WorldRiskReport

Last updated September 27, 2023

The WorldRiskReport is an annual technical report on global disaster risks. The yearly issues of the WorldRiskReport focus on varying critical topics related to disaster risk management and are published in German and English. The report includes the WorldRiskIndex, which identifies the risk of an extreme natural event becoming a disaster for 181 countries worldwide.^[1]

The report has been published annually by Byter Entwicklung Hilft since 2011 – until 2016 in cooperation with the Institute for Environment and Human Security (UNU-EHS) at the United Nations University in Bonn.^[2] Since 2018, the WorldRiskReport has been published jointly with the Institute for International Law of Peace and Armed Conflict (IFHV) at the Ruhr University Bochum.^[3]

The report aims to highlight linkages between extreme natural events, climate change, disaster risk reduction, and social inequality at the global level to provide a realistic picture of disasters and risk.^[1] Through the close exchange between science and development policy practice, approaches to solutions and recommendations for action for current challenges in disaster risk reduction, climate change adaptation, and development policy are identified.^[4]^[5]

Focal topics

With the focus topics in the WorldRiskReport, the quantitative disaster risk analysis in the form of the WorldRiskIndex is supplemented by several focus articles on central aspects of disaster risk and its management. In addition to the focus articles, the reports usually contain several case studies intended to provide insights into the project work of the member organizations of Bündnis Entwicklung Hilft on the respective focus topics. For the focus articles and case studies, Bündnis Entwicklung Hilft and IFHV cooperate with external experts from science and practice,^[6] thus aiming to provide a comprehensive and multi-layered perspective on disaster risk as a complex phenomenon. So far, the following focal topics have been addressed in the context of the WorldRiskReports:^[1]

2021: Social Protection
2020: Forced Displacement and Migration
2019: Water Supply
2018: Child Protection and Children's Rights
2017: Analysis and Prospects
2016: Logistics and Infrastructure
2015: Food Security
2014: The City as a Risk Area
2013: Health and Healthcare
2012: Environmental Degradation and Disasters
2011: Governance and Civil Society

WorldRiskIndex

The WorldRiskIndex uses 27 aggregated, publicly available indicators to determine disaster risk for 181 countries worldwide. Conceptually, the index is composed of exposure to extreme natural hazards and the societal vulnerability of individual countries. Earthquakes, cyclones, floods, droughts, and climate-induced sea-level rise are considered in the exposure analysis. Societal vulnerability is divided into susceptibility to extreme natural events, lack of coping capacities, and lack of adaptive capacities. All index components are scaled to the value range from 0 to 100. The higher a country's index score on the WorldRiskIndex, the higher its national disaster risk. For illustration and better comparability of the results, all countries are divided into five nearly equal classes using the quintile method.^[7]

The primary methodological concept of the index was developed jointly by the United Nations University Institute for Environment and Human Security (UNU-EHS) and Bündnis Entwicklung Hilft and first published in 2011.^[8]^[9]

Since 2017, the index has been calculated and methodologically advanced by IFHV. As part of the index's evolution to date, new datasets on exposure and societal vulnerability have been included, and the number of countries analyzed has been expanded.^[10]

WorldRiskIndex 2021^[1]
ISO	Rank	World- RiskIndex	Exposure	Vulnerability	Susceptibility	Lack of copingcapacities	Lack of adaptivecapacities
Vanuatu	1	47.73	82.55	57.82	39.66	81.21	52.59
Solomon Islands	2	31.16	51.13	60.95	46.07	81.14	55.63
Tonga	3	30.51	63.63	47.95	28.42	79.81	35.62
Dominica	4	27.42	61.74	44.41	23.42	71.13	38.67
Antigua and Barbuda	5	27.28	67.73	40.28	23.80	64.41	32.62
Brunei	6	22.77	58.17	39.14	15.33	68.13	33.96
Guyana	7	21.83	43.93	49.69	25.96	77.23	45.88
Philippines	8	21.39	42.68	50.11	28.63	82.14	39.56
Papua New Guinea	9	20.90	30.62	68.27	55.28	86.16	63.37
Guatemala	10	20.23	36.79	54.98	32.55	85.66	46.72
Cape Verde	11	17.72	37.23	47.59	28.86	72.71	41.21
Costa Rica	12	17.06	44.27	38.54	19.96	65.33	30.34
Bangladesh	13	16.23	28.11	57.74	32.57	85.57	55.07
Fiji	14	16.06	34.51	46.55	22.06	76.63	40.95
Cambodia	15	15.80	26.89	58.76	38.89	86.61	50.79
Timor-Leste	16	15.75	28.27	55.73	41.83	75.72	49.64
Djibouti	17	15.48	25.78	60.03	36.19	84.33	59.58
El Salvador	18	15.32	31.62	48.46	24.31	78.66	42.41
Kiribati	19	15.14	26.41	57.34	39.67	82.82	49.52
Comoros	20	14.91	23.62	63.13	45.93	85.39	58.06
Haiti	21	14.54	21.41	67.91	49.93	90.36	63.44
Nicaragua	22	14.12	26.02	54.25	32.27	83.29	47.19
Niger	23	13.90	19.27	72.15	61.72	87.91	66.83
Guinea-Bissau	24	13.39	18.88	70.92	60.17	89.20	63.39
Cameroon	25	13.07	20.35	64.21	47.38	88.58	56.66
Nigeria	26	12.66	19.64	64.46	49.70	88.58	55.10
Uruguay	27	12.53	35.97	34.83	19.22	54.25	31.01
Gambia	28	12.40	19.75	62.78	43.58	83.02	61.73
Jamaica	29	12.02	25.92	46.37	24.92	74.52	39.67
Chad	30	11.94	15.76	75.75	64.96	92.16	70.13
Benin	31	11.71	17.92	65.33	54.09	81.42	60.49
Dominican Republic	32	11.49	24.72	46.48	23.35	78.34	37.76
Chile	33	11.32	32.51	34.83	17.79	59.44	27.25
Honduras	34	11.23	20.66	54.35	31.62	85.74	45.68
Burkina Faso	35	11.19	16.59	67.48	57.08	84.39	60.98
Togo	36	10.99	16.60	66.23	55.77	86.14	56.79
Mali	37	10.71	15.61	68.64	49.75	88.60	67.58
Indonesia	38	10.67	21.30	50.10	26.06	78.71	45.54
Madagascar	39	10.44	14.97	69.71	65.83	86.32	56.97
Burundi	40	10.42	14.88	70.02	62.29	90.43	57.34
Kenya	41	10.33	16.63	62.13	50.80	85.50	50.10
Angola	42	10.28	15.61	65.86	52.89	86.89	57.80
Vietnam	43	10.27	22.04	46.60	23.73	76.73	39.34
Ivory Coast	44	9.98	15.57	64.10	47.26	85.61	59.43
Senegal	45	9.79	16.50	59.31	44.64	77.87	55.42
Japan	46	9.66	38.51	25.09	17.92	39.42	17.94
Sierra Leone	47	9.40	13.65	68.87	55.15	85.39	66.07
Ghana	48	9.32	16.38	56.88	41.60	78.75	50.29
Zimbabwe	49	9.30	14.51	64.11	55.02	88.44	48.88
Mozambique	50	9.11	13.26	68.73	62.60	88.45	55.13
Mauritius	51	9.04	23.85	37.92	17.39	58.21	38.17
Tanzania	52	8.94	13.97	64.00	56.49	83.21	52.30
Malawi	52	8.94	13.35	66.98	59.46	84.68	56.79
Liberia	54	8.92	13.48	66.17	55.63	87.16	55.73
Ecuador	55	8.82	18.75	47.05	24.96	76.45	39.74
Democratic Republic of the Congo	56	8.78	11.86	74.04	67.76	92.80	61.55
Trinidad and Tobago	57	8.67	22.58	38.41	18.99	61.24	34.99
Guinea	58	8.65	12.70	68.08	51.87	89.08	63.29
Uganda	59	8.64	12.88	67.07	61.54	88.05	51.63
Sudan	60	8.47	13.13	64.49	44.93	92.30	56.25
Albania	61	8.23	19.77	41.63	20.10	74.77	30.03
Mauritania	62	8.20	13.15	62.37	38.15	86.97	61.98
Afghanistan	63	8.18	12.27	66.63	48.57	91.40	59.93
Belize	64	8.03	16.73	47.97	28.20	74.46	41.26
Venezuela	65	7.99	16.02	49.86	25.75	86.35	37.47
Netherlands	66	7.98	31.75	25.13	14.66	44.34	16.40
Ethiopia	67	7.93	11.75	67.52	56.76	87.35	58.45
Uzbekistan	68	7.91	16.28	48.56	30.25	75.65	39.79
Eswatini	69	7.85	13.54	57.98	42.35	82.62	48.98
Panama	70	7.76	17.74	43.74	23.03	73.03	35.15
Malaysia	71	7.73	19.09	40.49	17.05	71.19	33.22
Zambia	72	7.72	12.12	63.67	61.69	81.31	48.00
Algeria	73	7.66	16.61	46.14	22.24	76.81	39.36
Central African Republic	74	7.64	10.08	75.83	70.52	90.56	66.41
Sri Lanka	75	7.55	15.99	47.19	23.05	76.35	42.17
Rwanda	75	7.55	12.37	61.04	52.14	79.44	51.55
Suriname	77	7.38	15.24	48.41	28.82	74.70	41.70
Equatorial Guinea	78	7.29	12.73	57.28	40.64	86.57	44.64
Kyrgyzstan	79	7.25	16.49	43.96	24.59	75.22	32.07
Myanmar	79	7.25	12.92	56.11	29.42	86.27	52.64
Federated States of Micronesia	81	7.11	14.03	50.71	31.04	72.21	48.89
Greece	82	6.93	22.23	31.18	17.42	58.93	17.20
Eritrea	83	6.87	9.66	71.09	63.28	89.71	60.29
Republic of the Congo	84	6.84	10.56	64.76	54.39	88.63	51.26
Pakistan	85	6.80	11.95	56.88	33.57	84.71	52.37
Montenegro	86	6.75	17.80	37.92	18.57	68.20	26.99
Peru	86	6.75	14.92	45.26	26.29	76.22	33.27
Colombia	88	6.72	14.83	45.32	22.80	77.04	36.13
Lesotho	89	6.66	11.10	59.98	43.97	81.50	54.47
India	90	6.65	12.52	53.09	32.15	78.70	48.42
Gabon	91	6.60	12.75	51.79	32.58	75.08	47.71
Thailand	92	6.52	14.79	44.06	17.62	78.65	35.91
South Africa	93	6.46	13.47	47.93	30.90	73.35	39.54
Mexico	94	6.03	14.20	42.44	20.86	74.25	32.20
China	95	5.87	14.29	41.08	21.64	71.42	30.17
Namibia	96	5.86	11.30	51.89	42.89	74.11	38.66
Tunisia	97	5.85	13.08	44.74	20.90	75.50	37.83
Turkmenistan	97	5.85	12.25	47.72	27.99	76.76	38.42
Tajikistan	99	5.84	12.15	48.06	32.57	76.27	35.35
North Macedonia	100	5.82	14.48	40.21	18.81	70.58	31.25
Morocco	100	5.82	12.12	48.00	25.02	79.35	39.63
Azerbaijan	102	5.81	14.21	40.90	18.46	72.00	32.24
Syria	103	5.80	10.63	54.54	27.32	90.76	45.54
Iraq	103	5.80	10.40	55.77	26.86	87.89	52.57
Cuba	105	5.75	16.30	35.26	19.70	53.28	32.79
Yemen	106	5.72	8.27	69.12	44.85	93.17	69.34
Romania	107	5.71	15.39	37.11	19.47	63.14	28.71
Georgia	108	5.69	15.14	37.56	22.15	59.22	31.32
Samoa	109	5.54	11.46	48.32	25.56	79.83	39.56
Lebanon	110	5.49	11.61	47.31	20.26	81.00	40.66
Serbia	111	5.42	13.84	39.14	21.89	68.39	27.15
Armenia	112	5.40	14.23	37.92	19.62	65.37	28.76
Turkey	113	5.11	12.57	40.65	18.09	72.44	31.42
Hungary	114	5.07	15.24	33.25	16.07	58.89	24.78
Iran	115	5.03	10.90	46.15	21.67	82.62	34.17
Brazil	116	4.97	11.35	43.80	22.68	76.22	32.51
New Zealand	117	4.96	17.59	28.20	16.06	47.45	21.08
Seychelles	118	4.89	11.94	40.97	18.23	64.82	39.86
Italy	119	4.74	15.02	31.58	16.90	60.29	17.55
Bolivia	120	4.71	9.49	49.67	31.83	79.79	37.38
Bosnia and Herzegovina	121	4.68	10.89	43.01	18.77	74.61	35.65
Nepal	122	4.66	8.51	54.76	32.90	83.28	48.10
Australia	123	4.54	18.07	25.12	15.66	43.67	16.02
Saint Lucia	124	4.52	9.83	45.96	23.68	74.26	39.95
Ireland	125	4.49	16.68	26.90	15.40	47.66	17.65
Laos	126	4.46	8.01	55.64	32.86	82.91	51.14
Kuwait	127	4.32	11.90	36.28	14.12	70.09	24.64
Bahamas	128	4.27	11.63	36.74	17.68	58.92	33.63
Croatia	129	4.16	12.04	34.55	17.36	63.67	22.63
Bulgaria	129	4.16	11.93	34.90	21.11	58.78	24.80
Jordan	131	4.11	9.24	44.47	22.59	68.26	42.56
Moldova	132	4.00	9.63	41.51	21.56	68.87	34.10
United States	133	3.98	13.03	30.58	15.92	54.15	21.68
Botswana	134	3.94	8.23	47.86	32.44	71.83	39.30
Spain	135	3.62	11.77	30.73	15.86	58.22	18.11
Paraguay	136	3.56	7.43	47.98	24.11	79.92	39.90
Russia	137	3.53	9.50	37.21	18.64	65.83	27.15
Portugal	138	3.52	11.60	30.38	16.60	51.49	23.04
Argentina	138	3.52	9.60	36.63	20.35	60.27	29.27
United Kingdom	140	3.51	12.58	27.92	16.18	48.71	18.87
Kazakhstan	141	3.48	9.34	37.29	17.64	65.09	29.15
Libya	142	3.47	7.37	47.12	22.65	83.76	34.94
Slovenia	143	3.42	11.40	30.04	14.87	56.15	19.09
Slovakia	144	3.33	10.10	32.97	14.84	59.15	24.93
Bhutan	145	3.25	6.90	47.12	23.72	72.44	45.21
Cyprus	146	3.21	8.97	35.78	15.24	67.63	24.46
United Arab Emirates	147	3.14	10.48	29.97	9.82	54.52	25.57
South Korea	148	3.13	11.40	27.45	13.36	48.48	20.50
Poland	149	3.07	9.45	32.46	15.56	59.65	22.17
Austria	150	3.06	13.08	23.41	13.87	41.00	15.35
Czech Republic	150	3.06	10.76	28.46	15.09	49.48	20.80
Latvia	152	3.01	8.80	34.21	18.90	60.06	23.67
Mongolia	153	2.98	6.91	43.09	29.02	64.44	35.81
Bahrain	154	2.93	7.33	39.94	15.31	76.81	27.71
Norway	155	2.87	10.84	26.48	13.80	42.79	22.86
Canada	156	2.81	10.36	27.10	15.07	47.49	18.73
Israel	156	2.81	8.45	33.30	18.51	58.57	22.83
Denmark	158	2.79	11.92	23.43	14.90	40.09	15.30
Ukraine	159	2.72	6.92	39.36	18.83	68.43	30.81
Belgium	160	2.71	11.41	23.79	14.66	42.49	14.22
Germany	161	2.66	11.51	23.12	15.02	38.35	16.00
Belarus	162	2.64	8.00	32.96	16.68	56.36	25.84
São Tomé and Príncipe	163	2.57	4.54	56.60	45.67	77.23	46.90
Oman	164	2.54	6.04	42.02	23.68	66.65	35.73
Luxembourg	165	2.53	9.57	26.41	11.86	47.15	20.23
France	166	2.51	9.63	26.06	16.68	45.10	16.41
Singapore	167	2.50	8.88	28.10	10.34	54.01	19.94
Sweden	168	2.25	8.80	25.62	15.63	45.43	15.81
Lithuania	169	2.18	7.35	29.72	18.17	50.01	20.99
Switzerland	170	2.04	9.01	22.68	13.97	38.92	15.14
Finland	171	2.00	8.26	24.24	15.78	41.20	15.75
Estonia	172	1.99	6.51	30.52	16.60	53.61	21.35
Egypt	173	1.82	3.76	48.33	22.22	83.15	39.62
Iceland	174	1.71	7.14	23.95	13.99	43.20	14.67
Maldives	175	1.69	4.18	40.39	15.59	65.82	39.76
Barbados	176	1.37	3.61	37.96	20.66	60.11	33.12
Grenada	177	1.06	2.40	43.98	26.36	69.21	36.38
Saudi Arabia	178	0.94	2.58	36.46	13.83	68.21	27.34
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines	179	0.70	1.62	43.00	28.16	69.86	30.97
Malta	180	0.69	2.31	29.96	15.04	54.76	20.09
Qatar	181	0.30	0.85	34.80	9.03	65.03	30.34

Classification WorldRiskIndex 2021^[1]
Classification	WorldRiskIndex	Exposure	Vulnerability	Susceptibility	Lack of coping capacities	Lack of adaptive capacities
very low	0,30 – 3,25	0,85 – 9,57	22,68 – 34,21	9,03 – 16,68	38,35 – 58,92	14,22 – 24,78
low	3,26 – 5,54	9,58 – 12,04	34,22 – 42,02	16,69 – 21,56	58,93 – 71,19	24,79 – 34,10
medium	5,55 – 7,66	12,05 – 14,83	42,03 – 48,32	21,57 – 28,16	71,20 – 77,87	34,11 – 40,66
high	7,67 – 10,71	14,84 – 19,75	48,33 – 61,04	28,17 – 44,85	77,88 – 85,50	40,67 – 52,59
very high	10,72 – 47,73	19,76 – 82,55	61,05 – 75,83	44,86 – 70,52	85,51 – 93,17	52,60 – 70,13

Media resonance

The publication of the WorldRiskReports has regularly reached widespread media resonance in Germany in recent years.^[4]^[11] The WorldRiskReport also attracts attention in the international press.^[12]^[13]^[14]

The 2019 and 2020 WorldRiskReports on the focal topics of water supply and forced displacement and migration were presented at two conferences organized by the European Commission's Directorate-General for European Civil Protection and Humanitarian Aid Operations (ECHO) and discussed by experts from academia, politics, and development policy practice.^[15]^[16]

Related publications

Based on the concept of the WorldRiskIndex, index-based risk analyses for freshwater regions, the global fisheries sector, and mangrove areas were conducted in cooperation between Bündnis Entwicklung Hilft and the global environmental organization The Nature Conservancy, as well as in collaboration with several universities such as the University of California Santa Cruz and McGill University.^[17]^[18] The cooperation project between Bündnis Entwicklung Hilft and The Nature Conservancy is part of the International Climate Initiative (IKI) and was funded by the German Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation, and Nuclear Safety.^[19]

Related Research Articles

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In the context of the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) process, loss and damage is the harm caused by anthropogenic (human-generated) climate change.

Climate change affects men and women differently. Climate change and gender examines how men and women access and use resources that are impacted by climate change and how they experience the resulting impacts. It examines how gender roles and cultural norms influence the ability of men and women to respond to climate change, and how women's and men's roles can be better integrated into climate change adaptation and mitigation strategies. It also considers how climate change intersects with other gender-related challenges, such as poverty, access to resources, and unequal power dynamics. Ultimately, the goal of this research is to ensure that climate change policies and initiatives are equitable, and that both women and men benefit from them. Climate change increases gender inequality, reduces women's ability to be financially independent, and has an overall negative impact on the social and political rights of women, especially in economies that are heavily based on agriculture. In many cases, gender inequality means that women are more vulnerable to the negative effects of climate change. This is due to gender roles, particularly in the developing world, which means that women are often dependent on the natural environment for subsistence and income. By further limiting women's already constrained access to physical, social, political, and fiscal resources, climate change often burdens women more than men and can magnify existing gender inequality.

Climate change in Pakistan is a major issue for the country. Pakistan is highly vulnerable to climate change. As with the changing climate in South Asia as a whole, the climate of Pakistan has changed over the past several decades, with significant impacts on the environment and people. In addition to increased heat, drought and extreme weather in parts of the country, the melting of glaciers in the Himalayas has impacted some of the important rivers of Pakistan. Between 1999 and 2018, Pakistan ranked 5th in the countries affected by extreme weather caused by climate change. Pakistan is prone to a range of natural disasters, including cyclones, floods, drought, intense rainfall, and earthquakes.

Climate security is a political and policy framework that looks at the impacts of climate on security. Climate security often refers to the national and international security risks induced, directly or indirectly, by changes in climate patterns. It is a concept that summons the idea that climate-related change amplifies existing risks in society that endangers the security of humans, ecosystems, economy, infrastructure and societies. Climate-related security risks have far-reaching implications for the way the world manages peace and security. Climate actions to adapt and mitigate impacts can also have a negative effect on human security if mishandled.

Climate change in the Philippines is having serious impacts such as increased frequency and severity of natural disasters, sea level rise, extreme rainfall, resource shortages, and environmental degradation. All of these impacts together have greatly affected the Philippines' agriculture, water, infrastructure, human health, and coastal ecosystems and they are projected to continue having devastating damages to the economy and society of the Philippines.

Climate risk insurance is a type of insurance designed to mitigate the financial and other risk associated with climate change, especially phenomena like extreme weather. The insurance is often treated as a type of insurance needed for improving the climate resilience of poor and developing communities. It provides post-disaster liquidity for relief and reconstruction measures while also preparing for the future measures in order to reduce climate change vulnerability. Insurance is considered an important climate change adaptation measure.

Climate migration is a subset of climate-related mobility that refers to primarily voluntary movement driven by the impact of sudden or gradual climate-exacerbated disasters, such as "abnormally heavy rainfalls, prolonged droughts, desertification, environmental degradation, or sea-level rise and cyclones". The majority of climate migrants move internally within their own countries, though a smaller number of climate-displaced people also move across national borders.

Climate change disproportionately affects individuals with disabilities, both directly and indirectly. Individuals with disabilities are more likely to experience the effects of climate change on humans more acutely compared to those without disabilities. Typically, disabled people are the most likely to be negatively affected by any form of emergency, whether it be an immediate emergency like a flood or tornado or a gradual emergency like rising sea levels, due to a lack of access to emergency resources and the difficulties imposed by limited mobility. Disabled people are also more adversely affected by climate change because a disproportionate number of disabled people live in poverty, and people living in poverty are inherently more at risk due to climate change. Despite this, and despite the fact that disabled people make up more than 15% of the global population, they have had minimal input and involvement in the decision-making process surrounding responses to climate change. A 2022 study by the Disability-Inclusive Climate Action Research Programme revealed that only 37 of 192 State Parties to the Paris Agreement currently refer to persons with disabilities in their nationally determined contributions, while only 46 State Parties refer to persons with disabilities in their domestic climate adaptation policies.

Omar-Darío Cardona Arboleda is a civil engineer, academic, and author. He is a Titular Professor of integrated disaster risk management and climate change adaptation in the Institute of Environment Studies at the National University of Colombia, Co-founder, and CEO of Ingeniar: Risk Intelligence.

Joshua Amponsem is a Ghanaian climate advocate and a co-founder of Green Africa Youth Organization (GAYO). He is the climate specialist at the Office of the UN Secretary General's Envoy on Youth. He is the Lead Author of Adapt for Our Future, the first-ever research paper on the role of youth in advancing climate adaptation. His career has been more focused on grassroots climate and waste management solutions while advancing youth engagement in resilience building, disaster risk reduction, and climate change adaptation at the international level.

Koko Warner is a climate change expert who specializes in human migration and displacement and who holds a PhD in economics from the University of Vienna. In 2014, the International Council for Science named Warner as one of the top 20 women making contributions to climate change debate.

References

1 2 3 4 5 "WorldRiskReport". Official project page WorldRiskReport.
↑ "World Risk Report - Institute for Environment and Human Security". ehs.unu.edu. Retrieved 2021-12-03.
↑ "WorldRiskReport". IFHV. Retrieved 2021-12-03.
1 2 tagesschau.de. "Autoren des Weltrisikoberichts fordern bessere Sozialsysteme". tagesschau.de (in German). Retrieved 2021-12-03.
↑ WorldRiskReport 2020: Forced Displacement and Migration (PDF). Bündnis Entwicklung Hilft / IFHV. 2020.
↑ WorldRiskReport 2019: Water Supply (PDF). Bündnis Entwicklung Hilft / IFHV. 2019.
↑ "Methodological Notes of the WorldRiskIndex 2021". Bündnis Entwicklung Hilft.
↑ Birkmann, J.; Welle, T. (2016). "The WorldRiskIndex 2016: Reveals the Necessity for Regional Cooperation in Vulnerability Reduction". J Extreme Events. 3 (2). doi: 10.1142/S2345737616500056 . S2CID 132428578.
↑ Welle, T., Birkmann, J. "The World Risk Index – An Approach to Assess Risk and Vulnerability on a Global Scale". Journal of Extreme Events. 2.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
↑ WorldRiskReport 2018: Child Protection and Children's Rights (PDF). Bündnis Entwicklung Hilft / IFHV. 2018.
↑ "ZEIT ONLINE | Lesen Sie zeit.de mit Werbung oder im PUR-Abo. Sie haben die Wahl". www.zeit.de. Retrieved 2021-12-03.
↑ "Haiti's lack of preparedness makes bad disasters worse". The Economist. 2021-08-18. ISSN 0013-0613 . Retrieved 2021-12-03.
↑ Madden, Duncan. "The WorldRiskReport Is Out And A Tiny Island Paradise Is The Most Risk Prone Place On Earth". Forbes. Retrieved 2021-12-03.
↑ "Nations better shielded from disasters, Pacific most at risk: study". Reuters. 2017-11-07. Retrieved 2021-12-03.
↑ "WorldRiskReport 2019 - Focus: Water Supply - World". ReliefWeb. Retrieved 2021-12-03.
↑ "WorldRiskReport 2020 - Focus: Forced Displacement and Migration - World". ReliefWeb. Retrieved 2021-12-03.
↑ Global assessment of current and future river flooding and the role of nature-based solutions for risk management (PDF). The Nature Conservancy / Bündnis Entwicklung Hilft. 2021.
↑ "New Study Shows High Risk to Fisheries from Climate Change". The Nature Conservancy. Retrieved 2021-12-03.
↑ Losada, Íñigo J.; Menéndez, Pelayo; Espejo, Antonio; Torres, Saúl; Simal, Pedro Díaz; Abad, Sheila; Beck, Michael W.; Narayan, Siddharth; Trespalacios, Dania; Pfliegner, Kerstin; Mucke, Peter; Kirch, Lotte (2018). The Global Value of Mangroves for Risk Reduction (PDF). The Nature Conservancy / Bündnis Entwicklung Hilft. doi:10.7291/V9DV1H2S.

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[:0-1] 1 2 3 4 5 "WorldRiskReport". Official project page WorldRiskReport.

[2] "World Risk Report - Institute for Environment and Human Security". ehs.unu.edu. Retrieved 2021-12-03.

[3] "WorldRiskReport". IFHV. Retrieved 2021-12-03.

[tagesschau.de-4] 1 2 tagesschau.de. "Autoren des Weltrisikoberichts fordern bessere Sozialsysteme". tagesschau.de (in German). Retrieved 2021-12-03.

[5] WorldRiskReport 2020: Forced Displacement and Migration (PDF). Bündnis Entwicklung Hilft / IFHV. 2020.

[6] WorldRiskReport 2019: Water Supply (PDF). Bündnis Entwicklung Hilft / IFHV. 2019.

[7] "Methodological Notes of the WorldRiskIndex 2021". Bündnis Entwicklung Hilft.

[8] Birkmann, J.; Welle, T. (2016). "The WorldRiskIndex 2016: Reveals the Necessity for Regional Cooperation in Vulnerability Reduction". J Extreme Events. 3 (2). doi: 10.1142/S2345737616500056 . S2CID 132428578.

[9] Welle, T., Birkmann, J. "The World Risk Index – An Approach to Assess Risk and Vulnerability on a Global Scale". Journal of Extreme Events. 2.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

[10] WorldRiskReport 2018: Child Protection and Children's Rights (PDF). Bündnis Entwicklung Hilft / IFHV. 2018.

[11] "ZEIT ONLINE | Lesen Sie zeit.de mit Werbung oder im PUR-Abo. Sie haben die Wahl". www.zeit.de. Retrieved 2021-12-03.

[12] "Haiti's lack of preparedness makes bad disasters worse". The Economist. 2021-08-18. ISSN 0013-0613 . Retrieved 2021-12-03.

[13] Madden, Duncan. "The WorldRiskReport Is Out And A Tiny Island Paradise Is The Most Risk Prone Place On Earth". Forbes. Retrieved 2021-12-03.

[14] "Nations better shielded from disasters, Pacific most at risk: study". Reuters. 2017-11-07. Retrieved 2021-12-03.

[15] "WorldRiskReport 2019 - Focus: Water Supply - World". ReliefWeb. Retrieved 2021-12-03.

[16] "WorldRiskReport 2020 - Focus: Forced Displacement and Migration - World". ReliefWeb. Retrieved 2021-12-03.

[17] Global assessment of current and future river flooding and the role of nature-based solutions for risk management (PDF). The Nature Conservancy / Bündnis Entwicklung Hilft. 2021.

[18] "New Study Shows High Risk to Fisheries from Climate Change". The Nature Conservancy. Retrieved 2021-12-03.

[19] Losada, Íñigo J.; Menéndez, Pelayo; Espejo, Antonio; Torres, Saúl; Simal, Pedro Díaz; Abad, Sheila; Beck, Michael W.; Narayan, Siddharth; Trespalacios, Dania; Pfliegner, Kerstin; Mucke, Peter; Kirch, Lotte (2018). The Global Value of Mangroves for Risk Reduction (PDF). The Nature Conservancy / Bündnis Entwicklung Hilft. doi:10.7291/V9DV1H2S.

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