Florida Department of Corrections | |
---|---|
Abbreviation | FDC |
Motto | "Inspiring success by transforming one life at a time." |
Agency overview | |
Formed | 1978 |
Preceding agency |
|
Employees | 23,677 |
Annual budget | $3.4 billion [1] |
Operational structure | |
Headquarters | Doyle Carlton Building, Tallahassee, Florida. |
Agency executives |
|
Website | |
www |
The Florida Department of Corrections (FDC) is the government agency responsible for operating state prisons in the U.S. state of Florida. It has its headquarters in the state capital of Tallahassee.
The Florida Department of Corrections operates the third largest state prison system in the United States. As of July 2022, FDC had an inmate population of approximately 84,700 and over 200,000 offenders in community supervision programs. [2] It is the largest agency administered by the State of Florida with a budget of $3.3 billion. [3]
The Department has 143 facilities statewide, including 43 major institutions, 33 work camps, 15 Annexes, 20 work release centers and 6 road prisons/forestry camps. It has almost 24,000 employees, about three-quarters of whom are either sworn certified corrections officers or sworn certified probation officers. The Department has K9 units statewide that are frequently utilized for tracking escapees and, in cases of small or rural law enforcement agencies, criminals who have fled from law enforcement or assisting in search and rescue for missing persons. [4]
Governor Harrison Reed established Florida's first penitentiary in 1868 at the U.S. arsenal property at Chattahoochee. The two-story brick building was originally the officer’s quarters of the Chattahoochee Arsenal before becoming Florida’s first prison. The prison was governed as a military operation under the supervision of the Florida Adjutant General. In 1870, the state legislature passed a law making the prison a civil organization rather than a military post. In 1877, supervision of inmates was placed under the control of the Commissioner of Agriculture.
Governor George Franklin Drew took office in January of 1877 and found the state in deep debt from Reconstruction. The Governor argued that prisoners should be economic assets to the state, beginning the convict lease system. Under this system, prisoners were leased to private corporations and individuals to work for them. The state was paid a fee from the leases and the private corporation or individual had to clothe, feed, house and provide medical care for the prisoner.
The program was initially very popular. People wanted criminals to be punished for their actions and earn their keep while incarcerated. Additionally, it was commonly believed at the time that hard work served as a deterrent against future crimes. The practice started slowly and became increasingly popular in the late 19th century as demand for cheap labor grew and because most people were unaware of the conditions and treatment of inmates in the convict lease system.
Main Article: Martin Tabert
In December of 1921, 22-year-old Martin Tabert was arrested in Leon County for vagrancy. Tabert was ordered to pay $25 or spend three months at hard labor. His family immediately sent him $25 plus an additional $25 so he could return home, but through mishandling, the Leon County court never received the money. Tabert was sent to the Putnam Lumber Company in Dixie County as a part of the convict lease system, where he worked in the swamps cutting and clearing timber. In his time working for the Putnam Lumber Company, Tabert was subjected to physical abuse by the whipping boss, Walter Higginbotham, on a daily basis. When Tabert could no longer work due to injury and exhaustion, Higginbotham propped him up on his swollen feet and flogged him an estimated 50 times with a 5-foot leather strap. Tabert died that night. [5]
In the aftermath of his death, Tabert's parents brought the case to the attention of those in charge in Tallahassee. The story gained national newspaper coverage and Higginbotham was tried for first-degree murder, but he was later acquitted. The Florida legislature immediately ordered a joint House-Senate committee to investigate Tabert's death and conduct a thorough investigation of all convict camps where cruelty had been charged. In a 31-1 vote held on April 20, 1923, the convict lease system was officially abolished. [6] About a month later, the Senate passed a bill prohibiting the use of corporal punishment on county convicts. Governor Cary Hardee signed both bills into law.
Florida State Prison and Union Correctional Institution each have a male death row, while Lowell Annex has the female death row. Florida State Prison houses the state's execution chamber. Unlike other prisoners, condemned prisoners wear orange over shirts. Condemned prisoners wear the same blue trousers worn by other prisoners. [7]
When Lowell Correctional Institution opened in 1956 as the Florida Correctional Institution, it housed the female death row. [8] The prison now known as Florida State Prison opened in 1961 as the East Annex; at the time of opening it began to house the execution chamber. [9]
At some point the Broward Correctional Institution housed female death row inmates. [10] Lowell Annex opened in April 2002. [11] The female death row was moved to Lowell Annex in February 2003. [12]
Pursuant to F.S. 944.151(3), the Department of Corrections must annually report their maximum capacity, current population, and condition of their facilities' infrastructure to identify specific needs, if any, to the state legislature and the Governor.
As of June 30, 2022, 93.6% of inmates in Florida were male and 6.4% were female. Of the male inmates, 48.5% were black, 38% were white, and 13% were Hispanic. Of the female inmates, 63.8% were white, 28.4% were black, and .7% were Hispanic. [3]
Type of Offense | Number | Percent | Avg. Sentence Length | Avg. Age at Offense |
---|---|---|---|---|
Murder, Manslaughter | 15,440 | 18.8% | 36.7 years | 28.5 |
Sexual Offenses | 12,304 | 15.0% | 25.5 years | 34.6 |
Burglary | 11,387 | 13.9% | 15.9 years | 31.3 |
Drug Offenses | 11,008 | 8.3% | 8.3 years | 36.2 |
Violent Personal Offenses | 10,633 | 13.0% | 14.4 years | 32.1 |
Robbery | 9,654 | 11.8% | 23.4 years | 27.4 |
Weapons | 3,997 | 4.9% | 7.4 years | 31.3 |
Theft/Forgery/Fraud | 3,781 | 4.6% | 6.4 years | 37.3 |
Other | 3,920 | 4.8% | 7.1 years | 37.2 |
The Florida Department of Corrections defines recidivism as a return to prison, as the result of either a new conviction or a violation of post-prison supervision, within three years of their prison release date. The Department began releasing annual recidivism reports in 2012. As of 2018, the recidivism rate was 21.2%. [13]
1–12 Months | 13–24 Months | 25–36 Months | Total | |
---|---|---|---|---|
2008 | 10.2% | 10.3% | 7.1% | 27.7% |
2009 | 9.6% | 9.7% | 7% | 26.3% |
2010 | 8.8% | 9.6% | 7.3% | 25.7% |
2011 | 8.3% | 10% | 7.8% | 26.2% |
2012 | 8.0% | 9.6% | 7.5% | 25.2% |
2013 | 8.6% | 9.3% | 7.4% | 25.4% |
2014 | 9.4% | 9.4% | 7% | 24.5% |
2015 | 8.5% | 9.2% | 7.1% | 24.7% |
2016 | 8.4% | 9.4% | 7.6% | 25.4% |
2017 | 8.5% | 9.6% | 5.9% | 24.1% |
2018 | 8.4% | 7.4% | 5.3% | 21.2% |
2019 | 6.3% | 6.8% | ||
2020 | 4.7% |
As of October 2023, there were between 50 and 60 inmates under the age of 17 in the custody of the Department of Corrections. Female juvenile delinquents are housed at Lowell Correctional Institution and males at Suwannee Correctional Institution. [3]
It costs on average $24,265 per year to incarcerate an inmate in Florida. [14] This includes $2.32 per day for 2,800 calorie meals. [15]
In first quarter 2011, the State of Florida announced the closing of 6 institutions in order to save up to $30 million. Three prisons, two bootcamps, and a road prison were closed. Brevard Correctional Institution, [16] which is a youthful offender prison, Lowell Boot Camp, a youthful offender female boot camp, Sumter Basic Training Unit, a youthful offender male boot camp, Hendry Correctional Institution, [17] the female prison Hillsborough Correctional Institution, [18] and Tallahassee Road Prison were the institutions that were closed. No inmates were released as a result of the closing, and the employees of the closing institutions were offered jobs at other prisons. The institutions began moving inmates on April 1, 2011, and finished as of June 30, 2011. Hillsborough Correctional Institution and Sumter BTU were not closed. [19] [20]
Governor Rick Scott ordered a second group of prisons to be closed. The Florida Department of Corrections stated that aside from the obvious financial reasons, another reason for the closings is because of a declining prison population. The following prisons were closed: [21]
As of June 30, 2022, the Florida Department of Corrections (FDC) had a total of 23,525. The department had 17,498 certified criminal justice officers in institutions or probation/parole offices. [23]
The Florida Department of Corrections is constantly hiring to fill its ranks due to retirements, and turnovers. Florida Correctional Officers start at $48,620. [24]
FDC recruits are paid while they attend recruit training, and Officers can transfer anywhere in the State with FDC. Opportunities include K9 Team, Correctional Emergency Response Team (CERT), Rapid Response Team (RRT), and Institutional Inspectors.
Rank | Insignia |
---|---|
Correctional Officer Colonel | |
Correctional Officer Major | |
Correctional Officer Captain | |
Correctional Officer Lieutenant | |
Correctional Officer Sergeant | |
Correctional Officer | |
Correctional Officer (trainee) | |
In 2017, Florida Corrections Officers changed the traditional Light Brown shirts and dark brown trousers to Gray shirts and black trousers. The polo shirt was discontinued and FDC went back to gray button up shirts with breathable backs. In 2020 the polo shirts with embroidered badges and names were again authorized in a dark gray for Officers and Sergeants, and white for Lieutenants and Captains.[ citation needed ]
The headquarters of the agency are in the Doyle Carlton Building in downtown Tallahassee. Some offices are in the Southwood Office Complex in Tallahassee. In 2011, the department moved into its current headquarters and office buildings. [25] The Department's headquarters were previously at 2601 Blair Stone Road in Tallahassee. [26]
Since the establishment of the Florida Department of Corrections, 38 correctional officers have died in the line of duty. Corrections Officers are frequently placed in dangerous situations where officers have lost lives. The Department has a standing memorial to officers who have died in the line of duty at the Wakulla Correctional Institution where the names of the fallen are carved into the memorial. [27]
Name | Date of Death | Manner of Death | |
---|---|---|---|
1 | Captain Ike Steel | September 6, 1928 | Stabbed |
2 | Correctional Officer Rufus W. Waters | July 22, 1938 | Gunfire |
3 | Correctional Officer William Henry Hunt | August 28, 1945 | Gunfire |
4 | Correctional Officer W.R. Brandon | August 20, 1948 | Gunfire |
5 | Correctional Officer Grant Dohner | January 15, 1953 | Assault |
6 | Correctional Officer John F. Gradon | February 1, 1953 | Assault |
7 | Assistant Superintendent James G. Godwin | April 4, 1955 | Gunfire |
8 | Sergeant Howard D. Starling | July 4, 1964 | Heart Attack |
9 | Correctional Officer Lester B. Sumner | April 26, 1965 | Stabbed |
10 | Captain James W. Parr, Sr. | August 11, 1966 | Drowned |
11 | Parole Officer William F. Gambill | July 11, 1973 | Automobile Crash |
12 | Correctional Officer Paul Jordan | January 24, 1976 | Heart Attack |
13 | Correctional Officer Lauriston F. Hustus | July 16, 1980 | Heart Attack |
14 | Correctional Officer Richard James Burke | October 12, 1980 | Stabbed |
15 | Probation Supervisor Bjorn Thomas Svenson | August 31, 1982 | Gunfire |
16 | Correctional Officer Donald L. Pawlizak | April 21, 1983 | Accidental |
17 | Sergeant John S. Dennard | May 5, 1983 | Stabbed |
18 | Parole Officer Michael Peter Serano | January 6, 1984 | Automobile Crash |
19 | Correctional Officer Fred Sidney Griffis | June 24, 1987 | Gunfire |
20 | Correctional Officer Hoyt L. Ergle | December 15, 1987 | Gunfire |
21 | Lieutenant Charles Andrew Cooper | September 15, 1988 | Heart Attack |
22 | Sergeant Kenneth M. Hendrick | January 28, 1993 | Heart Attack |
23 | Correctional Officer Lee Charles Dunn | January 24, 2000 | Automobile Crash |
24 | Correctional Officer Darla Kay Lathrem | June 11, 2003 | Assault |
25 | Correctional Officer Donna Fitzgerald | June 25, 2008 | Stabbed |
26 | Correctional Officer Adam Sanderson | March 6, 2009 | Vehicular Assault |
27 | Correctional Officer Gregory Malloy | February 2, 2011 | Gunfire |
28 | Sergeant Ruben Howard Thomas III | March 18, 2012 | Stabbed |
29 | Sergeant Jorge Ramos | May 1, 2016 | Heart Attack |
30 | Sergeant Joseph Ossman | September 10, 2017 | Automobile Crash |
31 | Correctional Officer Tawanna V. Marin | June 18, 2018 | Struck by Vehicle |
32 | Sergeant Robert Wayne Rogers | July 31, 2020 | COVID-19 |
33 | Correctional Officer Jack Sale Stewart | February 13, 2021 | COVID-19 |
34 | Correctional Officer William Fox | March 4, 2021 | COVID-19 |
35 | Inspector John Annarumma | March 6, 2021 | COVID-19 |
36 | Sergeant Derek Stewart | April 28, 2021 | COVID-19 |
37 | Correctional Officer Trainee Whitney Cloud | August 28, 2021 | Gunfire (Inadvertent) |
38 | Correctional Officer Kelly Jo Klimkowski | September 28, 2021 | COVID-19 |
There have been several recorded cases of corruption and prisoner abuse in the Florida Department of Corrections.
In 2007, the state faced lawsuits alleging "excessive as well as "malicious and sadistic" use of pepper spray," and "that its prisons subject too many inmates, including the mentally ill, to a prisoner 'warehousing' culture of unlawfully extreme isolation and deprivation, usually with little or no rehabilitation efforts to prevent recidivism." [28]
In 2010, there was a 10-count federal indictment against sixteen individuals connected with the FDC, eleven of whom were corrections officers at the Glades Correctional Institution. [29] The charges included "nine counts of attempting to possess cocaine with intent to distribute." The indictment alleges that the defendants "allegedly agreed to transport and did in fact transport on multiple occasions what they believed to be multi-kilo quantities of cocaine from the undercover warehouses in Miami-Dade County to locations in West Palm Beach", and that the defendants allegedly received a combined total of $145,000 through the drug scheme. [30]
In 2010, two correctional officers at the Lancaster Correctional Institution [31] were charged with malicious battery and cruel or inhumane punishment after an inmate collapsed in the exercise yard during routine drills. An investigation discovered that the correctional officers forced the inmate to perform strenuous exercises in the sand, heat and provided no water breaks while denying his request for medical help and failed to call for emergency help after the inmate collapsed. The inmate was in critical condition, but has since recovered. [32] [33] [34]
Press reports indicate that in June 2012, a mentally ill prisoner was forced into a locked shower by staff at Dade Correctional Institution. After more than an hour in the hot water, Darren Rainey died from his injuries. The investigation is not yet complete. [35]
The Wyoming Department of Corrections (WDOC) is a state agency of Wyoming that operates adult correctional facilities. It is headquartered in Suite 100 of the 1934 Wyott Drive building in Cheyenne.
The Mississippi Department of Corrections (MDOC) is a state agency of Mississippi that operates prisons. It has its headquarters in Jackson. As of 2020 Burl Cain is the commissioner.
Recidivism is the act of a person repeating an undesirable behavior after they have experienced negative consequences of that behavior, or have been trained to extinguish it. Recidivism is also used to refer to the percentage of former prisoners who are rearrested for a similar offense.
Mississippi State Penitentiary (MSP), also known as Parchman Farm, is a maximum-security prison farm located in the unincorporated community of Parchman in Sunflower County, Mississippi, in the Mississippi Delta region. Occupying about 28 square miles (73 km2) of land, Parchman is the only maximum security prison for men in the state of Mississippi, and is the state's oldest prison.
The Federal Correctional Institution, Danbury is a low-security United States federal prison for male and female inmates in Danbury, Connecticut. It is operated by the Federal Bureau of Prisons, a division of the United States Department of Justice. The facility also has an adjacent satellite prison camp that houses minimum-security female offenders.
Convict leasing was a system of forced penal labor that was practiced historically in the Southern United States, the laborers being mainly African-American men; it was ended during the 20th century. It provided prisoner labor to private parties, such as plantation owners and corporations.
Federal Correctional Institution, Tallahassee, is a low security United States federal prison for female inmates in Tallahassee, Florida with a designed designated capacity of 812. It is operated by the Federal Bureau of Prisons, a division of the Department of Justice. The facility also has an adjacent detention center that houses administrative security level male inmates.
The Virginia Department of Corrections (VADOC) is the government agency responsible for community corrections and operating prisons and correctional facilities in the Commonwealth of Virginia in the United States. The agency is fully accredited by the American Correctional Association and is one of the oldest functioning correctional agencies in the United States. Its headquarters is located in the state capital of Richmond.
The Broward Correctional Institution (BCI) was a correctional facility located in the former Country Estates CDP and in Southwest Ranches, Florida, operated by the Florida Department of Corrections. The Region IV Correctional Facility Office is located on the grounds of Broward Correctional Institution in the former Country Estates CDP. The prison was in proximity to Pembroke Pines. It was located along Sheridan Street, near U.S. Route 27.
The Texas Department of Criminal Justice (TDCJ) is a department of the government of the U.S. state of Texas. The TDCJ is responsible for statewide criminal justice for adult offenders, including managing offenders in state prisons, state jails, and private correctional facilities, funding and certain oversight of community supervision, and supervision of offenders released from prison on parole or mandatory supervision. The TDCJ operates the largest prison system in the United States.
The Department of Public Safety and Corrections (DPS&C) is a state law enforcement agency responsible for the incarceration of inmates and management of facilities at state prisons within the state of Louisiana. The agency is headquartered in Baton Rouge. The agency comprises two major areas: Public Safety Services and Corrections Services. The secretary, who is appointed by the governor of Louisiana, serves as the department's chief executive officer. The Corrections Services deputy secretary, undersecretary, and assistant secretaries for the Office of Adult Services and the Office of Youth Development report directly to the secretary. Headquarters administration consists of centralized divisions that support the management and operations of the adult and juvenile institutions, adult and juvenile probation and parole district offices, and all other services provided by the department.
The Union Correctional Institution, formerly referred to as Florida State Prison, Raiford Prison and State Prison Farm is a Florida Department of Corrections state prison located in unincorporated Union County, Florida, near Raiford.
Lowell Correctional Institution is a women's prison in unincorporated Marion County, Florida, north of Ocala, in the unincorporated area of Lowell. A part of the Florida Department of Corrections, it serves as the primary prison for women in the state. Almost 3,000 women are incarcerated in the complex, which includes the Lowell Annex. As of 2015 2,696 women are in the main Lowell CI, making it the largest prison for women in the United States; its prison population became larger than that of the Central California Women's Facility that year.
The Idaho Department of Correction (IDOC) operates nine prisons, four community release centers and 20 probation and parole offices in seven districts located throughout the state of Idaho. The agency has its headquarters in Boise.
The North Carolina Department of Adult Correction (NCDAC) is the agency responsible for corrections in the U.S. state of North Carolina. NCDAC was formed as a cabinet level agency at the start of 2023, after corrections had been part of the North Carolina Department of Public Safety since 2012.
The Baldwin State Prison, previously the Baldwin Correctional Institution and the Georgia Women's Correctional Institution (GWCI), is a prison located in Milledgeville, Georgia, United States, with a Hardwick postal address. The prison has a capacity of 900. After complaints in the early 1990s by more than 200 women of sexual abuse by guards, an investigation was conducted. More than a dozen guards were prosecuted. The state decided to move the women to other prison facilities for a total change in culture. This facility now houses only adult male felons, with a capacity of 992.
Metro State Prison, previously the Metro Correctional Institution, is a former Georgia Department of Corrections prison for women in unincorporated southern DeKalb County, Georgia, near Atlanta. Female death row inmates were held in the Metro State Prison. The prison had room for 779 prisoners. It was closed in 2011. In 2018, the prison was renovated and reopened as the Metro Reentry Facility.
The Dade Correctional Institution is a prison in unincorporated Miami-Dade County, Florida, near Florida City, and south of Homestead, in Greater Miami. It houses adult males. It opened in September 1996. It is a part of the Florida Department of Corrections, and is right next to the Homestead Correctional Institution which houses female inmates.
On July 17, 1999, death row inmate Frank Valdes was killed at Florida State Prison in Bradford County. That morning, nine correctional officers, carrying stun guns, entered his cell and beat him to death.
The Gulf Correctional Institution is a state prison for men located in Wewahitchka, Gulf County, Florida, owned and operated by the Florida Department of Corrections. With a mix of security levels including minimum, medium, and close, this facility was opened in 1992 and has a maximum capacity of 1568 prisoners.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: date and year (link){{cite web}}
: Missing or empty |title=
(help)