2020 Zagreb earthquake

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2020 Zagreb earthquake
2020 Zagreb earthquake.jpg
Croatia relief map.png
Bullseye1.png
UTC  time2020-03-22 05:24:03
ISC  event 617810109
USGS-ANSS ComCat
Local date22 March 2020 (2020-03-22)
Local time6:24 a.m. CET (UTC+1)
Magnitude5.3 Mw [1]
5.5 ML [2]
Depth10 km (6.2 mi)
Epicenter 45°51′N16°02′E / 45.85°N 16.03°E / 45.85; 16.03 [3]
Type Reverse fault
Areas affected
Total damage €11.5 billion ($11.7 billion USD)
Max. intensity MSK-64 VIII (Damaging)
Aftershocks145 (by 14 April)
9 with a Mw 3.0 or greater
Largest: Mw 5.0 at 6:01 UTC, 22 March 2020
Casualties1 dead, 26 injured
Citations [1] [2]

At approximately 6:24 AM CET on the morning of 22 March 2020, an earthquake of magnitude 5.3 Mw , 5.5 ML , hit Zagreb, Croatia, with an epicenter 7 kilometres (4.3 mi) north of the city centre. [1] [4] [5] [6] The maximum felt intensity was VII–VIII (Very strong to Damaging) on the Medvedev–Sponheuer–Karnik scale. The earthquake was followed by numerous aftershocks, the strongest of which with a magnitude of 5.0. [7] It was the strongest earthquake in Zagreb since the 1880 earthquake and caused substantial damage in the historical city center. [8] [9] More than 1,900 buildings were reported to have been damaged to the point of becoming uninhabitable. [10] The earthquake was also felt in Slovenia. [11] One person was killed and 27 others were injured.

Contents

The earthquake occurred during the coronavirus pandemic and complicated the enforcement of social distancing measures set out by the Government of Croatia. It occurred during the Croatian Presidency of the Council of the European Union.

The direct earthquake damage inflicted on Zagreb and Krapina-Zagorje County was estimated at 86 billion Croatian kuna (€11.5 billion). [12]

Geology

Zagreb lies just to the south of the mountain of Medvednica. The northern edge of the mountain is formed by a major southeast–dipping reverse fault that has been active during the Quaternary, the North Medvednica Fault. [13] Earthquakes in this area involve reverse movement on west-southwest–east-northeast trending faults or strike-slip faulting on either northwest–southeast (dextral) or west-southwest–east-northeast (sinistral) faults. [14]

Earthquake

Seismogram of the Zagreb earthquake. 2020 Croatia (Zagreb) Earthquake -- Seismogram.gif
Seismogram of the Zagreb earthquake.

The earthquake had a magnitude of 5.3 Mw  and a depth of 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) according to Advanced National Seismic System [1] and 5.5 ML according to the Seismological Service of Croatia. [2] The maximum perceived intensity was VII (very strong) to VIII (damaging) on the Medvedev–Sponheuer–Karnik scale (MSK) [15] and VII (Damaging) on the European macroseismic scale (EMS-98). [16] It was the strongest earthquake in Zagreb since the earthquake in 1880. [8] [17] [18] [19] [20] [21]

The earthquake's epicentre was located in the northern suburbs of the Croatian capital Zagreb, in the Medvednica nature park, with the closest neighborhoods including Markuševec and Vidovec (in the Podsljeme city district), Čučerje (in the Gornja Dubrava district) and Kašina (in the Sesvete district). [22]

The focal mechanism of the earthquake indicates reverse faulting on a west-southwest–east-northeast trending fault. This is consistent with movement on a structure associated with the North Medvednica Fault. [13]

Aftershocks

More than 30 aftershocks were recorded within seven hours of the main tremor, [23] with over 100 aftershocks associated with the earthquake, however, most were weaker than 2.0 magnitude. By 14 April, 145 aftershocks greater than or equal to 1.3 Mw and 850 below 1.3 Mw were detected following the earthquake, [4] among which 8 were reported to be of magnitude 3.0 or greater with the largest being a 5.0 Mw event at 6:01 UTC according to the Seismological Service of Croatia. [7] After a period of lower seismic activity, several lower intensity earthquakes were recorded in June 2020. [24]

Aftershocks of Mw  3.0 or greater
DateTime (UTC) M MMI DepthRef.
22 March05:323.010.0 km (6.2 mi) [24]
22 March05:353.010.0 km (6.2 mi)
22 March06:015.010.0 km (6.2 mi)
22 March06:413.410.0 km (6.2 mi)
22 March08:043.010.0 km (6.2 mi)
22 March09:113.010.0 km (6.2 mi)
23 March10:123.310.0 km (6.2 mi) [25]
24 March19:533.210.0 km (6.2 mi) [26]
23 April07:523.210.0 km (6.2 mi) [27]
17 June17:513.110.0 km (6.2 mi) [28] [29]
20 April 202121:153.010.0 km (6.2 mi) [30]

Response

President Zoran Milanović, Prime Minister Andrej Plenković, and Mayor Milan Bandić gave statements, and urged citizens who left their homes to keep a distance due to the ongoing coronavirus pandemic. [31] The Hospital for Infectious Diseases briefly ceased with coronavirus testing, which resumed later during the day. [32] The Ministry of Defence mobilized the army to help clear debris from the streets. [33] Citizens whose homes were critically damaged were accommodated in a student dorm. [34] On the following day, Mayor Bandić declared a state of natural disaster. [35]

On 22 March, European Council President Charles Michel extended a message of support to Croatia, saying the European Union is willing to help after strong quakes hit Zagreb this morning. The European Commissioner for Crisis Management Janez Lenarčič said that the Emergency Response Coordination Centre was in contact with Croatia's authorities. [36]

On 24 March, it was announced that the players of Croatia national football team had donated 4,200,000 Croatian kuna to the relief efforts. [37] On 25 March, it was announced that the members of the Government, as well as United States Ambassador to Croatia Robert Kohorst, had given up on their March paychecks for the benefit of the victims. The Speaker of the Parliament Gordan Jandroković invited the members of the Parliament to do the same. [38] The same day, GNK Dinamo Zagreb donated 250,000 kuna to the Clinic for Children's Diseases Zagreb and the University Hospital Centre Zagreb, respectively. [39]

On 27 March, five days after the earthquake, measures to prevent the spread of the pandemic were reduced to allow the opening of shops selling construction tools and materials, in order to allow Zagreb residents to repair earthquake damage. [40] Starting with the following day, parking was temporarily made free in some of the affected neighbourhoods. [41]

Željko Kolar, the Prefect of the Krapina-Zagorje County, declared a state of natural disaster for the town of Donja Stubica and the municipalities of Gornja Stubica and Marija Bistrica. After visiting the region, Plenković said that the damage from the earthquake is far more extensive than originally believed. The Ministry of Defence deployed 50 military drones to document the damage. [42] [43]

Funding for repairs

Zagreb's administration initially stated that according to the applicable law, it would pay for up to 5 percent of repair costs for uninsured properties whose damage exceeded 60 percent of their value, which was the upper limit according to the law. Mayor Bandić said that 95 percent of the damage incurred by buildings in Zagreb's central areas could have been prevented by a façade renovation project for which, he said, he had been unable to find support. [44] The following day, on 26 March, Minister of Construction and Physical Planning Predrag Štromar announced amendments to the law and a special fund to help Zagreb, in agreement with Mayor Bandić. [45] Croatian Prime Minister Plenković met with Mayor Bandić on 30 March to discuss the consequences of the earthquake. Bandić said that the city cannot pay for repairs to private property, and that the "cause [of damage] is neglect of personal property", [46] adding that "those who invested in their property did fine." [46] The opposition criticised his statements as placing blame for the earthquake damage on homeowners. [47] [48]

Due to snow, rain and cold weather in the days immediately following the earthquake, some of the residents took to repairing their homes on their own shortly after the earthquake. [49] On 30 March, Ministry of Construction and Spatial Planning announced it would finance repairs to damaged houses and flats. [50]

On 3 April, citizens of Zagreb, dissatisfied with Mayor Bandić's management of the city in the crisis situation, banged pots on their balconies at 7:00 PM CEST protesting under the initiative "Resign, it's your fault, it's been enough". [51] The action was repeated on 17 April. The organisers demanded housing for those rendered homeless by the earthquake, a "fair, transparent and speedy" renovation of the city, and that the city take advice from construction industry associations. These actions were a continuation of ongoing protests against Mayor Bandić which were stopped due to the coronavirus pandemic. [52] [53]

Minister Štromar presented a draft of a law for the renovation of the damaged structures. The draft was criticised for suspending the regulation of public tenders, not financing the repairs of structures whose owners own another property, requiring the residents to pay rent on flats offered as a temporary replacement, and lacking the qualifications to ensure that future earthquakes of the same strength will cause less damage. [54] [55]

A state inquiry in the City of Zagreb budget found that the city was 1.9 billion kuna in debt (€250 million), and that the natural disaster fund had been "wasted" on various associations, religious community projects and festivities. Among other irregularities found, the income from monument annuities, collected from owners of buildings deemed worthy of preservation, was to be spent on projects renovating said buildings, but at the time of the revision, none of the renovation contracts had been closed. [56]

Damage

26,197 buildings are reported to have sustained damage, 1,900 of which are unusable. [10] Some neighbourhoods were left without electricity and heat, [31] and in some areas without internet. The earthquake caused several fires. [57] Most of the damaged buildings were built in the 18th and 19th centuries, well before a 1964 law, following the disastrous Skopje earthquake, which mandated that earthquake protection must be taken into account during the design and construction of buildings. [58] In particular, buildings made from reinforced concrete – which was introduced as a construction technique in Zagreb in the 1930s – withstood the earthquake with negligible damage. [59]

The hardest hit were the older buildings in the historic centre of Zagreb. One of the spires of Zagreb Cathedral broke off and fell on the Archbishop Josip Bozanić's palace. [60] The Basilica of the Heart of Jesus was heavily damaged. [61] A part of the roof of the Croatian Parliament building collapsed and the sessions of the Parliament were suspended. The Banski dvori, which houses the Croatian government, sustained only minor damage. [62]

Most of the museums in the city's centre were damaged by the earthquake, including the Museum of Arts and Crafts, the Croatian History Museum, and the Schools Museum. The director of the Croatian History Museum said that their building is no longer statically safe. The Croatian News Agency building was severely damaged, but it continued to operate and provide services to clients. [63] The Kolmar building on Ban Jelačić Square, which housed the Croatian Writers' Association, lost one of its cupolas during the earthquake and the other had to be pulled down by firefighters as it was badly damaged. [64] Two buildings of the Komedija Theatre reported significant damage. Other theaters, including the 1895 Croatian National Theatre, suffered no major damage. [65] Minor damage was also registered on the Faculty of Law, the Croatian Music Institute, [31] and the Orthodox Cathedral. [66]

The city's largest maternity hospital, the obstetrics department of the University Hospital Centre in Petrova Street, was evacuated. [57] Also, 23 elementary schools, 2 secondary schools, 20 university faculties, and 18 institutes reported damage. [34] In Donja Stubica, Gornja Stubica, and Marija Bistrica 53 houses were completely destroyed and the total damage is estimated at more than 75 million kuna. [42] [43]

On 17 April, explosive charges were used to remove the northern spire of Zagreb Cathedral. 20200417-katedrala-182104-1-scaled.jpg
On 17 April, explosive charges were used to remove the northern spire of Zagreb Cathedral.

The nearby Krško Nuclear Power Plant, in Slovenia, sustained no damage and continued to operate normally. [11] A 3-metre-wide (10 ft) sinkhole opened on the grounds of the Stubičke Toplice Special Medical Rehabilitation Hospital after the earthquake. [68]

Four Internet autonomous systems in Croatia had gone offline as a consequence of the earthquake, causing the disruptions in Internet access, but connectivity was restored by the next day. [69]

On 17 April, the northern spire of Zagreb Cathedral was removed due to leaning during the earthquake. [70] [67] [71]

Minister Štromar presented an estimate by the Civil Engineering Faculty in Zagreb on the total damage from the earthquake. According to the estimate, the damage in Zagreb and the surrounding area is around 42 billion kuna, or 5.6 billion euros. [72] The figure was later revised to 86 billion kuna or €11.5 billion. [12]

Casualties

Seventeen people were reported injured on 22 March, with a 15-year-old girl in critical condition. [73] [74] Three people were injured in the Krapina-Zagorje County, 11 in Zagreb and three in the Zagreb County. [2] On the next day ten more injuries were reported, making a total of 27 people injured. [75] On 23 March, the 15-year-old girl from Zagreb, who was in critical condition, died, succumbing to her injuries. [76] She is the first recorded victim of the earthquake. [77]

On 27 March, a volunteer construction worker fell to his death from a building while he was repairing damage from the earthquake. [78]

European assistance

Eight European countries have offered assistance for relief: [79]

Aftermath

The first scientific paper on the Zagreb earthquake was published on 1 July 2020, in the scientific journal Geosciences. [85]

Some of the buildings affected by the earthquake suffered further damage in the 24–25 July flash flood, including the Children's Hospital Zagreb in Klaić Street, [86] the University of Zagreb Faculty of Science administrative building, [87] and a number of public libraries. [88] [89]

In December the same year, Zagreb was further damaged by an Mw 6.4 earthquake whose epicenter was near Petrinja, 50 km (31 mi) from the capital. [90]

See also

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References

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  40. ↑ "Odluka o iznimnoj obustavi mjere ograničenja rada prodavaonica u kojima se prodaje građevinski materijal" [Decision to temporarily remove restrictions on shops selling construction material]. Koronavirus.hr (in Croatian). 27 March 2020. Retrieved 30 March 2020.
  41. ↑ "Ukidanje naplate parkiranja u dijelovima Zagreba" [Payment for parking in parts of Zagreb abolished]. Koronavirus.hr (in Croatian). 28 March 2020. Retrieved 30 March 2020.
  42. 1 2 "Prirodna nepogoda zbog potresa proglašena i za Mariju Bistricu" (in Croatian). N1. 30 March 2020. Archived from the original on 6 April 2020. Retrieved 1 April 2020.
  43. 1 2 "Plenković visits areas hardest hit by Sunday's earthquake". Croatian Radio Television. 28 March 2020. Archived from the original on 6 April 2020. Retrieved 1 April 2020.
  44. ↑ "Zagreb: mjere oslobađanja od plaćanja režija" [Zagreb: Measures to abolish utility payments]. Croatian Radiotelevision (in Croatian). 25 March 2020. Retrieved 30 March 2020.
  45. ↑ "Odšteta samo za one čija su oštećenja veća od 60 posto i to samo 5 posto: 'Mijenjat ćemo zakon'" [Compensation only for those whose damage is more than 60 percent, is only 5 percent: 'We will change the law']. rtl.hr (in Croatian). 26 March 2020. Retrieved 1 April 2020.
  46. 1 2 "Bandić o posljedicama potresa: Ljudi su sami krivi, jer nisu ulagali u imovinu". N1 (in Croatian). 30 March 2020. Archived from the original on 7 April 2020. Retrieved 18 April 2020.
  47. ↑ Toma, Ivanka (30 March 2020). "Maras žestoko odgovorio Bandiću 'Svaljivanje odgovornosti za potres na građane je nečuveno! Ne može se na ljude prebaciti teret prirodne katastrofe'" [Maras Fiercely Responds to Bandić 'Blaming citizens for the earthquake is preposterous! It is impossible to shift the burden of a natural disaster on people']. Jutarnji list (in Croatian). Retrieved 30 March 2020.
  48. ↑ "Sastanak Bandića i Plenkovića završio dogovorom o stvaranju posebnog zakona – Gradonačelnik građanima: 'Da ste malo više ulagali u svoju imovinu...'" [Bandić and Plenković Meeting Ends With Agreement to Enact a Special Law – Mayor to citizens: 'If you had only invested more in your property...']. Jutarnji list (in Croatian). 30 March 2020. Retrieved 30 March 2020.
  49. ↑ Branica, Ema (24 March 2020). "Očajni građani sami saniraju štete i prije procjene: "Ovo nam je jako dobra lekcija da naučimo živjeti s potresima"" [Desperate residents repair damage on their own even before damage assessments: "This will teach us to live with earthquakes"]. Dnevnik.hr (in Croatian). Retrieved 30 March 2020.
  50. ↑ Dimitrijević, Andrej (30 March 2020). "Iz Ministarstva potvrdili za Telegram: 'Financirat ćemo obnovu privatnih stanova i kuća oštećenih u potresu'" [Ministry confirms for Telegram: 'We will finance the renovation of private flats and houses damaged in the earthquakes]. Telegram.hr (in Croatian). Retrieved 30 March 2020.
  51. ↑ S. Ve. (3 April 2020). "Balkonski prosvjed protiv Bandića: Zagrepčani se masovno odazvali, gradom se orila buka lonaca". Dnevnik.hr (in Croatian). Retrieved 6 April 2020.
  52. ↑ "U petak novi prosvjed protiv Bandića na prozorima i balkonima". Nacional (in Croatian). 14 April 2020. Retrieved 18 April 2020.
  53. ↑ "Video – Novi prosvjed protiv Bandića, ljudi lupali loncima, trubili, fućkali". Index.hr (in Croatian). 17 April 2020. Retrieved 18 April 2020.
  54. ↑ Penić, Goran; Dešković, Marin (8 April 2020). "Prijedlog novog zakona o obnovi zgrada oštećenih potresom na meti kritika – Struka: 'Nejasno je tko utvrđuje kategoriju i stupanj svih oštećenja'". Jutarnji list (in Croatian). Retrieved 8 April 2020.
  55. ↑ Petrinjak, Martina (8 April 2020). "Arhitektica o potresu: Dok čekate zakon o obnovi, država se već pobrinula za crkve". Index.hr (in Croatian). Retrieved 8 April 2020.
  56. ↑ Šobak, Mateja (11 April 2020). "Fond za nepogode potrošili na "prigodne manifestacije"" [Disaster fund spent on "festive manifestations"]. Večernji list (in Croatian). Retrieved 12 April 2020.
  57. 1 2 "Zagreb caught between coronavirus and earthquake". N1. 22 March 2020. Archived from the original on 24 March 2020. Retrieved 24 March 2020.
  58. ↑ Sanja Čatipović (4 December 2019). "Što bi se dogodilo da Hrvatsku pogodi potres poput onog u Albaniji? Uništene zgrade, veliki broj mrtvih i milijarde kn štete – RTL VIJESTI". Rtl.hr. Retrieved 22 March 2020.
  59. ↑ "Zagrebačke višekatnice i neboderi tresu se i "plešu", ali su gotovo neoštećeni". jutarnji.hr (in Croatian). 7 January 2021. Retrieved 7 January 2021.
  60. ↑ Veljković, Sandra (22 March 2020). "Pogođeni ste potresom i trebate pomoć? Nazovite 0800 8805". Večernji list (in Croatian). Retrieved 22 March 2020.
  61. ↑ Pavičić, Darko (22 March 2020). "Strašno razaranje i urušavanje u crkvi Srca Isusova u Palmotićevoj u Zagrebu". Večernji list (in Croatian). Retrieved 22 March 2020.
  62. ↑ "Urušio se dio krova Saborske palače, a Banski dvori statički su u redu". Večernji list. 23 March 2020. Retrieved 23 March 2020.
  63. ↑ "Most of Zagreb's Museums Damaged by Earthquakes". Total Croatia News. 23 March 2020. Retrieved 23 March 2020.
  64. ↑ "Video Potres srušio kupolu na zgradi na Trgu bana Jelačića, vatrogasci srušili drugu". Index.hr (in Croatian). 22 March 2020. Retrieved 22 March 2020.
  65. ↑ "Komedija teško pogođena u potresu, HNK na prvi pogled bez većih oštećenja". N1. 23 March 2020. Archived from the original on 24 March 2020. Retrieved 23 March 2020.
  66. ↑ "Foto i Video: Oštećen i hram sv. Preobraženja na Cvjetnom trgu". portalnovosti.com. Retrieved 24 March 2020.
  67. 1 2 "Eksplozijama odvojen toranj katedrale, prizemljen je". index.hr (in Croatian). Retrieved 18 April 2020.
  68. ↑ "U Stubičkim Toplicama se nakon potresa otvorila velika rupa, kontaktirani geolozi" [Large sinkhole opens in Stubičke Toplice after the earthquake, geologists summoned]. Zagorje.com (in Croatian). 30 March 2020. Retrieved 2 April 2020.
  69. ↑ Manojlović, Vesna (27 March 2020). "After the Quake in Croatia". RIPE Labs. RIPE . Retrieved 12 April 2020.
  70. ↑ "Vrh sjevernog tornja zagrebačke katedrale uspješno uklonjen i spušten na tlo". dnevnik.hr (in Croatian). Retrieved 18 April 2020.
  71. ↑ "Rušenje tornja zagrebačke katedrale". hr.n1info.com (in Croatian). Archived from the original on 13 September 2020. Retrieved 18 April 2020.
  72. ↑ "Earthquake rebuild estimated at 42 billion kuna" (in Croatian). Croatian Radio Television. 22 April 2020. Archived from the original on 27 April 2020. Retrieved 29 April 2020.
  73. ↑ "Potresi na zagrebačkom području". civilna-zastita.gov.hr. Retrieved 22 March 2020.
  74. ↑ "Strašan potres u Zagrebu – 17 ozlijeđenih, u pet minuta dva nova potresa" (in Croatian). Index.hr. Retrieved 22 March 2020.
  75. ↑ "Tinejdžerica stradala u potresu i dalje je kritično. U potresu ozlijeđeno 27 ljudi". index.hr (in Croatian). Retrieved 23 March 2020.
  76. ↑ "Umrla djevojčica koja je teško stradala u potresu u Zagrebu". index.hr (in Croatian). Retrieved 23 March 2020.
  77. ↑ "Djevojčica (15) u dječjoj bolnici u Klaićevoj izgubila životnu bitku – Stradala je u Đorđićevoj i postala prva žrtva potresa u Zagrebu". jutarnji.hr (in Croatian). 23 March 2020. Retrieved 23 March 2020.
  78. ↑ Miljuš, Dušan (27 March 2020). "Tragedija u centru Zagreba – Muškarac poginuo na sanaciji štete od potresa u Domjanićevoj ulici, radi se o zidaru". Jutarnji list (in Croatian). Retrieved 27 March 2020.
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  81. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 "Sedam europskih država pomaže potresom pogođen Zagreb; stižu kreveti, šatori, električne grijalice..." tportal.hr (in Croatian). Retrieved 31 March 2020.
  82. ↑ "Vlada HNŽ: Novac za bolnice i Grad Zagreb" (in Croatian). bljesak.info. 26 March 2020. Retrieved 1 April 2020.
  83. ↑ "Aktiviran mehanizam civilne zaštite EU – EU pomaže Hrvatskoj i u kartiranju područja pogođenog potresom". jutarnji.hr. 23 March 2020. Retrieved 31 March 2020.
  84. 1 2 "Italy, Slovenia, Hungary, and Austria send aid to quake-hit Zagreb". N1. 24 March 2020. Archived from the original on 24 March 2020. Retrieved 24 March 2020.
  85. ↑ Markušić, Snježana; Stanko, Davor; Korbar, Tvrtko; Belić, Nikola; Penava, Davorin; Kordić, Branko (2020). "The Zagreb (Croatia) M5.5 Earthquake on 22 March 2020". Geosciences. 10 (7): 252. Bibcode:2020Geosc..10..252M. doi: 10.3390/geosciences10070252 .
  86. ↑ Kovačević, Romana; Mitrović, Mia (25 July 2020). "VIDEO Poplavljena i Klaićeva bolnica: Voda je prevrnula frižider s umjetnom kožom težak nekoliko tona" [Klaić Street hospital flooded: Water overturned an artificial skin refrigerator weighing several tons]. Večernji list (in Croatian). Retrieved 30 March 2021.
  87. ↑ "Hrvatske vode: Ustava Kuniščak nije predviđena za oborinsku odvodnju. Poziv s Trnja nismo dobili" [Hrvatske vode: Kuniščak dam is not intended for stormwater management. We did not receive call from Trnje]. Jutarnji list (in Croatian). 27 July 2020. Retrieved 30 March 2021.
  88. ↑ Vuković, Silvija (27 July 2020). "Dio knjižnica u Zagrebu pretrpio veća oštećenja uslijed poplava" [City libraries in Zagreb suffer significant damage in the flood]. Srednja.hr (in Croatian). Retrieved 30 March 2021.
  89. ↑ "Rad Knjižnica grada Zagreba nakon poplave" [Operation of Zagreb City Libraries after the flood] (in Croatian). Zagreb City Libraries. 27 July 2020. Retrieved 30 March 2021.
  90. ↑ "Banija Earthquake Damage Estimated at €5bn, Says Jutarnji List". Total-croatia-news.com. 13 March 2021. Retrieved 24 March 2021.

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