 | 0.076 | 4.200 | 0.011 | 570.6 | 1518 | 74.95 | |
10 | 1.0003 | 42.1 | 42.0 | 0.151 | 4.188 | 0.087 | 580.0 | 1306 | 74.22 | |
15 | 1.0009 | 63.0 | 62.9 | 0.224 | 4.184 | 0.152 | 589.4 | 1137 | 73.49 | |
20 | 1.0018 | 83.9 | 83.8 | 0.296 | 4.183 | 0.209 | 598.4 | 1001 | 72.74 | |
25 | 1.0029 | 104.8 | 104.7 | 0.367 | 4.183 | 0.259 | 607.2 | 890.4 | 71.98 | |
30 | 1.0044 | 125.8 | 125.7 | 0.437 | 4.183 | 0.305 | 615.5 | 797.7 | 71.20 | |
35 | 1.0060 | 146.7 | 146.6 | 0.505 | 4.183 | 0.347 | 623.3 | 719.6 | 70.41 | |
40 | 1.0079 | 167.6 | 167.5 | 0.572 | 4.182 | 0.386 | 630.6 | 653.3 | 69.60 | |
45 | 1.0099 | 188.5 | 188.4 | 0.638 | 4.182 | 0.423 | 637.3 | 596.3 | 68.78 | |
50 | 1.0121 | 209.4 | 209.3 | 0.704 | 4.181 | 0.457 | 643.6 | 547.1 | 67.95 | |
60 | 1.0171 | 251.2 | 251.1 | 0.831 | 4.183 | 0.522 | 654.4 | 466.6 | 66.24 | |
70 | 1.0227 | 293.1 | 293.0 | 0.955 | 4.187 | 0.583 | 663.1 | 404.1 | 64.49 | |
80 | 1.0290 | 335.0 | 334.9 | 1.075 | 4.194 | 0.640 | 670.0 | 354.5 | 62.68 | |
90 | 1.0359 | 377.0 | 376.9 | 1.193 | 4.204 | 0.696 | 675.3 | 314.6 | 60.82 | |
99.63 | lq | 1.0431 | 417.5 | 417.4 | 1.303 | 4.217 | 0.748 | 679.0 | 283.0 | 58.99 |
g | 1694.3 | 2675 | 2505 | 7.359 | 2.043 | 2.885 | 25.05 | 12.26 | – | |
100 | g | 1696.1 | 2675 | 2506 | 7.361 | 2.042 | 2.881 | 25.08 | 12.27 | 58.92 |
200 | 2172.3 | 2874 | 2657 | 7.833 | 1.975 | 2.100 | 33.28 | 16.18 | 37.68 | |
300 | 2638.8 | 3073 | 2810 | 8.215 | 2.013 | 1.761 | 43.42 | 20.29 | 14.37 | |
500 | 3565.5 | 3488 | 3131 | 8.834 | 2.135 | 1.297 | 66.970 | 28.57 | – | |
750 | 4721.0 | 4043 | 3571 | 9.455 | 2.308 | 0.978 | 100.30 | 38.48 | – | |
1000 | 5875.5 | 4642 | 4054 | 9.978 | 2.478 | 0.786 | 136.3 | 47.66 | – | |
‡ The values for surface tension for the liquid section of the table are for a liquid/air interface. Values for the gas section of the table are for a liquid/saturated steam interface. |
In the following table, material data are given with a pressure of 611.7 Pa (equivalent to 0.006117 bar). Up to a temperature of 0.01 °C, the triple point of water, water normally exists as ice, except for supercooled water, for which one data point is tabulated here. At the triple point, ice can exist together with both liquid water and vapor. At higher temperatures, the data are for water vapor only.
Water/steam data table at triple point pressure (0.0006117 MPa) | |||||||||
T °C | V dm3/kg | H kJ/kg | U kJ/kg | S kJ/(kg·K) | cp kJ/(kg·K) | γ 10−3/K | λ mW / (m·K) | η μPa·s | |
0 | lq | 1.0002 | −0.04 | −0.04 | −0.0002 | 4.339 | −0.081 | 561.0 | 1792 |
0.01 | s | 1.0908 | −333.4 | −333.4 | −1.221 | 1.93 | 0.1 | 2180 | – |
lq | 1.0002 | 0.0 | 0 | 0 | 4.229 | −0.080 | 561.0 | 1791 | |
g | 205986 | 2500 | 2374 | 9.154 | 1.868 | 3.672 | 17.07 | 9.22 | |
5 | g | 209913 | 2509 | 2381 | 9.188 | 1.867 | 3.605 | 17.33 | 9.34 |
10 | 213695 | 2519 | 2388 | 9.222 | 1.867 | 3.540 | 17.60 | 9.46 | |
15 | 217477 | 2528 | 2395 | 9.254 | 1.868 | 3.478 | 17.88 | 9.59 | |
20 | 221258 | 2537 | 2402 | 9.286 | 1.868 | 3.417 | 18.17 | 9.73 | |
25 | 225039 | 2547 | 2409 | 9.318 | 1.869 | 3.359 | 18.47 | 9.87 | |
30 | 228819 | 2556 | 2416 | 9.349 | 1.869 | 3.304 | 18.78 | 10.02 | |
35 | 232598 | 2565 | 2423 | 9.380 | 1.870 | 3.249 | 19.10 | 10.17 | |
40 | 236377 | 2575 | 2430 | 9.410 | 1.871 | 3.197 | 19.43 | 10.32 | |
45 | 240155 | 2584 | 2437 | 9.439 | 1.872 | 3.147 | 19.77 | 10.47 | |
50 | 243933 | 2593 | 2444 | 9.469 | 1.874 | 3.098 | 20.11 | 10.63 | |
60 | 251489 | 2612 | 2459 | 9.526 | 1.876 | 3.004 | 20.82 | 10.96 | |
70 | 259043 | 2631 | 2473 | 9.581 | 1.880 | 2.916 | 21.56 | 11.29 | |
80 | 266597 | 2650 | 2487 | 9.635 | 1.883 | 2.833 | 22.31 | 11.64 | |
90 | 274150 | 2669 | 2501 | 9.688 | 1.887 | 2.755 | 23.10 | 11.99 | |
100 | 281703 | 2688 | 2515 | 9.739 | 1.891 | 2.681 | 23.90 | 12.53 | |
200 | 357216 | 2879 | 2661 | 10.194 | 1.940 | 2.114 | 32.89 | 16.21 | |
300 | 432721 | 3076 | 2811 | 10.571 | 2.000 | 1.745 | 43.26 | 20.30 | |
500 | 583725 | 3489 | 3132 | 11.188 | 2.131 | 1.293 | 66.90 | 28.57 | |
750 | 772477 | 4043 | 3571 | 11.808 | 2.307 | 0.977 | 100.20 | 38.47 | |
1000 | 961227 | 4642 | 4054 | 12.331 | 2.478 | 0.785 | 136.30 | 47.66 | |
The following table is based on different, complementary sources and approximation formulas, whose values are of various quality and accuracy. The values in the temperature range of −100 °C to 100 °C were inferred from D. Sunday (1982) and are quite uniform and exact. The values in the temperature range of the boiling point of water up to the critical point (100 °C to 374 °C) are drawn from different sources and are substantially less accurate; hence they should be used only as approximate values. [23] [24] [25] [26]
To use the values correctly, consider the following points:
The table values for −100 °C to 100 °C were computed by the following formulas, where T is in kelvins and vapor pressures, Pw and Pi, are in pascals.
Over liquid water
For temperature range: 173.15 K to 373.15 K or equivalently −100 °C to 100 °C
Over ice
For temperature range: 173.15 K to 273.15 K or equivalently −100 °C to 0 °C
At triple point
An important basic value, which is not registered in the table, is the saturated vapor pressure at the triple point of water. The internationally accepted value according to measurements of Guildner, Johnson and Jones (1976) amounts to:
Values of saturated vapor pressure of water | ||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Temp. T in °C | Pi(T) over ice in Pa | Pw(T) over water in Pa | Temp. T in °C | Pw(T) over water in hPa | Temp. T in °C | P(T) in bar | Temp. T in °C | P(T) in bar | Temp. T in °C | P(T) in bar | ||||
−100 | 0.0013957 | 0.0036309 | 0 | 6.11213 | 100 | 1.01 | 200 | 15.55 | 300 | 85.88 | ||||
−99 | 0.0017094 | 0.0044121 | 1 | 6.57069 | 101 | 1.05 | 201 | 15.88 | 301 | 87.09 | ||||
−98 | 0.0020889 | 0.0053487 | 2 | 7.05949 | 102 | 1.09 | 202 | 16.21 | 302 | 88.32 | ||||
−97 | 0.0025470 | 0.0064692 | 3 | 7.58023 | 103 | 1.13 | 203 | 16.55 | 303 | 89.57 | ||||
−96 | 0.0030987 | 0.0078067 | 4 | 8.13467 | 104 | 1.17 | 204 | 16.89 | 304 | 90.82 | ||||
−95 | 0.0037617 | 0.0093996 | 5 | 8.72469 | 105 | 1.21 | 205 | 17.24 | 305 | 92.09 | ||||
−94 | 0.0045569 | 0.011293 | 6 | 9.35222 | 106 | 1.25 | 206 | 17.60 | 306 | 93.38 | ||||
−93 | 0.0055087 | 0.013538 | 7 | 10.0193 | 107 | 1.30 | 207 | 17.96 | 307 | 94.67 | ||||
−92 | 0.0066455 | 0.016195 | 8 | 10.7280 | 108 | 1.34 | 208 | 18.32 | 308 | 95.98 | ||||
−91 | 0.0080008 | 0.019333 | 9 | 11.4806 | 109 | 1.39 | 209 | 18.70 | 309 | 97.31 | ||||
−90 | 0.0096132 | 0.023031 | 10 | 12.2794 | 110 | 1.43 | 210 | 19.07 | 310 | 98.65 | ||||
−89 | 0.011528 | 0.027381 | 11 | 13.1267 | 111 | 1.48 | 211 | 19.46 | 311 | 100.00 | ||||
−88 | 0.013797 | 0.032489 | 12 | 14.0251 | 112 | 1.53 | 212 | 19.85 | 312 | 101.37 | ||||
−87 | 0.016482 | 0.038474 | 13 | 14.9772 | 113 | 1.58 | 213 | 20.25 | 313 | 102.75 | ||||
−86 | 0.019653 | 0.045473 | 14 | 15.9856 | 114 | 1.64 | 214 | 20.65 | 314 | 104.15 | ||||
−85 | 0.02339 | 0.053645 | 15 | 17.0532 | 115 | 1.69 | 215 | 21.06 | 315 | 105.56 | ||||
−84 | 0.027788 | 0.063166 | 16 | 18.1829 | 116 | 1.75 | 216 | 21.47 | 316 | 106.98 | ||||
−83 | 0.032954 | 0.074241 | 17 | 19.3778 | 117 | 1.81 | 217 | 21.89 | 317 | 108.43 | ||||
−82 | 0.039011 | 0.087101 | 18 | 20.6409 | 118 | 1.86 | 218 | 22.32 | 318 | 109.88 | ||||
−81 | 0.046102 | 0.10201 | 19 | 21.9757 | 119 | 1.93 | 219 | 22.75 | 319 | 111.35 | ||||
−80 | 0.054388 | 0.11925 | 20 | 23.3854 | 120 | 1.99 | 220 | 23.19 | 320 | 112.84 | ||||
−79 | 0.064057 | 0.13918 | 21 | 24.8737 | 121 | 2.05 | 221 | 23.64 | 321 | 114.34 | ||||
−78 | 0.075320 | 0.16215 | 22 | 26.4442 | 122 | 2.12 | 222 | 24.09 | 322 | 115.86 | ||||
−77 | 0.088419 | 0.18860 | 23 | 28.1006 | 123 | 2.18 | 223 | 24.55 | 323 | 117.39 | ||||
−76 | 0.10363 | 0.21901 | 24 | 29.8470 | 124 | 2.25 | 224 | 25.02 | 324 | 118.94 | ||||
−75 | 0.12127 | 0.25391 | 25 | 31.6874 | 125 | 2.32 | 225 | 25.49 | 325 | 120.51 | ||||
−74 | 0.14168 | 0.29390 | 26 | 33.6260 | 126 | 2.40 | 226 | 25.98 | 326 | 122.09 | ||||
−73 | 0.16528 | 0.33966 | 27 | 35.6671 | 127 | 2.47 | 227 | 26.46 | 327 | 123.68 | ||||
−72 | 0.19252 | 0.39193 | 28 | 37.8154 | 128 | 2.55 | 228 | 26.96 | 328 | 125.30 | ||||
−71 | 0.22391 | 0.45156 | 29 | 40.0754 | 129 | 2.62 | 229 | 27.46 | 329 | 126.93 | ||||
−70 | 0.26004 | 0.51948 | 30 | 42.4520 | 130 | 2.70 | 230 | 27.97 | 330 | 128.58 | ||||
−69 | 0.30156 | 0.59672 | 31 | 44.9502 | 131 | 2.78 | 231 | 28.48 | 331 | 130.24 | ||||
−68 | 0.34921 | 0.68446 | 32 | 47.5752 | 132 | 2.87 | 232 | 29.01 | 332 | 131.92 | ||||
−67 | 0.40383 | 0.78397 | 33 | 50.3322 | 133 | 2.95 | 233 | 29.54 | 333 | 133.62 | ||||
−66 | 0.46633 | 0.89668 | 34 | 53.2267 | 134 | 3.04 | 234 | 30.08 | 334 | 135.33 | ||||
−65 | 0.53778 | 1.0242 | 35 | 56.2645 | 135 | 3.13 | 235 | 30.62 | 335 | 137.07 | ||||
−64 | 0.61933 | 1.1682 | 36 | 59.4513 | 136 | 3.22 | 236 | 31.18 | 336 | 138.82 | ||||
−63 | 0.71231 | 1.3306 | 37 | 62.7933 | 137 | 3.32 | 237 | 31.74 | 337 | 140.59 | ||||
−62 | 0.81817 | 1.5136 | 38 | 66.2956 | 138 | 3.42 | 238 | 32.31 | 338 | 142.37 | ||||
−61 | 0.93854 | 1.7195 | 39 | 69.9675 | 139 | 3.51 | 239 | 32.88 | 339 | 144.18 | ||||
−60 | 1.0753 | 1.9509 | 40 | 73.8127 | 140 | 3.62 | 240 | 33.47 | 340 | 146.00 | ||||
−59 | 1.2303 | 2.2106 | 41 | 77.8319 | 141 | 3.72 | 241 | 34.06 | 341 | 147.84 | ||||
−58 | 1.4060 | 2.5018 | 42 | 82.0536 | 142 | 3.82 | 242 | 34.66 | 342 | 149.71 | ||||
−57 | 1.6049 | 2.8277 | 43 | 86.4633 | 143 | 3.93 | 243 | 35.27 | 343 | 151.58 | ||||
−56 | 1.8296 | 3.1922 | 44 | 91.0757 | 144 | 4.04 | 244 | 35.88 | 344 | 153.48 | ||||
−55 | 2.0833 | 3.5993 | 45 | 95.8984 | 145 | 4.16 | 245 | 36.51 | 345 | 155.40 | ||||
−54 | 2.3694 | 4.0535 | 46 | 100.939 | 146 | 4.27 | 246 | 37.14 | 346 | 157.34 | ||||
−53 | 2.6917 | 4.5597 | 47 | 106.206 | 147 | 4.39 | 247 | 37.78 | 347 | 159.30 | ||||
−52 | 3.0542 | 5.1231 | 48 | 111.708 | 148 | 4.51 | 248 | 38.43 | 348 | 161.28 | ||||
−51 | 3.4618 | 5.7496 | 49 | 117.452 | 149 | 4.64 | 249 | 39.09 | 349 | 163.27 | ||||
−50 | 3.9193 | 6.4454 | 50 | 123.4478 | 150 | 4.76 | 250 | 39.76 | 350 | 165.29 | ||||
−49 | 4.4324 | 7.2174 | 51 | 129.7042 | 151 | 4.89 | 251 | 40.44 | 351 | 167.33 | ||||
−48 | 5.0073 | 8.0729 | 52 | 136.2304 | 152 | 5.02 | 252 | 41.12 | 352 | 169.39 | ||||
−47 | 5.6506 | 9.0201 | 53 | 143.0357 | 153 | 5.16 | 253 | 41.81 | 353 | 171.47 | ||||
−46 | 6.3699 | 10.068 | 54 | 150.1298 | 154 | 5.29 | 254 | 42.52 | 354 | 173.58 | ||||
−45 | 7.1732 | 11.225 | 55 | 157.5226 | 155 | 5.43 | 255 | 43.23 | 355 | 175.70 | ||||
−44 | 8.0695 | 12.503 | 56 | 165.2243 | 156 | 5.58 | 256 | 43.95 | 356 | 177.85 | ||||
−43 | 9.0685 | 13.911 | 57 | 173.2451 | 157 | 5.72 | 257 | 44.68 | 357 | 180.02 | ||||
−42 | 10.181 | 15.463 | 58 | 181.5959 | 158 | 5.87 | 258 | 45.42 | 358 | 182.21 | ||||
−41 | 11.419 | 17.170 | 59 | 190.2874 | 159 | 6.03 | 259 | 46.16 | 359 | 184.43 | ||||
−40 | 12.794 | 19.048 | 60 | 199.3309 | 160 | 6.18 | 260 | 46.92 | 360 | 186.66 | ||||
−39 | 14.321 | 21.110 | 61 | 208.7378 | 161 | 6.34 | 261 | 47.69 | 361 | 188.93 | ||||
−38 | 16.016 | 23.372 | 62 | 218.5198 | 162 | 6.50 | 262 | 48.46 | 362 | 191.21 | ||||
−37 | 17.893 | 25.853 | 63 | 228.6888 | 163 | 6.67 | 263 | 49.25 | 363 | 193.52 | ||||
−36 | 19.973 | 28.570 | 64 | 239.2572 | 164 | 6.84 | 264 | 50.05 | 364 | 195.86 | ||||
−35 | 22.273 | 31.544 | 65 | 250.2373 | 165 | 7.01 | 265 | 50.85 | 365 | 198.22 | ||||
−34 | 24.816 | 34.795 | 66 | 261.6421 | 166 | 7.18 | 266 | 51.67 | 366 | 200.61 | ||||
−33 | 27.624 | 38.347 | 67 | 273.4845 | 167 | 7.36 | 267 | 52.49 | 367 | 203.02 | ||||
−32 | 30.723 | 42.225 | 68 | 285.7781 | 168 | 7.55 | 268 | 53.33 | 368 | 205.47 | ||||
−31 | 34.140 | 46.453 | 69 | 298.5363 | 169 | 7.73 | 269 | 54.17 | 369 | 207.93 | ||||
−30 | 37.903 | 51.060 | 70 | 311.7731 | 170 | 7.92 | 270 | 55.03 | 370 | 210.43 | ||||
−29 | 42.046 | 56.077 | 71 | 325.5029 | 171 | 8.11 | 271 | 55.89 | 371 | 212.96 | ||||
−28 | 46.601 | 61.534 | 72 | 339.7401 | 172 | 8.31 | 272 | 56.77 | 372 | 215.53 | ||||
−27 | 51.607 | 67.466 | 73 | 354.4995 | 173 | 8.51 | 273 | 57.66 | 373 | 218.13 | ||||
−26 | 57.104 | 73.909 | 74 | 369.7963 | 174 | 8.72 | 274 | 58.56 | 374 | 220.64 | ||||
−25 | 63.134 | 80.902 | 75 | 385.6459 | 175 | 8.92 | 275 | 59.46 | 374.15 | 221.20 | ||||
−24 | 69.745 | 88.485 | 76 | 402.0641 | 176 | 9.14 | 276 | 60.38 | ||||||
−23 | 76.987 | 96.701 | 77 | 419.0669 | 177 | 9.35 | 277 | 61.31 | ||||||
−22 | 84.914 | 105.60 | 78 | 436.6708 | 178 | 9.57 | 278 | 62.25 | ||||||
−21 | 93.584 | 115.22 | 79 | 454.8923 | 179 | 9.80 | 279 | 63.20 | ||||||
−20 | 103.06 | 125.63 | 80 | 473.7485 | 180 | 10.03 | 280 | 64.17 | ||||||
−19 | 113.41 | 136.88 | 81 | 493.2567 | 181 | 10.26 | 281 | 65.14 | ||||||
−18 | 124.70 | 149.01 | 82 | 513.4345 | 182 | 10.50 | 282 | 66.12 | ||||||
−17 | 137.02 | 162.11 | 83 | 534.3000 | 183 | 10.74 | 283 | 67.12 | ||||||
−16 | 150.44 | 176.23 | 84 | 555.8714 | 184 | 10.98 | 284 | 68.13 | ||||||
−15 | 165.06 | 191.44 | 85 | 578.1673 | 185 | 11.23 | 285 | 69.15 | ||||||
−14 | 180.97 | 207.81 | 86 | 601.2068 | 186 | 11.49 | 286 | 70.18 | ||||||
−13 | 198.27 | 225.43 | 87 | 625.0090 | 187 | 11.75 | 287 | 71.22 | ||||||
−12 | 217.07 | 244.37 | 88 | 649.5936 | 188 | 12.01 | 288 | 72.27 | ||||||
−11 | 237.49 | 264.72 | 89 | 674.9806 | 189 | 12.28 | 289 | 73.34 | ||||||
−10 | 259.66 | 286.57 | 90 | 701.1904 | 190 | 12.55 | 290 | 74.42 | ||||||
−9 | 283.69 | 310.02 | 91 | 728.2434 | 191 | 12.83 | 291 | 75.51 | ||||||
−8 | 309.75 | 335.16 | 92 | 756.1608 | 192 | 13.11 | 292 | 76.61 | ||||||
−7 | 337.97 | 362.10 | 93 | 784.9639 | 193 | 13.40 | 293 | 77.72 | ||||||
−6 | 368.52 | 390.95 | 94 | 814.6743 | 194 | 13.69 | 294 | 78.85 | ||||||
−5 | 401.58 | 421.84 | 95 | 845.3141 | 195 | 13.99 | 295 | 79.99 | ||||||
−4 | 437.31 | 454.88 | 96 | 876.9057 | 196 | 14.29 | 296 | 81.14 | ||||||
−3 | 475.92 | 490.19 | 97 | 909.4718 | 197 | 14.60 | 297 | 82.31 | ||||||
−2 | 517.62 | 527.93 | 98 | 943.0355 | 198 | 14.91 | 298 | 83.48 | ||||||
−1 | 562.62 | 568.22 | 99 | 977.6203 | 199 | 15.22 | 299 | 84.67 | ||||||
0 | 611.153 | 611.213 | 100 | 1013.25 | 200 | 15.55 | 300 | 85.88 | ||||||
Temp. T in °C | Pi(T) over ice in Pa | Pw(T) over water in Pa | Temp. T in °C | Pw(T) over water in hPa | Temp. T in °C | P(T) in bar | Temp. T in °C | P(T) in bar | Temp. T in °C | P(T) in bar | ||||
Accepted standardized value of the magnetic susceptibility of water at 20 °C (room temperature) is −12.97 cm3/mol. [27]
Accepted standardized value of the magnetic susceptibility of water at 20 °C (room temperature) is −0.702 cm3/g. [27]
Isotopolog, state | Temperature in K | Magnetic susceptibiliy in cm3/mol |
---|---|---|
H2O(g) | >373 | −13.1 |
H2O(l) | 373 | −13.09 |
H2O(l) | 293 | −12.97 |
H2O(l) | 273 | −12.93 |
H2O(s) | 273 | −12.65 |
H2O(s) | 223 | −12.31 |
DHO(l) | 302 | −12.97 |
D2O(l) | 293 | −12.76 |
D2O(l) | 276.8 | −12.66 |
D2O(s) | 276.8 | −12.54 |
D2O(s) | 213 | −12.41 |
The boiling point of a substance is the temperature at which the vapor pressure of a liquid equals the pressure surrounding the liquid and the liquid changes into a vapor.
In thermodynamics, the triple point of a substance is the temperature and pressure at which the three phases of that substance coexist in thermodynamic equilibrium. It is that temperature and pressure at which the sublimation, fusion, and vaporisation curves meet. For example, the triple point of mercury occurs at a temperature of −38.8 °C (−37.8 °F) and a pressure of 0.165 mPa.
Vapor pressure or equilibrium vapor pressure is the pressure exerted by a vapor in thermodynamic equilibrium with its condensed phases at a given temperature in a closed system. The equilibrium vapor pressure is an indication of a liquid's thermodynamic tendency to evaporate. It relates to the balance of particles escaping from the liquid in equilibrium with those in a coexisting vapor phase. A substance with a high vapor pressure at normal temperatures is often referred to as volatile. The pressure exhibited by vapor present above a liquid surface is known as vapor pressure. As the temperature of a liquid increases, the attractive interactions between liquid molecules become less significant in comparison to the entropy of those molecules in the gas phase, increasing the vapor pressure. Thus, liquids with strong intermolecular interactions are likely to have smaller vapor pressures, with the reverse true for weaker interactions.
In thermodynamics, a critical point is the end point of a phase equilibrium curve. One example is the liquid–vapor critical point, the end point of the pressure–temperature curve that designates conditions under which a liquid and its vapor can coexist. At higher temperatures, the gas comes into a supercritical phase, and so cannot be liquefied by pressure alone. At the critical point, defined by a critical temperatureTc and a critical pressurepc, phase boundaries vanish. Other examples include the liquid–liquid critical points in mixtures, and the ferromagnet–paramagnet transition in the absence of an external magnetic field.
This page provides supplementary chemical data on methanol.
This page provides supplementary chemical data on carbon dioxide.
This page provides supplementary chemical data on ammonia.
Thermodynamic databases contain information about thermodynamic properties for substances, the most important being enthalpy, entropy, and Gibbs free energy. Numerical values of these thermodynamic properties are collected as tables or are calculated from thermodynamic datafiles. Data is expressed as temperature-dependent values for one mole of substance at the standard pressure of 101.325 kPa, or 100 kPa. Both of these definitions for the standard condition for pressure are in use.
This page provides supplementary chemical data on glycerol.
This page provides supplementary chemical data on ethylene glycol.
This page provides supplementary chemical data on cyclohexane.
Steam is water vapor, often mixed with air and/or an aerosol of liquid water droplets. This may occur due to evaporation or due to boiling, where heat is applied until water reaches the enthalpy of vaporization. Steam that is saturated or superheated is invisible; however, wet steam, a visible mist or aerosol of water droplets, is often referred to as "steam".
Water is a polar inorganic compound that is at room temperature a tasteless and odorless liquid, which is nearly colorless apart from an inherent hint of blue. It is by far the most studied chemical compound and is described as the "universal solvent" and the "solvent of life". It is the most abundant substance on the surface of Earth and the only common substance to exist as a solid, liquid, and gas on Earth's surface. It is also the third most abundant molecule in the universe.
In 1995, IAPWS approved a new formulation of the thermodynamic properties of water and steam for general and scientific use. This replaced the 1984 formulation of Haar, Gallagher and Kell, and now serves as the international standard for water's thermodynamic properties.