Yunnan Province 雲南省 | |||||||||
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Province of the Republic of China (1912–1951) | |||||||||
1912–1951 | |||||||||
Yunnan Province (red) in the de jure territory of the Republic of China | |||||||||
Capital | Kunming (1912–1949, de jure) Bangkok, Thailand (in exile) (1950–1951) | ||||||||
Area | |||||||||
• 1947 | 420,465 km2 (162,342 sq mi) | ||||||||
Population | |||||||||
• 1947 | 9,066,000 | ||||||||
Historical era | 20th century | ||||||||
• Established | 1912 | ||||||||
• Defection of the Provincial Government | 9 December 1949 | ||||||||
• PRC establishes full control of Yunnan | 1951 | ||||||||
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Today part of | China Myanmar |
Yunnan is a de jure province in the Republic of China according to the ROC law, as the ROC government formally claims to be the legitimate government of the whole China. It was one of the 22 provinces set up during the Qing dynasty. As one of the 6 provinces in South China, the territory it administers was slightly larger than the present-day Yunnan.
As the ROC does not recognize changes in administrative divisions made by the PRC, including this province, official maps of the ROC government shows Yunnan in its pre-1949 boundaries.
The province inherited the borders of the Qing-Dynasty province, bordering Sikang, Szechwan, Kweichow, Kwanghsi, and the countries Vietnam, Laos, Myanmar, and India. The claimed boundaries of the province included all of today's Yunnan and parts of Panzhihua, Sichuan and Myanmar (Jiangxinpo, Namwan and parts of Wa states). The province had an area of 420,465 km2.
Following the collapse of the Qing Dynasty in 1911, Yunnan came under the control of local warlords, who had more than the usual degree of autonomy due to Yunnan's remoteness. They financed their regime through opium harvesting and traffic.
Cai E is regarded as the founder of the Yunnan clique when at the request of Liang Qichao in 1915, he declared Yunnan's opposition to Yuan Shikai's monarchy. Cai died from natural causes shortly after the successful National Protection War. His chief lieutenant, Tang Jiyao, took over Yunnan and demanded that the National Assembly be restored. When this was accomplished, Yunnan officially reunified with the national government but kept its provincial army separate due to the Beiyang Army's grip in Beijing politics. In 1927, Long Yun seized control of the clique; Tang died shortly after. Long then re-aligned Yunnan under the Nationalist government in Nanjing but stringently guarded the province's autonomy. [1]
In Second Sino-Japanese War, Yunnan served as, among other things, a home base for the Flying Tigers. The Burma Road was constructed, along which supplies travelled into the province and then into the heart of China. In 1942 the Chinese Expeditionary Force entered Burma to fight with the British against the Japanese invasion, eventually fighting to a standstill across the Nu River for 2 years. The province was also a refuge for people, especially university faculty and students, from the east. These had originally retreated to Changsha, but as the Japanese forces were gaining more territory they eventually bombed Changsha in February 1938. The 800 staff faculty and students who were left had to flee and made the 1,000-mile journey to Kunming. It was here that the National Southwest Associated University (commonly known as Lianda) was established. In these extraordinary wartime circumstances for eight years, staff, professors and students had to survive and operate in makeshift quarters that were subject to sporadic bombing campaigns by Japan. There were dire shortages of food, equipment, books, clothing and other essential needs, but they did manage to conduct the running of a modern university. Over those eight years of war (1937–1945), Lianda became famous nationwide for having and producing many, if not most, of China's most prominent academics, scholars, scientists and intellectuals. Both of China's only Nobel laureates in physics studied at Lianda.[ citation needed ]
After the end of the Second Sino-Japanese War, Long was removed from office. [2] During the Chinese Civil War, Nationalist forces retreated to the southwest provinces of Szechwan, Sikang, and Yunnan. In 9 December 1949, Chairperson of the Provincial Government Lu Han defected to the Communists and most of the Nationalist troops were defeated in the province. Remnants of the Nationalist forces, led by Li Mi and using Mong Hsat as a base, engaged in guerrilla warfare against the Communists, briefly capturing parts of Yunnan territory. In 1951 the provincial government in exile was dissolved and in 1954, Li Mi's remaining troops retreated to Taiwan.
Year | Households | Population | Male | Female | Average people per household | Gender ratio |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1912 | 1,904,000 | 9,468,000 | 4,976,000 | 4,492,000 | 4.97 | 110.70 |
1928 | None | 13,821,000 | None | None | None | None |
1936 to 1937 | 2,390,000 | 12,042,000 | 6,226,000 | 5,816,000 | 5.04 | 107.04 |
1947 | 1,715,000 | 9,066,000 | 4,552,000 | 4,513,000 | 5.27 | 100.82 |
Kuomintang (Nationalist)
№ | Portrait | Name (Birth–Death) | Term of office | Political party | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Long Yun 龍雲 Lóng Yún (1884–1962) | 17 January 1928 | 2 October 1945 | Kuomintang Yunnan clique | |
Of Yi descent. Removed from office. | |||||
— | Li Zonghuang 李宗黄 Lǐ Zōnghuáng (1888–1978) | 2 October 1945 | 1 December 1945 | Kuomintang | |
2 | Lu Han 盧漢 Lú Hàn (1896–1974) | 1 December 1945 | 9 December 1949 | Kuomintang | |
Of Yi descent. Defected to the Communists. | |||||
3 | Li Mi 李彌 Lǐ Mí (1902–1973) | 21 December 1945 [4] | 1954 | Kuomintang | |
Post abolished. | |||||
Taiwan Province is a de jure administrative division of the Republic of China (ROC). Provinces remain a titular division as a part of the Constitution of the Republic of China, but are no longer considered to have any administrative function practically.
Yunnan is a landlocked province in Southwest China. The province spans approximately 394,000 km2 (152,000 sq mi) and has a population of 48.3 million. The capital of the province is Kunming. The province borders the Chinese provinces of Guizhou, Sichuan, autonomous regions of Guangxi and Tibet, as well as Southeast Asian countries Vietnam, Laos, and Myanmar. Yunnan is China's fourth least developed province based on disposable income per capita in 2014.
Kunming is the capital and largest city of Yunnan province, China. It is the political, economic, communications and cultural centre of the province as well as the seat of the provincial government. The city was of great significance during World War II as a Chinese military center, American air base, and transport terminus for the Burma Road. In the middle of the Yunnan–Guizhou Plateau, Kunming is at an altitude of 1,900 metres above sea level and a latitude just north of the Tropic of Cancer. The city is the fourth most populous city in Western China, after Chongqing, Chengdu, and Xi'an, as well as the third most populous city in Southwestern China after Chongqing and Chengdu. As of 2020 census, Kunming had a total population of 8,460,088 inhabitants, of whom 5,604,310 lived in its built-up area made of all urban districts but Jinning, not conurbated yet. It is at the northern edge of Dian Lake, surrounded by temples and lake-and-limestone hill landscapes.
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Chen Cheng was a Chinese political and military leader, and one of the main commanders of the National Revolutionary Army during the Second Sino-Japanese War and the Chinese Civil War.
This article describes the history of Yunnan, currently a province of the People's Republic of China.
When the Second Sino-Japanese War broke out between China and Japan in 1937, Peking University, Tsinghua University and Nankai University merged to form Changsha Temporary University in Changsha and later National Southwestern Associated University (Lianda) in Kunming and Mengzi, in Southwest China's Yunnan Province. After the war, the universities moved back and resumed their operation. What was left behind in Kunming became the National Kunming Normal University which later emerged as the Yunnan Normal University.
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