In American vernacular architecture, a witch window (also known as a Vermont window, among other names) is a window (usually a double-hung sash window, occasionally a single-sided casement window) placed in the gable-end wall of a house [1] and rotated approximately 1/8 of a turn (45 degrees) from the vertical, leaving it diagonal, with its long edge parallel to the roof slope. [1] [2] This technique allows a builder to fit a full-sized window into the long, narrow wall space between two adjacent roof lines, where a window would not otherwise fit.
Witch windows are found almost exclusively in or near the U.S. state of Vermont, generally in the central and northern parts of the state. [3] They are principally installed in farmhouses from the 19th century, [1] [2] and can be found less frequently in new construction. [3]
The name "witch window" appears to come from a folk belief that witches cannot fly their broomsticks through the tilted windows, although it seems unlikely that the tale was taken seriously. [4] [5] [6] [7] The windows are also known as "coffin windows"; [2] it is unclear if they were used for removing a coffin from the second floor (avoiding a narrow staircase), or if the odd placement on the wall were reminiscent of a coffin. [1] [8] Either explanation seems far-fetched. [1] [8] The windows are also known as "Vermont windows" for their distribution [3] and as "sideways" [2] or "lazy windows" for their orientation. [3]
Dormer windows are unusual in Vermont, particularly in older construction; windows are mostly placed in walls. When a house is expanded, for example with a kitchen wing or an attached shed, there may be very little wall space available in the gable end in which to put a window, which may be the only window available for an upper floor room (if there is no dormer—adding a dormer to an existing roof is problematic, as it involves puncturing the roof membrane [9] ). [3]
The solution is to rotate the window until its long edge is parallel to the nearby roof line, to better maximize the space available for a window. [1] Thus, not only is the window area (and thus incoming light and ventilation) maximized, but building or buying a custom window is avoided. [4] [10]
An alternative explanation for the orientation of the window is that getting at least one corner of a window up as far as possible in the interior of the house allows hot air (which rises to the top of the room) to escape on summer afternoons. [5] However, this reasoning seems suspect, as Vermont is not as hot as many other locations, [11] where the windows are not ubiquitous. [1] If heat escape were the goal, diagonal windows could be placed in other walls as well.
The slanted orientation of the window can complicate the placement of the siding (such as clapboards) on the wall in which the window is hung, because if the siding is horizontal, it will meet the window frame at an acute angle, complicating both the cutting of the siding and the waterproofing of the frame-siding joint. One solution is to orient all of the siding on the wall so that it is parallel with the window frame.
A dormer is a roofed structure, often containing a window, that projects vertically beyond the plane of a pitched roof. A dormer window is a form of roof window.
The Cape Cod house is defined as the classic American house. In the original design, Cape Cod houses had the following features: symmetry, steep roofs, central chimneys, windows at the door, flat design, one to one-and-a-half stories, narrow stairways, and simple exteriors. Modern Cape cod houses more commonly have front porches and decks, as well as external additions made to the houses. The basic Cape Cod house dating back to 1670 to now included 4 small rooms surrounding the chimney. If the house has another story, it would include two even smaller rooms on that second floor. The houses have very little overhang and the trim is kept simple. Early Cape Cod houses were described as half-houses, and they were 16 to 20 feet wide. Overtime, bigger Cape Cod houses were constructed. They were referred to as three quarter houses and full capes depending on size.
Framing, in construction, is the fitting together of pieces to give a structure, particularly a building, support and shape. Framing materials are usually wood, engineered wood, or structural steel. The alternative to framed construction is generally called mass wall construction, where horizontal layers of stacked materials such as log building, masonry, rammed earth, adobe, etc. are used without framing.
A connected farm is an architectural design common in the New England region of the United States, and England and Wales in the United Kingdom. North American connected farms date back to the 17th century, while their British counterparts have also existed for several centuries. New England connected farms are characterized by a farm house, kitchen, barn, or other structures connected in a rambling fashion. This style evolved from carrying out farm work while remaining sheltered from winter weather. In the United Kingdom there are four distinct types of connected farmsteads, all dissimilar to the New England style.
The Francis J. Woolley House is located in Oak Park, Illinois, United States, a Chicago suburb. The house was designed by American architect Frank Lloyd Wright in 1893. The Queen Anne style home is reflective of Wright's early designs for lower-cost, more affordable housing. The Woolley House is similar to the trio of homes in Oak Park that are widely known as the "bootleg houses." The design is heavily influenced by Wright's first teacher, Joseph Silsbee, and the Arts and Crafts movement. The house is listed as a contributing property to a local and federal historic district.
The Wentworth Lear Historic Houses are a pair of adjacent historic houses on the south waterfront in Portsmouth, New Hampshire. Both buildings and an 18th-century warehouse were owned by the Wentworth Lear Historic Houses and were operated as a house museum. Only the Wentworth-Gardner house is a museum. They are located at the corner of Mechanic and Gardner Streets. The two houses, built c. 1750–60, represent a study in contrast between high-style and vernacular Georgian styling. The Wentworth-Gardner House is a National Historic Landmark, and the houses are listed as the Wentworth-Gardner and Tobias Lear Houses on the National Register of Historic Places.
Athenwood and the Thomas W. Wood Studio are a pair of distinctive historic buildings at 39 and 41 Northfield Street in Montpelier, Vermont, United States. The two Carpenter Gothic buildings were the home and studio of Thomas Waterman Wood, an American painter and native of Montpelier. The buildings, now private residences, were listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1974.
The Abraham Glen House is located on Mohawk Avenue in Scotia, New York, United States. It is a white frame house from the 18th century that is currently used as the local branch of the Schenectady County public library system.
The Stark Union Church is a historic church on NH 110 in Stark, New Hampshire. Built in 1853 to serve as non-denominational worship space, it is a well-preserved example of mid-19th century vernacular church architecture. The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983. It is still the only church in the rural community.
The Delavan Terrace Historic District is located along the street of that name in Northwest Yonkers, New York, United States. It consists of 10 buildings, all houses. In 1983 it was recognized as a historic district and listed on the National Register of Historic Places.
The central-passage house, also known variously as central hall plan house, center-hall house, hall-passage-parlor house, Williamsburg cottage, and Tidewater-type cottage, was a vernacular, or folk form, house type from the colonial period onward into the 19th century in the United States.
The Benjamin C. Wilder House is an historic house at 1267 Main Street in Washburn, Maine, United States. Built about 1852, it is a well-preserved example of mid-19th century vernacular architecture in northern Aroostook County, built in the first decade after widespread settlement began of the area. The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1987. It is now owned by the local Salmon Brook Historical Society and operated as a historic house museum.
The Hodge-Cook House is a historic house at 620 North Maple Street in North Little Rock, Arkansas. It is a 1+1⁄2-story wood-frame structure, with clapboard siding and a hip roof pierced by hip-roof dormers on each side. A gable-roof section projects from the right side of the front, with a three-part sash window and a half-round window in the gable. A porch extends across the rest of the front, supported by tapered Craftsman-style fluted square columns. The house was built c. 1898 by John Hodge, a local businessman, and is one of the city's finest examples of vernacular Colonial Revival architecture.
St. Thomas Church is a Roman Catholic church in the Town of Underhill, Vermont in the United States, located in the unincorporated village of Underhill Center.
The District Six Schoolhouse is a historic school building on Elmendorf Road in Shoreham, Vermont. Built about 1833 and now converted into a residence, this modest stone structure is one of Vermont's oldest surviving district schoolhouses. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1977.
The Duplex at 22-26 Johnson Street is a historic multiunit residential building in Burlington, Vermont. Built about 1888, it is a good local example of vernacular Queen Anne Victorian architecture, built as worker housing in the growing city. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2012.
The Parley Davis House is a historic house on Center Road in East Montpelier, Vermont. Built in stages between 1795 and about 1805, it is one of the oldest buildings in the community, built by one of the first settlers of Montpelier, and served as the site of town government until 1828. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1989.
The Nichols House is a historic house at the junction of Little John and Waterman Roads, south of the East Barre village of the town of Barre, Vermont. Built in 1799, it is one of the Barre area's oldest surviving buildings, built by one of the town's first settlers. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978.
The Mintzer House is a historic house at 175-177 Intervale Avenue in Burlington, Vermont. Built as a single-family home about 1898, it is well-preserved example of vernacular Colonial Revival architecture built as worker housing. Now a duplex, it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2008.
The J.R. Darling Store is a historic commercial building at 1334 Scott Highway in Groton, Vermont. It was built about 1895 on a site that has long housed commercial activity, and was the town's last general store. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2004.