Greenwood County, South Carolina

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Greenwood County
Greenwood County Courthouse, Greenwood, South Carolina.jpg
Greenwood County Courthouse
Greenwood County Seal.png
Map of South Carolina highlighting Greenwood County.svg
Location within the U.S. state of South Carolina
South Carolina in United States.svg
South Carolina's location within the U.S.
Coordinates: 34°10′N82°08′W / 34.16°N 82.13°W / 34.16; -82.13
CountryFlag of the United States.svg United States
StateFlag of South Carolina.svg  South Carolina
Founded1897
Named for Greenwood Plantation [1]
Seat Greenwood
Largest communityGreenwood
Area
  Total463.81 sq mi (1,201.3 km2)
  Land455.60 sq mi (1,180.0 km2)
  Water8.21 sq mi (21.3 km2)  1.77%
Population
 (2020)
  Total69,351
  Estimate 
(2023)
69,460
  Density152.22/sq mi (58.77/km2)
Time zone UTC−5 (Eastern)
  Summer (DST) UTC−4 (EDT)
Congressional district 3rd
Website www.greenwoodcounty-sc.gov

Greenwood County is a county located in the U.S. state of South Carolina. As of the 2020 census, its population was 69,351. [2] Its county seat is Greenwood. [3]

Contents

Among the 22 counties located in the Piedmont of the state, [4] Greenwood County is the largest county within the Greenwood, SC Micropolitan Statistical Area. [5]

History

In the colonial years, English and Scots traders from Charles Town (later known as Charleston) were the first Europeans to make regular forays into this back country, part of the traditional territory of the Cherokee Nation, which had numerous towns on the upper tributaries of the Savannah River, especially along the Keowee River. Their territory extended into modern western North Carolina, eastern Tennessee and northeastern Georgia. The traders called this route in South Carolina the "Cherokee Path." [6]

The trade in deerskins was highly lucrative, and traders passed on information among them about landmarks and the distances to their customers in the Nation. They estimated mileage between streams based on their day's travel. They noted unusual aspects, such as the six creeks that ran unexpectedly south away from the Saluda River and, further west, nine creeks that ran south away from the Savannah River, noting them on maps as "6" and "9". A town in this area and a district both became known as "Ninety-Six", which historian David P. George believes is related to traders' references to these two landmark groups of streams. Using historical accounts and USGS maps, he and other historians have traced the Cherokee Path across present-day Greenwood County, territory that at the time was part of other districts. [7]

After the Cherokee were removed from the area through treaty cessions and Indian Removal, European Americans moved in, developing large cotton plantations that were dependent on the labor of enslaved Africans. This upland region of the Piedmont supported widespread cultivation of short-staple cotton, a variety made profitable by the late 18th-century invention of the cotton gin for processing it. Cotton was the chief commodity of the South before the Civil War, and was important afterward as well. The construction of the Charlotte and South Carolina Railroad in 1852 in this area enabled planters to more easily get their products to market. [6]

The railway also stimulated the development of textile manufacturing in the Piedmont in the late nineteenth century. Previously most cotton had been shipped to the North (New York and New England) for processing and manufacture, or to England and Europe. The rise of textile manufacturing in the South altered the economy and society of the region. The first cotton mill in Greenwood opened in 1890 with 75 workers. (As labor was highly segregated, factory owners hired only white workers for decades.) When the mill nearly failed in 1908, James C. Self became president of Greenwood Cotton Mill and built one of the largest privately held companies in the industry. Abney Mills, based in Greenwood, developed more production plants across the upstate. [8]

Greenwood County was formed in 1897 from portions of Abbeville and Edgefield counties, which had originally been part of the old Ninety-Six District. It was named for its county seat, Greenwood. The town was named around 1824 after a cotton plantation owned by John McGehee, an early resident. The county and region has continued to be agricultural in the 21st century, although crops have changed. [9]

In the late nineteenth century, conservative white Democrats had continued efforts to suppress black voting, through fraud and violence. Beginning with Mississippi in 1890, state legislatures passed new constitutions and laws that essentially disenfranchised most blacks. They maintained this political exclusion for decades, weakening the Republican Party throughout the South, where it had chiefly attracted freedmen and their descendants. [10] South Carolina passed such a constitution in 1895 but violence continued around elections as African Americans tried to vote for Republican candidates. White Democrats were determined to regain power after a fusionist ticket had been elected at the state level. [11]

In November 1898 the Phoenix Election riot broke out, after an armed altercation at the polling place. The Republican Congressional candidate was Rhett R. Tolbert. He came from a major planter family in the area. His brother Thomas P. Jr, was collecting affidavits in Phoenix from African Americans who wanted to vote for Tolbert but had been prevented from doing so. Democrat Giels O. Ethridge, came from a polling place two miles away and confronted him. Ethridge was fatally shot; blacks were accused of killing him. White Democrats attacked Republican Thomas Tolbert and African Americans with him, wounding them seriously. (Tolbert later said that Ethridge was shot by his own people.) John R. Tolbert, their father, was also wounded, and he and another son Joseph fled to Charleston, where the senior Tolbert was US customs officer of the port. Violence took place throughout the Phoenix area for four days, with armed groups of whites coming from around the county to hunt down black suspects. A mob of 600-1000 armed white men had gathered in Phoenix before events ended. Several African-American men were killed; at least six were lynched near Rehoboth Church. An inquest concluded their deaths were from "persons unknown." [12]

This region continued to depend on agriculture, which was struggling. Cotton crops throughout the South were damaged by the boll weevil. Many African Americans left this and other rural counties in the early 20th century in the Great Migration from 1910 to 1940, to escape Jim Crow suppression and violence, and gain jobs in industrial cities of the North and Midwest. [13]

The Great Depression of the 1930s altered the economy and landscape of Greenwood County. Farmers were impoverished, and land values declined. As local textile mills struggled to survive, they resisted union efforts to organize the workers. After 1933, New Deal programs of the Franklin D. Roosevelt administration offered limited work relief for the unemployed, as the federal government invested in numerous local infrastructure programs to provide jobs and build for the future.

The largest New Deal project in the area was construction of Buzzard's Roost Dam on the Saluda River to impound Lake Greenwood and generate electricity at a county-owned power plant. Since then, the county sold the hydroelectric plant to Duke Power Company, which dominates the regional market. The lake offers residents and visitors an array of recreational facilities. [14]

Since 1950, Greenwood County has developed a diversified industrial base. New factories have been constructed by such major corporations as Capsugel (Lonza), Fujifilm, Monsanto (Ascend), and VELUX. [15]

Geography

Greenwood County, South Carolina
Interactive map of Greenwood County

According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 463.81 square miles (1,201.3 km2), of which 455.60 square miles (1,180.0 km2) is land and 8.21 square miles (21.3 km2) (1.77%) is water. [16] Greenwood County is in the basins of the Savannah and the Saluda rivers.

National protected areas/sites

State and local protected areas

Major water bodies

Adjacent counties

Major highways

Airport

Demographics

Historical population
CensusPop.Note
1900 28,343
1910 34,22520.8%
1920 35,7914.6%
1930 36,0780.8%
1940 40,08311.1%
1950 41,6283.9%
1960 44,3466.5%
1970 49,68612.0%
1980 57,84716.4%
1990 59,5673.0%
2000 66,27111.3%
2010 69,6615.1%
2020 69,351−0.4%
2023 (est.)69,460 [2] 0.2%
U.S. Decennial Census [17]
1790–1960 [18] 1900–1990 [19]
1990–2000 [20] 2010 [21] 2020 [2]

2020 census

Greenwood County racial composition [22]
RaceNum.Perc.
White (non-Hispanic)40,62558.58%
Black or African American (non-Hispanic)20,82030.02%
Native American 1020.15%
Asian 6780.98%
Pacific Islander 410.06%
Other/Mixed 2,3363.37%
Hispanic or Latino 4,7496.85%

As of the 2020 census, there were 69,351 people, 28,544 households, and 17,855 families residing in the county.

2010 census

At the 2010 census, there were 69,661 people, 27,547 households, and 18,438 families living in the county. [23] [21] The population density was 153.2 inhabitants per square mile (59.2 inhabitants/km2). There were 31,054 housing units at an average density of 68.3 units per square mile (26.4 units/km2). [24] The racial makeup of the county was 62.9% white, 31.4% black or African American, 0.8% Asian, 0.3% American Indian, 3.5% from other races, and 1.2% from two or more races. Those of Hispanic or Latino origin made up 5.4% of the population. [23] In terms of ancestry, 31.4% were of African descent, 17.8% identified as American, 8.7% as of English descent, 8.2% as ethnic Irish, and 8.0% as German. [25]

Of the 27,547 households, 32.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 44.4% were married couples living together, 17.5% had a female householder with no husband present, 33.1% were non-families, and 27.9% of all households were made up of individuals. The average household size was 2.43 and the average family size was 2.96. The median age was 37.9 years. [23]

The median income for a household in the county was $38,797 and the median income for a family was $49,785. Males had a median income of $36,806 versus $29,327 for females. The per capita income for the county was $21,728. About 12.8% of families and 17.6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 27.3% of those under age 18 and 9.7% of those age 65 or over. [26]

2000 census

At the 2000 census, [27] there were 66,271 people, 25,729 households, and 17,753 families living in the county. The population density was 146 people per square mile (56 people/km2). There were 28,243 housing units at an average density of 62 units per square mile (24 units/km2). The racial makeup of the county was 65.57% White, 31.74% Black or African American, 0.18% Native American, 0.71% Asian, 0.04% Pacific Islander, 1.03% from other races, and 0.74% from two or more races. 2.87% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.

There were 25,729 households, out of which 31.70% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 48.70% were married couples living together, 16.10% had a female householder with no husband present, and 31.00% were non-families. 26.30% of all households were made up of individuals, and 10.60% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.49 and the average family size was 3.00.

In the county, the population was spread out, with 25.50% under the age of 18, 10.40% from 18 to 24, 28.20% from 25 to 44, 22.20% from 45 to 64, and 13.70% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 35 years. For every 100 females there were 88.40 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 84.60 males.

The median income for a household in the county was $34,702, and the median income for a family was $42,022. Males had a median income of $30,759 versus $23,820 for females. The per capita income for the county was $17,446. About 9.90% of families and 14.20% of the population were below the poverty line, including 17.70% of those under age 18 and 14.10% of those age 65 or over.

Government and politics

Leath Correctional Institution, a South Carolina Department of Corrections prison for women, is located in unincorporated Greenwood County, near Greenwood. [28]

United States presidential election results for Greenwood County, South Carolina [29]
Year Republican Democratic Third party
No.%No.%No.%
2020 19,43160.71%12,14537.95%4301.34%
2016 16,96158.97%10,71137.24%1,0913.79%
2012 16,34857.02%11,97241.76%3521.23%
2008 16,99557.29%12,34841.62%3241.09%
2004 14,26460.85%8,95438.20%2240.96%
2000 12,19358.45%8,13939.02%5282.53%
1996 8,86548.81%8,19345.11%1,1056.08%
1992 9,07947.98%7,62140.27%2,22311.75%
1988 9,09657.92%6,51141.46%970.62%
1984 10,88762.91%6,33936.63%810.47%
1980 7,29043.17%9,28354.97%3151.87%
1976 5,97437.36%9,97662.39%410.26%
1972 9,37072.22%3,40026.20%2051.58%
1968 4,89133.37%3,74125.52%6,02641.11%
1964 5,65350.78%5,47949.22%00.00%
1960 2,96835.97%5,28364.03%00.00%
1956 1,12016.59%4,38664.95%1,24718.47%
1952 3,39247.07%3,81552.93%00.00%
1948 632.09%44014.60%2,51183.31%
1944 712.64%2,38188.64%2348.71%
1940 391.32%2,91498.68%00.00%
1936 190.62%3,06499.38%00.00%
1932 150.46%3,24099.54%00.00%
1928 381.28%2,92198.72%00.00%
1924 150.82%1,81598.96%40.22%
1920 150.95%1,56899.05%00.00%
1916 130.79%1,63698.91%50.30%
1912 171.27%1,30797.68%141.05%
1904 10.08%1,33299.92%00.00%
1900 40.27%1,48299.73%00.00%

Economy

Greenwood County has developed a modern and diverse economic base. Fujifilm has its North American headquarters here for research and development, plus manufacturing and distribution. The Greenwood Genetic Center conducts nationally recognized genetics research. Approximately 26% of the local workforce is dedicated to manufacturing. [30] [31]

In 2015, the median household income in Greenwood County, SC was $37,060, a 2.82% increase from the previous year. Also in 2015, 28,506 residents in Greenwood County, SC were employed, a 1.03% growth over 2014. The most common employment sectors for residents of Greenwood County are Manufacturing, Healthcare & Social Assistance, and Retail trade. [32]

The overall cost of living index in Greenwood County, SC, is 83, which is 13% lower than the South Carolina average and 17% lower than the national average. The cost of living index is created from the following categories: goods/services (33%), groceries (13%), health care (5%), housing (30%), transportation (9%) and utilities (10%). The cost of everyday goods and services can be a good indicator of the general cost of goods in a given city. In this case, the cost of such goods and services in Greenwood is 7% lower than the South Carolina average and 6% lower than the national average. [33]

Major employers in Greenwood County include Self Regional Healthcare, Greenwood County School Districts, Eaton Corporation, FujiFilm Manufacturing, U.S.A.; Carolina Pride, Capsugel, Lander University, Piedmont Technical College, Cardinal Health, Ascend Performance Materials, and VELUX. [34] [35]

Major existing industry clusters include Life Sciences, Food Processing, Advance Materials, and Wood Products.

The per capita personal income in Greenwood County, SC as of 2015 was $33,723. [36] The Unemployment rate in Greenwood County, SC was 4.0% as of Sept 2017. [37] The median household income in Greenwood County was $42,240 as of 2015. [38] In 2022, the GDP was $4.2 billion (about $59,778 per capita), [39] and the real GDP was $3.4 billion (about $48,574 per capita) in chained 2017 dollars. [40]

Employment and Wage Statistics by Industry in Greenwood County, South Carolina - Q3 2023 [35]
IndustryEmployment CountsEmployment Percentage (%)Average Annual Wage ($)
Accommodation and Food Services2,6359.718,200
Administrative and Support and Waste Management and Remediation Services8493.143,576
Agriculture, Forestry, Fishing and Hunting940.359,488
Arts, Entertainment, and Recreation2410.917,576
Construction1,0794.055,900
Educational Services2,5209.349,504
Finance and Insurance5091.964,168
Health Care and Social Assistance5,98822.165,208
Information1280.548,152
Management of Companies and Enterprises1080.493,236
Manufacturing5,36519.863,232
Other Services (except Public Administration)5071.938,688
Professional, Scientific, and Technical Services4951.861,048
Public Administration1,2124.546,644
Real Estate and Rental and Leasing2741.038,844
Retail Trade3,45812.830,056
Transportation and Warehousing5011.947,372
Utilities2480.972,644
Wholesale Trade8393.176,648
Total27,050100.0%51,218

Education

Greenwood County has three school districts: Greenwood School District 50 (Greenwood Metro), Greenwood School District 51 (Ware Shoals), and Greenwood School District 52 (Ninety Six).

School districts

Elementary schools

Middle schools

High schools

Higher education

Alternate education centers

Communities

City

Towns

Census-designated places

Some communities in the county are census designated places. [44]

Unincorporated communities

Some communities in the county are unincorporated. [44]

Townships

In the past, Greenwood County was partitioned into townships, including the townships of Bradley (including Bradley town), Brooks, Callison, Cokesbury (including Cokesbury town), Coronaca (including Coronaca town), Fellowship, [45] Greenwood (with three partitions in the 1900 census – Greenwood east of the Columbia and Greenville Railroad, Greenwood west of the railroad, and Greenwood town), [46] Hodges (including Hodges town), Kinards, Kirksey, Ninety Six (including Ninety Six town), Phoenix, Troy (including Troy town), Verdery (including Verdery town), Walnut Grove and Yeldell. Their former names and boundaries were used for United States census counting purposes and census documentation through 1960, after which Census Counting Divisions (CCDs) were used.

See also

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  42. "Ware Shoals School District 51". www.gwd51.org. Retrieved June 11, 2022.
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