The 1968 North Indian Ocean cyclone season was an active cyclone season. Cyclone seasons in the Northern Indian Ocean have no official bounds, but cyclones tend to form between April and December, with peaks in May and November. These dates conventionally determine the period of each year when most tropical cyclones form in the basin. There are two main seas in the North Indian Ocean—the Bay of Bengal to the east of the Indian subcontinent, and the Arabian Sea to the west of India. The official Regional Specialized Meteorological Centre in this basin is the India Meteorological Department (IMD), while the Joint Typhoon Warning Center releases unofficial advisories. An average of four to six storms form in the North Indian Ocean every season.[1] Cyclones occurring between the meridians 45°E and 100°E are included in the season by the IMD.[2]
The season started when a system formed in the Bay of Bengal and intensified to a cyclonic storm, becoming the first cyclonic storm of the year, later intensifying into the first severe cyclonic storm of the year. It made landfall near Akyab, Burma, causing catastrophic damages and loss of lives. After that, numerous monsoonal depressions formed, causing heavy rainfall and significant flooding, of which Deep Depression Five being the most damaging one. The season got its second cyclonic storm on September 10, with the storm making landfall on Gopalpur. On September 21, the third cyclonic storm and second severe cyclonic storm formed, when a severe cyclonic storm formed in the Bay of Bengal and made landfall in Andhra Pradesh–Orissa coast.[clarification needed] The cyclone brought unusually heavy rainfall which caused severe flooding across Eastern India. Numerous landslides were reported in sub-Himalayan regions. Orissa braced for another severe cyclonic storm, this time a powerful one, which caused catastrophic damage in the region.
On May 10, a powerful severe cyclonic storm struck the town of Akyab in Burma. It caused catastrophic damages in the region, causing US$3.169million (K15million) damage and 1,037 fatalities, with a further 2,000 people being declared missing.[1][3]
Depression Two
Depression(IMD)
Tropical depression(SSHWS)
Duration
June 12– June 14
Peak intensity
45km/h (30mph) (3-min);
On June 18 in the evening, a disturbance was moving westwards across the Arakan coast which caused a low-pressure area to form in the Bay of Bengal. The tropical wave gradually intensified into a depression on June 12. The system then moved northwards and made landfall over the West Bengal–East Pakistani coast in the early morning of June 13 before 03:00UTC (08:30IST), the system's center was located near Khulna. The system continued to move its northward direction, it moving near Pabna by 12:00UTC (17:30IST), the same day. The system turned towards the west-northwest, persisting over West Bengal and Bihar. By the morning of June 15, the system weakened into a low-pressure area. The low-pressure area then moved eastwards towards north Assam by June 20.[1]
The system extended the monsoon into West Bengal, Bihar and Odisha (formerly called Orissa). Heavy rainfall caused severe floods, damage to crops, and disruption traffic in Assam, according to the press. Approximately one million people were affected by floods and a few people also died due to flooding.[1]
Land Depression Three
Deep depression(IMD)
Tropical depression(SSHWS)
Duration
July 9– July 11
Peak intensity
55km/h (35mph) (3-min);
On July 8, an area of low pressure formed over the Bihar Plateau and adjoining Gangetic West Bengal, which intensified to a deep depression on the next day at 08:30 IST (03:00 UTC), 30km (20mi) to the southeast of Sriniketan. Traversing northeastward, it moved through East Pakistan before turning northwards. At 17:30 IST (12:00 UTC) of July 11, the system then weakened to a depression while located to the northwest of Mymensingh. It was then last noted on that day as it accelerated across northern Assam.[1]
The deep depression caused heavy rainfall in Northeast India, with Calcutta recording over 18cm (7.1in) of rain on July 9, being regarded as the highest in fifty years. These conditions caused severe flooding in West Bengal, with ten people being killed. Half a million individuals were also affected, while rivers in Assam overflowed due to downpours.[1]
Deep Depression Four
Deep depression(IMD)
Tropical depression(SSHWS)
Duration
July 26– August 2
Peak intensity
55km/h (35mph) (3-min);
On the morning of July 23, an upper air cyclonic circulation was first noted, stretching from Thailand to Burma. Moving westwards overnight, a low-pressure area formed from this feature on the next day in the Bay of Bengal, becoming a well-marked system on July 25 and a depression on the next day at 18:30 IST (13:30 UTC) while located to the south of Calcutta. No ships were in the vicinity of the system to identify the exact position of the storm at this time; however, ESSA-6 satellite imagery showed that a cyclonic circulation was present. Traversing northwards, the depression further strengthened to a deep depression on July 28 in the morning. With no further intensification, the storm crossed the coast of Chandbali on that night before accelerating west-northwest. It rapidly weakened to a depression while moving inland, degenerating to an area of low pressure over northwest Madhya Pradesh before being last noted on August 4.[1]
Under the system's influence, heavy rainfall was experienced in central India, being further exacerbated by an existing monsoon. Heavy flooding were also seen on east Rajasthan, disrupting road and rail activities.[1]
A tropical wave was moving westwards across the Arakan–Chittagong coast on the morning of August 1. On the next day the tropical wave gradually organized and became a low-pressure area northeast of the Bay of Bengal and later concentrated into a depression on August 3. The depression rapidly moved westwards and intensified into a deep depression over northern Orissa and adjoining eastern parts of Madhya Pradesh and Bihar. Weather stations in these places reported pressure falls of 5–6mb (0.1476–0.1772inHg). The system later moved inland, though by August 8, at 08:30IST (03:00UTC), it weakened and merged into a seasonal low over West Pakistan, about 30km (19mi) northeast from Naliya.[1]
While the system was moving towards Madhya Pradesh, there were reports of widespread rainfall over West Bengal, Bihar and Orissa on the morning of August 4, though few places experienced heavy rainfall. On the next day, widespread rainfall was reported over Madhya Pradesh and Vidarbha, with a few places experiencing scattered heavy to very heavy rainfall. As it moved towards Gujarat, widespread rainfall was reported in the state, north of Central Maharashtra and adjoining parts of Madhya Pradesh. The system's minimum pressure of 990.4mbar (29.25inHg) was recorded in Dohad, Gujarat. On the next day, Saurashtra and Kutch experienced heavy to very heavy rainfall. Because of this, severe flooding occurred in parts of north Orissa, West Bengal and Gujarat, causing inundation of many areas, disruption of road and rail communications and damage to standing crops. The worst-affected district was Midnapore, where flooding affected 500 thousand people. South Gujarat also got affected because of the overflowing of the Narmada and Tapti rivers. Rail communications between Gujarat and Bombay State were cut off, only being restored after a month. Floods was also reported in parts of Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh and Haryana. It also intensified the annual monsoon season in these regions.[1]
Depression Six
Depression(IMD)
Tropical depression(SSHWS)
Duration
August 11– August 14
Peak intensity
45km/h (30mph) (3-min);
On August 7, an upper cyclonic circulation developed over northeast of Bay of Bengal. The circulation later developed into a low-pressure system on August 9, and by evening, the system became a well-marked low-pressure system. At 08:30IST (03:00UTC) on August 11, it intensified into a depression. The system moved inland over West Bengal, with its center reported to be 20km (12mi) south of Burdwan in the morning of August 12. It continued moving inland and persisted over north Madhya Pradesh until August 18, when it weakened and merged into a seasonal trough.[1]
Under the influence of the storm, there were reports of widespread rainfall in Orissa, Uttar Pradesh and east Rajasthan. Because of heavy rainfall, the river Waiganga and its tributaries got flooded along the Narmada River, causing disruptions to river traffic. Moderate flooding was witnessed in the rivers Sarda, Ramganga and Ganga.[1]
On August 18, a tropical wave was noted over the Arakan–Tenasserim coast as seen by unusual droppings of atmospheric pressure over the region. On August 19, a disturbance formed from the tropical wave over northeast Bay of Bengal, which later became a low-pressure area on August 20 as it got more organized. On August 21, the low pressure system became more well-marked, before eventually becoming a depression on August 22. As it rapidly moved northwestwards, its center was located near the West Bengal coast by 08:30IST (03:00UTC), before later making landfall over Sagar Island later that day. It moved further inland, until on August 24, when it weakened into a low-pressure area over the central parts of West Bengal.[1]
Under the influence of this system, widespread rainfall was reported in Orissa, Bihar, northeast India, Assam and the sub-Himalayan region of West Bengal.[1]
On September 8, a trough of low pressure developed over the northwest Bay of Bengal, which later concentrated into a low-pressure area by September 9. It later intensified into a depression on September 10, before further intensifying into a deep depression in the night of the same day. On September 11, at 17:30IST (12:00UTC), Sandheads, which was located 129km (80mi) north of the center of the storm, recorded a pressure of 993.7mb (29.34inHg) and east-southeast winds of 25kn (45km/h; 30mph). As it moved west-southwestwards, the deep depression intensified into a cyclonic storm on the night of September 11, becoming the second cyclonic storm of the season. By the next day, its center was located near Gopalpur. ESSA-6 satellite imagery showed that the storm had a circulation and a defined eye about half a degree in diameter. Gopalpur recorded the lowest barometric pressure of the storm at 989.5mb (29.22inHg). The storm later made landfall near Gopalpur in the evening. As it moved inland, it weakened into a deep depression at 08:30IST (03:00UTC) as it was centered 80km (50mi) east-southeast from Titlagarh. It further weakened into a depression because of less conductive environment over land. On September 14, the depression weakened into a low-pressure area over east Madhya Pradesh. The remnants of the system persisted over the region for two days and later moved towards north Madhya Pradesh and adjoining Uttar Pradesh, where it remained until September 20.[1]
The system brought rainfall over the central parts of India, the northeast region and east Uttar Pradesh.[1]
On October 28, a tropical wave was moving in the Andaman Sea, causing drops of pressure in south Burma and the Andaman Islands. On the next day, it moved over the southeast Bay of Bengal, and by October 30, a low-pressure area formed over the same region. On October 31, it moved over the southwest Bay of Bengal and became a well-marked low-pressure area by the next day. The well-marked low-pressure area intensified into a depression on the morning of November 2, and by the next day it further intensified into a deep depression. On November 4, ESSA-6 satellite imagery showed the system had a circulation with spiral banding all around. As it moved north-westwards, it intensified into a cyclonic storm. On November 5, at 08:30IST (03:00UTC) the storm's center was close to the Madras–Andhra coast, approximately 30km (19mi) southeast from Nellore. On the basis of satellite imagery, the maximum wind speed of the cyclone was 60km/h (37mph), and with the help of Davidon–Fletcher–Powell formula, the minimum pressure was 996mb (29.41inHg) which is considered as a modern-day deep depression, however it was treated as a cyclonic storm at that time. On the same day, ESSA-6 satellite imagery showed that the system had tight banding surrounding the central circulation. The storm made landfall over south Andhra coast near Nellore during noon, weakening rapidly as it travelled over land. Since it weakened rapidly, it was not able to be tracked on the surface chart, however it was later found that continued as a cyclonic circulation over central India, located near Mysore State on the morning of November 6. The circulation later merged into a low-pressure area over Arabian Sea by the evening.[1]
Widespread rainfall was reported in coastal Andhra Pradesh on November 5 and 6 and in Rayalaseema on November 6. The state of Madras experienced fairly widespread rain on November 7. Rainfall was also reported in Marathwada, central Maharashtra, Madras state and parts of Mysore state on November 8.[1]
On November 7, an east-moving tropical wave entered the Andaman Sea, later moving into the southeast Bay of Bengal, causing the formation of a low-pressure area on November 8. The low-pressure area became well-marked in the evening, and on November 9 in the morning, it became a depression. By the evening, as it moved north-westwards, it intensified into a deep depression. The system rapidly intensified into a severe cyclonic storm by the morning of November 10. Continuing in the same direction, the system had developed a well-developed eye with tight convection bands in all sectors, as per ESSA-6 satellite imagery. On November 11, in the evening, the system's movement shifted to a more north-northwesterly direction. Based on the satellite data, the maximum speed was 75kn (139km/h; 86mph), and with the help of Fletcher's formula the minimum pressure was 990mb (29.23inHg). On November 12, at 11:00 IST (05:30 UTC), the system's eye disappeared in the ESSA-6 satellite imagery as convective bands surrounding the center weakened. On the evening of November 13, the system weakened into a cyclonic storm, and made landfall near Sagar Island on November 14. It rapidly weakened into a depression in the morning, 100km (62mi) southeast from Calcutta. The depression further weakened into a low-pressure area on November 15 in the evening, near East Pakistan. The remnant later moved over Assam by November 17.[1]
The system caused heavy rainfall over the coastal districts of Orissa along with adjoining areas of Andhra Pradesh, West Bengal and southern Assam. According to media reports, heavy rainfall and gale-force winds affected the coastal districts of Ganjam and Puri, worsening the situation in the areas which were previously impacted by the cyclone which hit last month. Road, rail and air communication were destroyed.[1]
On December 8, a low-pressure area entered the Andaman Sea, which later concentrated into a well-marked low-pressure area on December 11, intensifying into a depression on the next day. On December 13, the depression became a deep depression, and in the evening it became a cyclonic storm. The U.S. Weather Bureau issued a bulletin at 08:30 UTC, saying that the system had a dim eye which indicated the system's intensification. According to satellite reports, the system maintained a maximum wind speed of 60kn (110km/h; 70mph), and using Fletcher's formula, its minimum pressure was estimated at 996mb (29.41inHg). On December 15, at 08:23 UTC, the eye was no longer visible on satellite imagery, which indicated the system had weakened slightly. On December 16, the storm started moving south-westwards, and by December 17, the evening, the storm weakened into a deep depression, near the coast of Ceylon. It further weakened on the next day and moved over the southern peninsula of the Indian subcontinent. The system became a well-marked low-pressure area on December 18 and by December 20, the remnant moved into the Arabian Sea.[1]
Because it stayed most of its lifetime in the sea, not much impact occurred, however, rainfall still occurred in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. The extreme southern peninsula experienced widespread rainfall on December 18 and 19.[1]
Season effects
This is a table of all storms in the 1968 North Indian Ocean cyclone season. It mentions all of the season's storms and their names, duration, peak intensities (according to the IMD storm scale), damage, and death totals. Damage and death totals include the damage and deaths caused when that storm was a precursor wave or extratropical low, and all of the damage figures are in 1968 USD.
The 2005 North Indian Ocean cyclone season caused much devastation and many deaths in Southern India despite the storms’ weakness. The basin covers the Indian Ocean north of the equator as well as inland areas, sub-divided by the Arabian Sea and the Bay of Bengal. Although the season began early with two systems in January, the bulk of activity was confined from September to December. The official India Meteorological Department tracked 12 depressions in the basin, and the unofficial Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) monitored two additional storms. Three systems intensified into a cyclonic storm, which have sustained winds of at least 63 km/h (39 mph), at which point the IMD named them.
The 2006 North Indian Ocean cyclone season had no bounds, but cyclones tend to form between April and December, with peaks in May and November. These dates conventionally delimit the period of each year when most tropical cyclones form in the northern Indian Ocean.
The 2007 North Indian Ocean cyclone season was one of the most active North Indian Ocean cyclone seasons on record. The North Indian Ocean cyclone season has no official bounds, but cyclones tend to form between April and December, with peaks in May and November. These dates conventionally delimit the period of each year when most tropical cyclones form in the northern Indian Ocean.
The 1970 North Indian Ocean cyclone season had no bounds, but tropical cyclones in the North Indian Ocean tend to form between April and December, with peaks in May and November. The 1970 season saw a total of seven cyclonic storms, of which three developed into severe cyclonic storms. The Bay of Bengal was more active than the Arabian Sea during 1970, with all of the three severe cyclonic storms in the season forming there. Unusually, none of the storms in the Arabian Sea made landfall this year. The most significant storm of the season was the Bhola cyclone, which formed in the Bay of Bengal and hit Bangladesh on November 12. The storm killed at least 500,000, making it the deadliest tropical cyclone in recorded history. The season was also the deadliest tropical cyclone season globally, with 500,805 fatalities, mostly due to the aforementioned Bhola cyclone.
The 2008 North Indian cyclone season was one of the most disastrous tropical cyclone seasons in modern history, with tropical cyclones leaving more than 140,000 people dead and causing more than US$15 billion in damage, making it the costliest season in the North Indian Ocean, until it was made second in 2020. The season has no official bounds but cyclones tend to form between April and December. These dates conventionally delimit the period of each year when most tropical cyclones form in the northern Indian Ocean. There are two main seas in the North Indian Ocean—the Bay of Bengal to the east of the Indian subcontinent and the Arabian Sea to the west of India. The official Regional Specialized Meteorological Centre in this basin is the India Meteorological Department (IMD), while the Joint Typhoon Warning Center releases unofficial advisories. An average of four to six storms form in the North Indian Ocean every season with peaks in May and November. Cyclones occurring between the meridians 45°E and 100°E are included in the season by the IMD.
The 2002 North Indian Ocean cyclone season was a below average season in terms of tropical cyclone formation. The season had no official bounds, but most storms formed in either May or after October. No depressions or storms formed during the monsoon season from July to September, the first such instance on record. There are two main seas in the North Indian Ocean – the Bay of Bengal to the east of the Indian subcontinent – and the Arabian Sea to the west of India. The official Regional Specialized Meteorological Centre in this basin is the India Meteorological Department (IMD), while the Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) releases unofficial advisories. An average of four to six storms form in the North Indian Ocean every season with peaks in May and November. Cyclones occurring between the meridians 45°E and 100°E are included in the season by the IMD.
The 1994 North Indian Ocean cyclone season was a below-average year in which eight tropical cyclones affected seven countries bordering the North Indian Ocean. The India Meteorological Department tracks all tropical cyclones in the basin, north of the equator. The first system developed on March 21 in the Bay of Bengal, the first March storm in the basin since 1938. The second storm was the most powerful cyclone of the season, attaining maximum sustained winds of 215 km/h (135 mph) in the northern Bay of Bengal. Making landfall near the border of Bangladesh and Myanmar, the cyclone killed 350 people and left US$125 million in damage.
The 2009 North Indian Ocean cyclone season was an event in the annual cycle of tropical cyclone formation. The North Indian Ocean cyclone season has no official bounds, but cyclones tend to form between April and December, with peaks in May and November. These dates conventionally delimit the period of each year when most tropical cyclones form in the northern Indian Ocean.
The 2013 North Indian Ocean cyclone season was an event in the annual cycle of tropical cyclone formation, in which tropical cyclones formed in the North Indian Ocean and Arabian Sea. The season had no official bounds, but cyclones typically formed between May and December, with the peak from October to November. These dates conventionally delimit the period of each year when most tropical cyclones form in the northern Indian Ocean.
The 1960 North Indian Ocean cyclone season featured two deadly tropical cyclones that killed approximately 20,000 people collectively in East Pakistan. The Indian subcontinent divides the North Indian Ocean into two areas: the Bay of Bengal to the east and the Arabian Sea to the west. The official Regional Specialized Meteorological Centre in this basin is the India Meteorological Department (IMD), while the Joint Typhoon Warning Center releases unofficial advisories. On average, five storms form in the North Indian Ocean every season with dual peaks in activity during May and November. Cyclones that occurred between 45°E and 100°E were included in seasonal records by the IMD.
The 2014 North Indian Ocean cyclone season was an event in the annual cycle of tropical cyclone formation. The season included two very severe cyclonic storms, both in October, and one other named cyclonic storm, classified according to the tropical cyclone intensity scale of the India Meteorological Department. Cyclone Hudhud is estimated to have caused US$3.58 billion in damage across eastern India, and more than 120 deaths.
The 2015 North Indian Ocean cyclone season was an event in the annual cycle of tropical cyclone formation. The North Indian Ocean cyclone season has no official bounds, but cyclones tend to form between months of April and December, with the peak from May to November. These dates conventionally delimit the period of each year when most tropical cyclones form in the northern Indian Ocean.
The 2016 North Indian Ocean cyclone season was an event in the annual cycle of tropical cyclone formation. It was the deadliest season since 2010, killing more than 400 people. The season was an average one, seeing four named storms, with one further intensifying into a very severe cyclonic storm. The first named storm, Roanu, developed on 19 May while the season's last named storm, Vardah, dissipated on 18 December. The North Indian Ocean cyclone season has no official bounds, but cyclones tend to form between April and December, with the two peaks in May and November. These dates conventionally delimit the period of each year when most tropical cyclones form in the northern Indian Ocean.
The 2017 North Indian Ocean cyclone season was a below average yet deadly season in the annual cycle of tropical cyclone formation. This season produced only three named storms, of which one only intensified into a very severe cyclonic storm. The North Indian Ocean cyclone season has no official bounds but cyclones tend to form between April and December with the two peaks in May and November. These dates conventionally delimit the period of each year when most tropical cyclones form in the northern Indian Ocean. The season began with the formation Cyclone Maarutha on April 15 and ended with the dissipation of a deep depression on December 9.
The 2018 North Indian Ocean cyclone season was one of the most active North Indian Ocean cyclone seasons since 1992, with the formation of fourteen depressions and seven cyclones. The North Indian Ocean cyclone season has no official bounds, but cyclones tend to form between April and December, with the two peaks in May and November. These dates conventionally delimit the period of each year when most tropical cyclones form in the northern Indian Ocean.
The 2019 North Indian Ocean cyclone season was the most active North Indian Ocean cyclone season on record, in terms of cyclonic storms, however the 1992 season was more active according to the Joint Typhoon Warning Center. The season featured 12 depressions, 11 deep depressions, 8 cyclonic storms, 6 severe cyclonic storms, 6 very severe cyclonic storms, 3 extremely severe cyclonic storms, and 1 super cyclonic storm, Kyarr, the first since Cyclone Gonu in 2007. Additionally, it was also the third-costliest season recorded in the North Indian Ocean, only behind the 2020 and 2008 seasons.
The 2020 North Indian Ocean cyclone season was the costliest North Indian Ocean cyclone season on record, mostly due to the devastating Cyclone Amphan. The North Indian Ocean cyclone season has no official bounds, but cyclones tend to form between April and November, with peaks in late April to May and October to November. These dates conventionally delimit the period of each year when most tropical cyclones form in the northern Indian Ocean. The season began on May 16 with the designation of Depression BOB 01 in the Bay of Bengal, which later became Amphan. Cyclone Amphan was the strongest storm in the Bay of Bengal in 21 years and would break Nargis of 2008's record as the costliest storm in the North Indian Ocean. The season concluded with the dissipation of Cyclone Burevi on December 5. Overall, the season was slightly above average, seeing the development of five cyclonic storms.
The 2021 North Indian Ocean cyclone season was an event in the annual cycle of tropical cyclone formation. The North Indian Ocean cyclone season has no official bounds, but cyclones tend to form between April and December, peaking between May and November. These dates conventionally delimit the period of each year when most tropical cyclones form in the northern Indian Ocean. The season began on April 2, when a depression designated as BOB 01 was formed in the north Andaman Sea and quickly made landfall in Myanmar. The basin remained quiet for over a month before Cyclone Tauktae formed. It rapidly intensified into an extremely severe cyclonic storm before making landfall in Gujarat, become the strongest storm ever to strike that state since the 1998 Gujarat cyclone. Later that month, BOB 02 formed and later strengthened into Cyclone Yaas. Yaas rapidly intensified into a very severe cyclonic storm before making landfall in northwestern Odisha. The season's strongest tropical cyclone was Cyclone Tauktae, with maximum wind speeds of 185 km/h (115 mph) and a minimum barometric pressure of 950 hPa (28.05 inHg).
The 2022 North Indian Ocean cyclone season was an event in the annual cycle of tropical cyclone formation. It was an above-average season in terms of depressions and average in terms of deep depressions, but slightly below average in terms of cyclonic storms. It was also the least deadly North Indian Ocean cyclone season since 1988, according to official data. The season's strongest tropical cyclone was Cyclone Asani, with maximum wind speeds of 100 km/h and a minimum barometric pressure of 982 hPa. The North Indian Ocean cyclone season has no official bounds, but cyclones tend to form between April and December, with the peak from May to November. These dates conventionally delimit the period of each year when most tropical cyclones form in the northern Indian Ocean.
The 1969 North Indian Ocean cyclone season was an active cyclone season. The season has no official bounds but cyclones in the northern Indian Ocean tend to form between April and December. There are two main seas in the North Indian Ocean—the Bay of Bengal to the east of the Indian subcontinent and the Arabian Sea to the west of India. The official Regional Specialized Meteorological Centre in this basin is the India Meteorological Department (IMD), while the Joint Typhoon Warning Center releases unofficial advisories. An average of four to six storms form in the North Indian Ocean every season with peaks in May and November. Cyclones occurring between the meridians 45°E and 100°E are included in the season by the IMD.
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