12 Victoria

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12 Victoria
12 Victoria VLT shape model.png
Shape model of Victoria, derived from adaptive optics observations
Discovery
Discovered by John Russell Hind
Discovery site George Bishop's Observatory
Discovery date13 September 1850
Designations
(12) Victoria
Pronunciation /vɪkˈtɔːriə/ [1]
Named after
 Victoria (Latin: Uictōria)
Main belt
Adjectives Victorian
Symbol Victoria symbol (fixed width).svg (historical)
Victoria symbol (simple, fixed width).svg (variant)
Orbital characteristics [2]
Epoch 21 November 2025
(JD  2461000.5)
Uncertainty parameter 0
Observation arc 175.17 yr
Aphelion 2.84712 AU
Perihelion 1.82055 AU
2.33384 AU
Eccentricity 0.21993
3.56545 yr (1302.28 d)
Average orbital speed
19.50 km/s
76.9360°
0° 16m 34.914s / day
Inclination 8.37403°
235.353°
15 February 2025
69.5463°
Earth  MOID 0.82426 AU
Jupiter  MOID 2.4223 AU
TJupiter 3.522
Physical characteristics
Dimensions 140 km × 116 km × 96 km (± 4 km × 3 km × 3 km) [3]
116±2 km [3]
115.087 ± 1.199 km [2]
Flattening 0.31 [a]
Mass (2.7±1.3)×1018 kg [3]
(2.45±0.46)×1018 kg [4]
Mean density
3.4±1.7 g/cm3 [3]
2.45±0.67 g/cm3 [4]
Equatorial surface gravity
0.0315 m/s²
Equatorial escape velocity
0.0596 km/s
8.6599  h (0.36083  d) [2]
8.660345±0.000005 h [3]
110° [3]
177°±2° [3]
−27°±3° [3]
0.167 (calculated) [3]
0.163 ± 0.027 [2]
Temperature ~178 K
S (Tholen)
L (SMASS) [2]
A [3]
8.68 [5] to 12.82
7.30 [2]
7.24 [3]
0.188" to 0.04"

    12 Victoria is a large asteroid located in the main belt. It was the twelfth known asteroid, discovered on 13 September 1850 by English astronomer John R. Hind from George Bishop's Observatory in London, England. It was named after Victoria, the ancient Roman goddess of victory. The name's coincidence with that of then-reigning Queen Victoria led to an extended controversy, with American astronomers objecting to its use. In place of Victoria, the alternative name Clio was used in American publications until the late 19th century.

    Contents

    Victoria is around 116 kilometres (72 mi) in diameter and irregular in shape. It orbits the Sun at an average distance of 2.33 astronomical units on a 3.57 year long orbit. It is thought to be a stony S-type asteroid, and it rotates once every 8.66 hours.

    History

    John R. Hind discovered Victoria on 13 September 1850. John Russell Hind2.jpg
    John R. Hind discovered Victoria on 13 September 1850.

    Victoria was discovered by English astronomer John R. Hind on the evening of 13 September 1850. At that time, Hind was observing in the constellation Pegasus from George Bishop's Observatory in London, England. He was comparing a recently-created star map against his observations to inspect its accuracy and check for any changes in stellar apparent magnitudes. Near a magnitude 10 star, he noticed a slightly brighter object. Since it would have been picked up in previous sweeps of that area of the sky, Hind immediately concluded that it was a new planet. [6] : 2–3  [b] He announced his discovery in the journal Astronomische Nachrichten on 27 September, [7] and letters detailing the discovery circumstances were published in Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society on 8 November 1850. [6] Victoria was the third asteroid discovered by Hind [8] and the twelfth discovered in history. [9] Hind would later go on to discover seven more asteroids; all of his asteroid discoveries took place between 1847 and 1854. [8]

    Naming and controversy

    Hind chose to name the newly-discovered asteroid after the deity Victoria from ancient Roman religion. Victoria, daughter of the Titan Pallas, was the Roman personification of victory. The chosen name also honoured then-reigning Queen Victoria, [10] : 14  though indirectly. [11] Prior asteroids' names, while mythological in nature, were chosen to link the asteroid to the nationality of its discoverer (such as Parthenope and Egeria for Annibale de Gasparis's discoveries). [12] Hind nevertheless sought his fellow astronomers' approval for the name on mythological grounds, stating that it was not exclusively chosen for its relation to the queen. [13]

    Despite Hind's rationale, American astronomers objected to the name due to its coincidence with a reigning sovereign, [14] : 203  starting a long controversy over the asteroid nomenclature practices that would later involve many other minor planets. [10] : 4, 14  Benjamin A. Gould, editor of The Astronomical Journal , wrote of Hind's choice of naming:

    Such nomenclature is at variance with established usage, and liable to the objections which have very properly led astronomers to reject the names "Medicean Stars," "Georgium Sidus," "Ceres Ferdinanden," &c., and even those of the astronomers Herschel and Le Verrier, for the adoption of whose names some arguments might be adduced.

    — Benjamin A. Gould, in The Astronomical Journal vol. 1, iss. 17 (published October 1850) [15] [c]

    In response to Gould's objections, Hind proposed Clio as an alternative. [13] American astronomers adopted Clio, using it in place of Victoria in journal publications—to the frustration of British astronomer George B. Airy. [14] : 203  William C. Bond nevertheless affirmed that the name Victoria fulfilled the conditions for mythological nomenclature, an opinion that was supported by a majority of astronomers. [10] : 14  Some reference works continued using Clio in place of Victoria for some time; [17] : 8 The Astronomical Journal labelled the asteroid as Clio until at least 1853, [18] as did the textbook High-School Astronomy in 1872. [17] : 34  The name Clio would eventually be reused for the 84th asteroid, 84 Klio, in 1865. [14] : 204 

    Symbol

    In his announcement of Victoria's discovery, Hind described his chosen symbol as "a star and a laurel branch, emblematic of the Goddess of Victory". [6] Several variants of the symbol developed, such as one with a two-branch laurel wreath symbolizing victory ( 12 Victoria symbol (1852).svg ) and one with a laurel wreath and a figure resembling a flag. [17] : 7, 26  In the 1864 edition of Webster's Dictionary , the wreath was drawn as a simple arc around a central star ( Victoria symbol (simple, fixed width).svg ). [17] : 7  The two-branched variant was encoded in Unicode 17.0 as U+1CEC5 (𜻅). [17] : 2  [19]

    Orbit

    Victoria orbits the Sun at an average distance—its semi-major axis—of 2.33 astronomical units (AU), taking 3.57 years to complete one revolution. Along its orbit, its distance from the Sun varies between 1.82 AU at perihelion to 2.85 AU at aphelion due to its orbital eccentricity of 0.22. Its orbit is inclined by 8.37° with respect to the ecliptic plane. [2]

    Victoria's orbital elements place it near the Klio family, [20] : 6  an extensive asteroid family associated with Klio and dominated by primitive C-type asteroids. [20] : 5  However, since Victoria is a non-primitive asteroid with a more reflective surface, it is an interloper that is not related to Klio family members. [20] : 6 

    It will have a favorable perihelic opposition in June 2028 when it will be apparent magnitude 8.8 and 0.88 AU (132 million km; 82 million mi) from Earth. [21]

    Physical characteristics

    Simulation of 12 Victoria's rotation and high axial tilt Victoria shape model rotation.gif
    Simulation of 12 Victoria's rotation and high axial tilt

    Estimates of Victoria's size differ by method; infrared observations from 1983 by IRAS gave a diameter of 113 kilometres (70 mi), [22] : 121  while more recent measurements by the Very Large Telescope gave a diameter of about 116 kilometres (72 mi). [3] Victoria is classified as an S-type asteroid under the Tholen classification scheme and an L-type asteroid under the Small Main-belt Asteroid Spectroscopic Survey, Phase II (SMASSII) classification scheme. [23] : 168 

    Observations of Victoria's lightcurve, or fluctuations in its observed brightness, give a rotation period of about 8.66 hours. [24]

    See also

    Notes

    1. ↑ Flattening derived from the maximum aspect ratio (c/a): , where (c/a) = 0.69±0.03. [3]
    2. ↑ At the time of Victoria's discovery, asteroids were frequently called planets. They would later be reclassified as "minor planets".
    3. ↑ "Medicean Stars," "Georgium Sidus," and "Ceres Ferdinanden" refer to proposed names for the Galilean moons, Uranus, and 1 Ceres, respectively. Likewise, "Herschel" and "Le Verrier" were proposed names for Uranus and Neptune, respectively. [16]

    References

    1. ↑ Noah Webster (1884) A Practical Dictionary of the English Language
    2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: 12 Victoria" (2024-09-10 last obs). Retrieved 20 December 2024.
    3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Vernazza, P.; et al. (October 2021). "VLT/SPHERE imaging survey of the largest main-belt asteroids: Final results and synthesis". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 654. Bibcode:2021A&A...654A..56V. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202141781. hdl: 10261/263281 . A56.
    4. 1 2 Carry, B. (December 2012). "Density of asteroids". Planetary and Space Science. 73 (1): 98–118. arXiv: 1203.4336 . Bibcode:2012P&SS...73...98C. doi:10.1016/j.pss.2012.03.009. S2CID   119226456. See Table 1.
    5. ↑ "AstDys (12) Victoria Ephemerides". Department of Mathematics, University of Pisa, Italy. Retrieved 26 June 2010.
    6. 1 2 3 Hind, John R. (November 1850). "The New Planet Victoria". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 11 (1): 2–9. doi: 10.1093/mnras/11.1.2 .
    7. ↑ Schumacher, H. C. (September 1850). "Circular". Astronomische Nachrichten. 31: 191.
    8. 1 2 Ashworth Jr., William B. (12 May 2021). "Scientist of the Day - John Russell Hind". Linda Hall Library. Archived from the original on 27 March 2025. Retrieved 10 December 2025.
    9. ↑ Gould, B. A. (January 1852). "On the symbolic notation of the asteroids". The Astronomical Journal. 2: 80. Bibcode:1852AJ......2...80G. doi:10.1086/100212.
    10. 1 2 3 Schmadel, Lutz D. (2003). Dictionary of minor planet names. Vol. 1 (5th ed.). Berlin Heidelberg New York: Springer-Verlag. p. 16. doi:10.1007/978-3-540-29925-7_13. ISBN   3-540-00238-3.
    11. ↑ Bond, William C. (November 1850). "Letter of Mr. Bond to the Editor". Astronomical Journal. 1 (19): 139. Bibcode:1850AJ......1Q.139B. doi:10.1086/100112.
    12. ↑ Hind, John R.; Everett, Edward (December 1850). "On the name of the planet Victoria". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 11: 27. Bibcode:1850MNRAS..11...27H. doi: 10.1093/mnras/11.2.27 .
    13. 1 2 Hind, John R. (November 1850). "From a Letter of Mr. Hind to the Editor". Astronomical Journal. 1 (19): 151. Bibcode:1850AJ......1R.151H. doi:10.1086/100117.
    14. 1 2 3 Royal Astronomical Society Staff (February 1896). "Obituary Notices: Fellows :- Hind, John Russell". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 56: 200–205. Bibcode:1896MNRAS..56..200.. doi: 10.1093/mnras/56.5.200 .
    15. ↑ Gould, Benjamin A. (October 1850). "New Planet (12) Victoria". The Astronomical Journal. 1 (17): 134. Bibcode:1850AJ......1..134G. doi:10.1086/100087.
    16. ↑ Gingerich, Owen (October 1958). "The naming of Uranus and Neptune". Astronomical Society of the Pacific Leaflets. 8 (352): 9–15. Bibcode:1958ASPL....8....9G.
    17. 1 2 3 4 5 Bala, Gavin Jared; Miller, Kirk (18 September 2023). "Unicode request for historical asteroid symbols" (PDF). unicode.org. Unicode. Retrieved 26 September 2023.
    18. ↑ Ferguson, James (October 1853). "Observations of (26) Proserpine, Clio [(12) Victoria], the third comet of 1853, and (17) Thetis". The Astronomical Journal. 3 (64): 124–126. Bibcode:1853AJ......3..124F. doi:10.1086/100367.
    19. ↑ "Miscellaneous Symbols Supplement" (PDF). unicode.org. The Unicode Consortium. 2025. Retrieved 9 September 2025.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
    20. 1 2 3 Arredondo, Anicia; et al. (January 2020). "Near-infrared spectroscopy of the Klio primitive inner-belt asteroid family". Icarus. 335. Bibcode:2020Icar..33513427A. doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2019.113427. 113427.
    21. ↑ "Perihelic opposition in June 2028". JPL Horizons . Retrieved 18 September 2023.
    22. ↑ Mitchell, David L.; et al. (November 1995). "Radar observations of asteroids 7 Iris, 9 Metis, 12 Victoria, 216 Kleopatra, and 654 Zelinda". Icarus. 118 (1): 105–131. Bibcode:1995Icar..118..105M. doi: 10.1006/icar.1995.1180 .
    23. ↑ Bus, Schelte J.; Binzel, Richard P. (July 2002). "Phase II of the Small Main-Belt Asteroid Spectroscopic Survey". Icarus. 158 (1): 106–145. Bibcode:2002Icar..158..106B. doi:10.1006/icar.2002.6857.
    24. ↑ Pilcher, Frederick (July 2013), "Three Asteroids with Changing Lightcurves: 12 Victoria, 177 Irma, and 215 Oenone", Bulletin of the Minor Planets Section of the Association of Lunar and Planetary Observers, 40 (3): 161–163, Bibcode:2013MPBu...40..161P
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