Four candidates contested the first round of the election, in which Masoud Pezeshkian won 44%, Saeed Jalili won 40%, Mohammad Bagher Ghalibaf won 14% and Mostafa Pourmohammadi won less than 1% of the vote. Pezeshkian was the only reformist candidate on the ballot.[3] As no candidate won a majority in the first round, a run off vote was held on 5 July between Jalili and Pezeshkian,[4] which the latter won with 53.7% of the vote. On 6 July 2024, the Ministry of Interior declared Pezeshkian the winner of the election,[5] with Jalili conceding defeat shortly thereafter.[6]
With a 39.93% turnout, the first round of the election saw the lowest participation for a presidential election in the Islamic Republic's history.[7] The turnout improved in the second round to 49.68%. Pezeshkian was seated as president after the ballot certification process was completed. His inauguration was held on 28 July.
The president of Iran is usually elected every four years by a "direct vote of the people", as set out by Article 114 of the Iranian Constitution.[13] The upcoming presidential election was scheduled to take place on or before 18 June 2025, but was held earlier due to the death of the president. Under Iran's political system, the President is the country's highest directly elected official, the chief of the executive branch, and the second most important position after that of the Supreme Leader.[14] The minimum voting age is 18.
According to the Islamic Republic of Iran's constitution, any Iranian citizen who believes in Shia Islam, is loyal to the Constitution, the ideology of Guardianship of the Islamic Jurist and the Islamic Republic can participate in the election as a presidential candidate. The Election Monitoring Agency (EMA), managed by the Guardian Council, vets registered candidates and selects a handful to run in the election.[15]
The Guardian Council does not publicly announce the reason for rejections of particular candidates, although those reasons are privately explained to each candidate. Women are not constitutionally restricted from running, but all who have registered as candidates have been disqualified by the Guardian Council.[16][17] The council has officially denied rejecting a woman's candidacy because of her gender.[18]
Candidates approved by the Guardian Council are put to a public vote. The winner is the candidate who receives a majority (50% plus one) of votes. If no candidate receives enough votes, a run-off election is held between the two candidates with the most votes the following Friday.[19] Iranians who vote during the election receive a stamp that indicates so on their birth certificates.[20]
According to the constitution, once the result is known, the Supreme Leader must sign the decree of the elected president, and if he refuses to sign, the elected president will not assume the presidency. As of 2024, Supreme Leaders have always signed the decree of the elected president.[21][22] After that, the elected president must recite and sign an oath in a session of the Islamic Consultative Assembly, in the presence of the members of the Guardian Council and the head of the Supreme Court.[19]
For this election, more than 61 million citizens were eligible to vote, with about 18 million of them between 18 and 30 years old.[23] Voters were required to present identity booklets, passports or smart Iranian identity cards[24] The Ministry of Intelligence warned that presidential nominees were under constant monitoring.[25]
Overseas voting
Voting for overseas Iranians was held in 344 locations worldwide.[26][27] In Australia, polling was canceled in Brisbane and Sydney due to protests by the Iranian diaspora.[28] Opponents of the Iranian government, who wanted a boycott of the election, criticized the Biden administration for allowing the installation of voting stations in the United States.[29] Saudi Arabia[30] and Canada refused to grant Iran permission to install overseas ballot boxes,[31] though the decision was later reversed in Saudi Arabia.[32] Voting stations for Canadian voters were instead placed on the US-Canada border.[33]
Dates
Following the announcement of Raisi's death on 20 May, authorities announced that voting would be held on 28 June.[1] Registration of candidates began on 30 May and ran until 3 June,[34] while campaigning lasted from 12 June until 27 June.[1]
Candidates
The registration to run for the presidency started on 30 May and ended on 3 June. A total of 80 people, including four women, filed their candidacies for president.[35] Most candidates were considered as conservatives or ultra conservatives.[36] The final list of candidates was released by the Guardian Council on 9 June.[37] Per Article 99 of the Constitution, those rejected by the council are not allowed to protest the rejection.[13][38]
A total of 74 aspirants had their candidacies rejected by the Guardian Council.[37] These included all four women who applied to run in the election.[56] The applications of least 30 candidacies were rejected on 30 May for failure to meet the "basic conditions for qualification".[57] Former President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad was the most notable to be disqualified by the Guardian Council, having been disqualified previously in 2021.[58]
Approved
Six candidates were allowed by the Guardian Council to run for president, namely Mohammad Bagher Ghalibaf, Saeed Jalili, Masoud Pezeshkian, Mostafa Pourmohammadi, Amirhossein Ghazizadeh Hashemi and Alireza Zakani.[37] On 26 June, Hashemi withdrew his candidacy and called on other candidates to follow "so that the front of the revolution will be strengthened". He was followed on 27 June by Zakani, who did so citing the need to "block the formation of a third administration" of former President Hassan Rouhani.[59] Both candidates, as well as Ghalibaf, subsequently endorsed Jalili in the second round.[60]
In a speech on 3 June, Supreme Leader Ayatollah Ali Khamenei told candidates not to attack each other and expressed his preference for a "revolutionary president".[64]
The authorities gave 20GB of free internet data for use on domestic messengers and Telewebion for 30 days to mobile phones to promote information regarding the election.[65] US-funded Radio Farda anticipated the total cost of the election to be more than US$357 million.[66]
Saeed Jalili
Saeed Jalili of the Front of Islamic Revolution Stability ran for president for the fourth time. He is the Supreme Leader's personal representative to the Supreme National Security Council and was formerly its Secretary, during which he was involved in the Iran nuclear negotiations.[67] Jalili was involved in governmental activities for the decade leading into the election.[68] He was backed by the Islamic Society of Students.[69] Jalili opposed negotiations with the West and the ratification of the Financial Action Task Force (FATF).[70] In addition, Jalili supported the completion of an additional one million housing units.[71] Jalili opposed importing cars from overseas while Ghalibaf supported the import of cars.[72] Jalili promised three days of free vacation to government tourist residences for every citizen per year.[73]
Masoud Pezeshkian
Of the six candidates confirmed by the Guardian Council, Masoud Pezeshkian was regarded to be the only one representing moderates and reformists.[37] He was backed by Nedaye Iranian, the National Trust Party, Moderation and Development Party, Coalition of Reformist Women's Parties,[74][75][76] as well as former President Mohammad Khatami, former foreign minister Mohammad Javad Zarif[77] and the Assembly of the Forces of Imam's Line.[78] Pezeshkian's campaign slogan is "Living without Shamefulness".[79][80] He campaigned against the Guidance patrol's 2024 Nour program[81] and criticized Iranian laws on the wearing of the hijab.[82]
In his campaign speech, Pezeshkian said that he could not do anything for political prisoners as the power to release them does not belong to the president.[83] He told students not to insult Khamenei and that he had "assimilated into the Supreme leader".[84][85] His campaign staff used the song Baraye written by imprisoned singer Shervin Hajipour.[86] Pezeshkian also supported the banning of Afghan immigrants.[87]
Mohammad Bagher Ghalibaf
Ghalibaf promised to reduce the number of Afghan immigrants[88] and build a wall along Iran's borders with Afghanistan and Pakistan.[89] He expressed his support for strengthening the Axis of Resistance.[90] Ghalibaf promised better pay to health workers in order to stop emigration.[91] He said that he is open to closer relations with the United States and negotiating a new nuclear deal to alleviate Iran of its economic woes.[92]
Mostafa Pourmohammadi
Mostafa Pourmohammadi pledged an end to internet censorship[93] and supports nuclear negotiations but from a position of power.[94] He criticized Iranian military support for the Russian invasion of Ukraine due to what he called a lack of reciprocal benefits from Russia.[95][96]
Alireza Zakani
Alireza Zakani pledged to give away 120 tons of free meat every day.[97] He promised free health care for women and seniors and cash payments to the poor.[95]
Debates
First round
IRIB exclusively held and broadcast the presidential debates.[98][99] The questions to be asked in the debates were shared with all candidates beforehand.[100] The IRIB and the Election Office warned candidates against ruining the country's public image.[101][102] Documentaries will be also produced by IRIB for nominees.[103] The government also banned displaying images of candidates with Ali Khamenei and his predecessor as Supreme Leader, Ruhollah Khomeini.[104]
The candidates were asked during the first debate on issues such as inflation, the government's budget deficit, housing and corruption. All candidates pledged to have sanctions against Iran lifted, strengthen the rial and introduce reforms.[77] In the debate, Ghalibaf made several false claims on the economy, regarding energy waste in the country, national GDP and productivity rate.[105] Journalist Vahid Ashtari alleged that Ghalibaf falsely claimed about never having sued any journalist.[106] Ashtari was arrested on 20 June after posting luggage records of Ghalibaf's daughter, who travelled to Turkey.[107] Zakani falsely said that there were no hijab police deployed in the Tehran Metro and that he had not opposed imported COVID-19 vaccines.[108][109] Pourmohammedi claimed that IRIB TV2's news program 20:30 censored and manipulated a video he sent them.[110]
During the 20 June debates, while discussing culture Pezeshkian's advisor Mohammed Fazeli threw his microphone and left the debate after getting into an argument with one of the hosts.[111] Economic issues were again discussed during the debate, as well as fuel subsidies and education.[112] In the third debate Hashemi promised to make an area in beaches for women to ride jet skis and do water sports,[113] while Pourmohammedi promised to decriminalize not wearing a hijab and stop violent responses by police and Basij.[114] Jalili criticized media attention to Mahsa Amini's death rather than the deaths of thousands of women in Gaza.[115] Ghalibaf claimed Iran's National Information Network has progressed 75%, which Factnameh[fa] said was "unverifiable".[116]
In the fourth debate Pourmohammadi called Jalili a traitor for sabotaging the FATF ratification and Ahmadinejad's Crescent petroleum deal,[117] which Jalili denied and said the Crescent agreement was flawed.[118] Hashemi criticized Hassan Rouhani and the reformists for warmongering in Afghanistan and praised Ebrahim Raisi for making peace and not letting Israel advance.[119] Pourmohammadi called the 1988 executions of Iranian political prisoners a "project of difficult times of the government" and that "only People's Mojahedin Organization of Iran members who were fighting against the people were executed."[120]
In the fifth debate Hashemi promised to eliminate twelve months conscription for males.[121] Hashemi denied that Internet censorship in Iran exists, while Pezeshkian defended the 2019 Internet blackout in Iran.[122] Pourmohammadi pledged to bring transparency to the Tehran Stock Exchange.[123] Ghalibaf blamed Debsh government corruption on inequity.[124] During a debate on women, a representative of Jalili blamed women for being assaulted for not wearing a hijab.[125] Jalili himself told an interviewer that they did not understand the "strategic depth" of the hijab laws.[89] IRIB censored Pezeshkian's talk where he supported Mahsa Amini.[126]
During a two-hour televised debate on IRIB on 1 July, Pezeshkian criticized Jalili over his lack of managerial experience, his stance on nuclear negotiations and his pledge to achieve an economic growth rate of 8% while in office, adding that authorities should be allowed to "execute" Jalili if his target was not met. Jalili accused Pezeshkian of having no plans to manage the country and instead lead it to a "backward position". Both candidates pledged to address issues involving the poor, workers, women, ethnic groups and religious minorities, as well as improve internet services. They also called for an investigation into the low turnout in the first round.[129] Pezeshkian called a situation in Iran a deadlock and said that no government will grow in a cage. He again criticized Jalili for his shadow state.[130]
During the final debate on 2 July, Pezeshkian pledged to revive a nuclear agreement with foreign powers, while Jalili called on the US to honor its commitments on par "with the commitments we fulfilled." Both candidates pledged to improve the economy, provide energy subsidies to the poor and facilitate the importation of cars while supporting domestic automobile makers.[131] Jalili made several misleading claims over the economy that sought to criticize the Rouhani administration and praise that of Raisi's.[132]
Criticism
The Guardian Council denied allegations that they had rigged the election.[133]Abdolhamid Ismaeelzahi, the Sunni Friday Imam of Sistan and Baluchistan, criticized the system for not allowing women and religious minority candidates and closing down Sunni mosques and questioned the presidency's powers.[134][135][136] Four Sunni clerics were arrested in Urmia for criticizing the election.[137] Overseas monarchist opposition figures and groups such as Reza Pahlavi, the former crown prince of Iran, and the re-formed Iran-Novin Party called the election a circus.[138][139]United Against Nuclear Iran, an anti-Iran lobby group in the US, claimed that IRGC Baqiatallah HQ was engineering the election.[140] The National Front boycotted the election.[141]
In the first round, a majority of voters abstained from voting, resulting in a turnout of 39.93%, the lowest in the history of the Islamic Republic.[7] Turnout increased to 49.68% of votes in the runoff, possibly to prevent the election of Jalili.[151]
Masoud Pezeshkian's victory sparked controversy over Saeed Jalili's self-styled shadow government. Critics challenged its legitimacy, funding, and transparency, arguing it disrupts governance and lacks a clear legal basis in Iran.[152]
On 25 June, Supreme Leader Ayatollah Ali Khamenei called for "high participation" in the election, calling it "the pride of the Islamic republic".[170] He also warned against supporting candidates who believe that "all ways to progress" come from the United States.[171]Abbas Abdi, one of Iran's most influential reformist figures, predicted a maximum turnout of 60%, and a minimum of 55%.[172][173] The IRGC's Telegram channel conducted a poll in which Pezeshkian won 60% of the votes.[174]
Conduct
Pezeshkian voting in election
Voting was held in nearly 60,000 voting stations and 90,000 "voting points" nationwide, while more than 300 voting stations were set up overseas. Polling in the first round was initially expected to run from 08:00 to 18:00,[175] but was extended at the last minute by the Interior Ministry to 20:00.[176] Polling was also extended until midnight on the second round of voting.[177]
Incidents
A video was posted during the campaign of a pro-Pezeshkian lawyer in Tabriz being beaten up in a desert by security forces. The Ministry of Justice opened an investigation.[178] Two members of the security forces were killed in a gun attack on a vehicle carrying election boxes in Sistan and Baluchistan.[179]
Iran's Internet Minister claimed that the country's fiber optic network was sabotaged on 28 June.[180] The interior ministry said it had arrested members of "Project 1000 Squares" which had planned to celebrate the election win of an undisclosed candidate.[181]
On 19 July, the governor[b] of Basht was arrested on charges of electoral misconduct.[182]
Results
Official results showed Pezeshkian and Jalili heading into a run-off scheduled on 5 July. Turnout in the first round was at 40 percent, the lowest for a presidential election in Iran since 1979,[183] while a total of 1,056,159 ballots were deemed as spoiled. The election also saw the first presidential run-off vote in Iran since 2005.[184]
Vote composition of Iranian provinces along with participation rates[185]
Province
Masoud Pezeshkian (Votes)
Saeed Jalili (Votes)
Mohammad Bagher Ghalibaf (Votes)
Mostafa Pourmohammadi (Votes)
Total Votes
Participation Rate (%)
Azarbaijan, East
1,067,088
244,076
57,432
7,276
1,402,108
44.11
Azarbaijan, West
806,620
145,619
58,011
4,960
1,010,210
40
Ardabil
382,647
72,878
36,377
2,676
504,602
48.5
Isfahan
428,098
868,431
139,979
16,524
1,454,032
41
Alborz
298,664
271,695
97,182
741
674,148
40.13
Ilam
119,843
44,706
30,852
1,704
208,187
47
Bushehr
144,138
167,217
40,850
2,618
374,345
46.5
Tehran
1,492,164
1,165,518
673,000
35,582
3,366,264
33
Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari
123,046
118,523
28,231
2,464
282,264
40
Khorasan, South
102,354
225,825
48,776
2,319
391,329
64
Khorasan, Razavi
661,493
1,212,033
429,458
19,330
2,415,696
49.39
Khorasan, North
115,697
115,672
57,638
1,026
320,407
45
Khuzestan
433,699
524,084
175,732
12,529
1,146,044
29.6
Zanjan
195,165
132,409
48,479
1,026
392,000
46.2
Semnan
73,287
137,081
34,759
2,302
262,284
49.2
Sistan and Baluchestan
443,226
199,976
87,788
4,368
735,358
40
Fars
532,947
634,294
132,848
10,292
1,310,381
36
Qazvin
156,853
166,852
51,811
3,358
395,753
42.8
Qom
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD
57
Kordestan
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD
Kerman
329,470
477,589
215,892
8,513
1,070,286
46
Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad
123,240
102,112
55,348
1,518
288,937
49.3
Golestan
275,366
205,974
81,095
5,023
591,201
41.16
Gilan
317,248
216,339
90,019
6,759
656,936
32.6
Lorestan
234,721
191,510
100,967
4,395
540,000
36
Mazandaran
406,485
448,308
132,151
9,629
1,043,570
42.3
Markazi
136,282
233,645
61,359
4,355
457,074
39.9
Hormozgan
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD
Hamedan
199,466
266,875
76,583
5,283
572,842
39
Yazd
165,696
213513
35,680
3,829
436,722
58.18
Maps and graphs
First Round
Winner by province
Result of the Iranian presidential election by province (in percentage)
First round results by province. The area of each province is proportional to the number of its voters.
Second Round
Winner by province
Result of the Iranian presidential election by province (in percentage)
Second round results by province. The area of each province is proportional to the number of its voters.
Turnout
First round turnout by province
Second round turnout by province
Ghalibaf votes by province
Aftermath
In his first statements following his victory, Pezeshkian said that "the difficult path ahead will not be smooth", while pledging to serve all Iranians. In his concession statement, Jalili called for Pezeshkian to be respected. Pezeshkian is expected to assume the presidency within 30 days of the election, after he resigns from his seat in the Islamic Consultative Assembly and gains the formal approval of Khamenei.[186] In his speech in the Mausoleum of Ruhollah Khomeini, Pezeshkian thanked Khamenei for his support.[187] Khamenei praised the turnout despite what he called a campaign "by the enemies of the Iranian nation to induce despair and a feeling of hopelessness" and called on Pezeshkian to "set his vision on high, bright horizons."[188]
In his first post victory op-ed Pezeshkian called the 25 year cooperation between China and Iran a milestone and commended Iran-Russia detente.[190]
On 28 July, Pezeshkian received Khamenei's official endorsement to hold office as president. Pezeshkian also appointed as his first vice president Mohammad Reza Aref, a reformist politician who had previously served in the same position under Mohammad Khatami.[191]
Reactions
Domestic
Khamenei downplayed the low turnout in the first round, saying that it did not indicate opposition to the political system,[192] but ordered an investigation into its causes.[193] Former minister Ata'ollah Mohajerani criticized the administration of President Mokhber for failing to fulfill its mandate and campaigning instead for Jalili.[194] Mokhber has denied this.[195] The newspaper Kayhan published an editorial saying that the government will not give in to blackmail by election boycotters.[196] The reformist newspapers Sazandegi and Hammihan urged voters to participate in the election through their editorials.[197]
Armenia: Prime Minister Nikol Pashinian congratulated "the brotherly Islamic Republic of Iran" on electing a new president and expressed hope that Pezeshkian will continue to implement existing Armenian-Iranian agreements.[204]
Georgia: Prime Minister Irakli Kobakhidze sent a message to Pezeshkian, congratulating him on his election, expressing hopes that his efforts as president will "ensure a bright, stable and secure future" for Iran.[211]
Hezbollah: Secretary-General Hassan Nasrallah congratulated Pezeshkian on his election, adding that his group would continue "relying on Iran as a stronger supporter".[213]
Hungary: President Tamás Sulyok congratulated Pezeshkian on his election, adding "the centuries-longstanding commercial and cultural cooperation" is of "great importance".[212]
India: Prime Minister Narendra Modi congratulated Pezeshkian, saying he "looks forward to working closely" with him on strengthening their relationship.[205]
Iraqi Kurdistan: President Nechirvan Barzani congratulated Pezeshkian on his victory, saying that he looks forward to advancing ties between the autonomous region and Iran.[214]
Libya: Prime Minister Abdul Hamid Dbeibah congratulated Pezeshkian on Twitter and wished him all the success in serving his country, and looking forward to strengthening bilateral relations between Iran and Libya, and working together to promote peace, stability and prosperity in the region.[218]
Malaysia: Prime Minister Anwar Ibrahim congratulated Pezeshkian on Facebook, saying that the election "reflects the vibrant spirit of Iranian democracy and heralds a promising future for Iran".[219]
Maldives: President Mohamed Muizzu congratulated Pezeshkian at his victory on Twitter and said he looked forward to working with him.[220]
North Korea: Kim Jong Un congratulated Pezeshkian and wishing him "success in your responsible work for building a powerful and prosperous Islamic state".[221]
Pakistan: Prime Minister Shehbaz Sharif expressed his intent to work with Pezeshkian and ensuring "a bright future for our two peoples through mutually beneficial cooperation".[205]
Serbia: President Aleksandar Vučić congratulated Pezeshkian, saying his election reflected the Iranian's people's trust in his "vision for the future" and "dedication to peace."[225]
South Korea: The Foreign Ministry congratulated Pezeshkian and said it looked forward to "further enhancing our friendly relations with Iran".[226]
Syria: President Bashar al-Assad said he intended to work with the new administration "to boost the Syrian-Iranian strategic relationship and open new promising horizons for bilateral cooperation".[205]
Turkey: President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan congratulated Pezeshkian and expressed his confidence that their relations will "continue to develop in every realm".[228]
United States: The State Department described the election as "not free or fair" and noted the significant rate of voter abstention, adding that it did not expect the results to produce a change in Iran's policy and human rights situation.[188] White House National Security Communications Advisor John Kirby said that the election of a reformist president did not mean that the US would be willing to restart nuclear talks with Iran, citing their continued support for extremist groups such as Hamas, Hezbollah and the Houthis, as well as to Russia in its war against Ukraine. He also said that the US did not expect any change in Iran's behavior.[230]
Venezuela: Foreign minister Yván Gil praised voters for their "commitment demonstrated to democracy", adding that Pezeshkian would have the "absolute support" of President Nicolas Maduro.[205]
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↑ "Archived copy" (in Arabic). 6 July 2024. Archived from the original on 6 July 2024. Retrieved 6 July 2024.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
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