Rouhani was re-elected for a second term. According to results announced by the Interior Ministry, Rouhani received 59% of the vote, while his closest rival Ebrahim Raisi received 39%. Rouhani was re-inaugurated on 5 August 2017 taking the oath of office for the second time at the Parliament of Iran.
The president of Iran is elected using the two-round system. To win in the first round, a candidate must receive more than 50% of all votes cast (both valid and invalid).[2]
Eligibility
Any Iranian citizen above 18 years of age was able to register as a presidential candidate. An institution called the Election Monitoring Agency (EMA) and managed by the Guardian Council vets registered candidates and approves a handful to run in the election. The Guardian Council does not publicly announce the reason a particular candidate is rejected, although those reasons are explained to each candidate. Women who register as candidates have invariably been excluded from standing for election by the council.[3][4]
Former president Mahmoud Ahmadinejad, who endorsed his protégé, and former vice president Hamid Baghaei, registered as a candidate along with him.
During the five days period, a total of 1,636 individuals put their name to run for president, an increase over the 686 candidates in the previous election in 2013. Among the candidates was a record number of 137 women.[6] Hundreds of the applicants were ordinary people with no political background[7] and clearly lacked the criteria cited in the article 115 of the constitution, which is being considered among "religious and political rejal" ("men" or "personalities", according to different interpretations).[8] Many criticized the law, which allows almost anyone to register to run.[6] Some intended to gain public attention, including political prisoners Mehdi Khazali and former MP Ghasem Sholeh-Saadi,a millionaire property developer applied from Australia Alireza Ahmadian[9] and some women tried to challenge the judicial interpretation of word rejal as "men", most notably Azam Taleghani.[6][9]
Former president Mahmoud Ahmadinejad and his vice president Hamid Baghaei were disqualified.[10] Ahmadinejad, who was advised by the Supreme Leader Ali Khamenei not to run for the election,[11] wrote a letter in September 2016 to him, pledging that he would not run.[12] On 11 February 2017, he officially declared that he would not back any candidate, however, in a video released on 19 March 2017 he announced his support for Hamid Baghaei[13] and surprised observers by himself registering to run.[14]
Mohammad Gharazi was also among those disqualified, despite being approved as a candidate in 2013.[15]
In his statement, Ghalibaf accused current president Hassan Rouhani of financial mismanagement and asserted that he and his supporters were "revolutionary opportunists."[17] The statement read:
The fight against pseudo-revolutionary opportunists has become highly costly, because this current is gnawing at the roots of the Revolution like a termite...[They] are not only at odds with the intellectual fundaments of original revolutionaries, but also represent a current whose material interests are at risk.[18]
Islamic Republic of Iran Broadcasting (IRIB) provides each candidate with 210 minutes for campaign talks on TV,[20] and there would be three debate sessions on politics, economics, and social pressing issues aired on Channel 1.[21] On 20 April 2017, Election Campaign Monitoring Commission announced that there would be no live debates and it will broadcast prerecorded,[22] however, after vast criticism from candidates and Iranian people the commission revoked its decision two days later.[23] Candidates are scheduled to air dedicated programmes on IRIB TV channels and radio stations, 555 minutes for each per candidate, and a sum of 1,470 minutes including the debates.[24]
Campaigning platforms and techniques
The election was characterised for usage of populist practices[25][26] and mudslinging.[27] The conservatives launched smear campaigns against the reformist-backed candidate Hassan Rouhani,[1][25] while he initially refrained from campaigning in this way. Rouhani later changed strategy by simply attacking his rivals[28] and the incumbent administration used fearmongering tactics to encourage people to vote.[29]
Role of social media
Social media was traditionally a tool for the reformists to campaign, but the presence of conservatives during the election was unprecedented in Iranian political history.[30]
Third Iranian debate, 2017 election
Telegram instant messaging service, the most widely used messaging application in Iran, reportedly has more than 45 million users in a country of nearly 80 million as of April 2016.[31] It serves as a platform for Iranians to express their political opinions[32] and played an important role in the campaigns for the elections held in 2016 for Parliament and Assembly of Experts.[33]Twitter is blocked in Iran, however, Iranians use proxies to tweet and those that create a buzz, then travel to Telegram channels, where "they can potentially reach a much wider audience" according to BBC.[34]
President Rouhani's ally and first vice president Eshaq Jahangiri stood in the election to support him during the campaign and in TV debates,[37] being called as a 'fender' or 'cover candidate' by Iranian media,[38] who will possibly withdraw in support of the incumbent president.[39] The idea was allegedly recommended by Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani,[38] who was a key backer of Rouhani before his death in January 2017.[37] Another reason cited for the nomination was to have an 'alternative candidate' in case the Guardian Council disqualified Rouhani[40] or raise his profile for a bid in 2021 election.[36]
Jahangiri withdrew in favor of Rouhani on 16 May 2017.[citation needed]
Among the approved candidates, Ebrahim Raisi, Mohammad Bagher Ghalibaf and Mostafa Mir-Salim were regarded as figures of the conservative camp, which intended to bring one single candidate for the election.[42]Popular Front of Islamic Revolution Forces (JAMNA), the umbrella organization established to introduce one single consensus candidate for the conservatives finally endorsed both Raisi and Ghalibaf,[1] and it was unclear if any of them would drop out in favor of a fellow conservative.[43]
On 15 May 2017, Ghalibaf gave up his bid in favor of Raisi.[16]
Islamic Coalition Party released a statement on 18 May 2017, announcing it supports Raisi's bid for presidency following the withdrawal of Mostafa Mir-Salim,[44] despite the fact that Mir-Salim denied that he is withdrawing from the race.[45]
Reza Pahlavi, leader of the National Council of Iran and pretender to Iran's deposed throne labeled the election a "deception" and called on Iranians to boycott it.[82]
Results of opinion polls of decided votes conducted by the Washington DC-based firm International Perspectives for Public Opinion (iPPO) between 6–17 May 2017
Voter demographics
2017 Presidential vote by demographic subgroup[83]
Voting started at 08:00 on Friday, 29 May 2017 and took place at 63,429 polling stations across Iran, as well as around 14,000 mobile ballot boxes. It involved around 1.5 million executive forces and monitors, 350,000 security forces, 70,000 inspectors, and around 100,000 representatives of local governors.[84] After a "huge rush" of citizens to vote,[85] the polling time was extended for several extra hours until midnight which is the latest possible time allowed by the law.[86]
Among the citizens eligible to vote in the election, about 2.5 million lived abroad and the elections were held in 103 countries, including the United States.[87]
Canada, which hosts at least 400,000 Iranians,[87] does not have diplomatic relations with Iran, a situation which hindered participation of Iranian citizens.[88] However, some traveled to the United States in order to vote.[89]
The head of Iran's judicial system, Sadeq Larijani, warned that Iran's enemies made a "huge investment" to undermine and exploit the elections: "The enemies may want to deal a blow to the Iranian political system during the elections".[90]
According to final results, 41,366,085 voted from a registered electorate of 56,410,234. Turnout was 73.33%. The Ministry of Interior announced results gradually after midnight (local time), after polls closed. Final results were announced on 8 June 2017.[94]
Iranian presidential election, 2017 by province (shaded)
Iranian presidential election, 2017 by province. The size of each pie chart is proportional to the total votes of each province.
Iranian presidential election, 2017 by province. The area of each province is proportional to the number of its total votes.
Iranian presidential election, 2017 by county
Votes received by Rouhani per province and county
Votes received by Raisi per province and county
Iranian presidential election, 2017 by province. The size of each province is proportional to its population.
Result of the Iranian presidential election, 2017 (Bar chart)
Result of the Iranian presidential election, 2017 (Pie chart)
Voter turnout by each province
Overseas Diaspora Votes for 2017 Iranian Presidential Election
Reactions
Domestic
Rouhani's supporters celebrating his re-election in Valiasr Street, Tehran
Tens of thousands of supporters of President Hassan Rouhani poured into the streets of Tehran to celebrate the incumbent's re-election.[95] The Tehran Stock Exchange rallied after the election results came out, extending a recent winning streak to close almost 1% higher at its highest level in three months.[96]
Supreme Leader of Iran, Ayatollah Ali Khamenei, issued a message commending the Iranian people for their "massive and epic" turnout in the country's twin elections: "The winner of yesterday's elections, is you, the Iranian people, and the Islamic establishment, which has managed to win the increasing trust of this big nation despite the enemies' plot and effort."[citation needed] He did not congratulate Rouhani, contrarily to what had done following the previous election in 2013.[98]
Hassan Rouhani made the following remarks in a televised speech following the announcement of his election victory: "Iranians clearly and explicitly sent their message to the world through the Friday elections", adding "Our nation wants to live in peace and friendship with the world, but at the same time, it will accept no humiliation or threat."[citation needed]
Parliament Speaker Ali Larijani[103] and Secretary of the Supreme National Security Council, Rear Admiral Ali Shamkhani[104] congratulated Rouhani on his reelection to the office.
Foreign minister Mohammad Javad Zarif said: "We derive stability not from 'coalitions', but from our people, who – unlike many – do vote. Iranians must be respected and are ready to engage."[105] There were some reports that Donald Trump wanted to create a Sunni 'coalition' in the Arab world against Iran during his visit to Saudi Arabia, where elections are an anomaly.[106]
Organizations
Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps: On 7 March 2017, IRGC commander-in-chief Gen. Mohammad Ali Jafari said "Like in the past, nobody in the IRGC, neither the guards nor the commanders, is permitted to interfere in the elections politically or factionally and to discredit the candidates".[107] On 1 May 2017, Deputy IRGC Commander for Political Affairs Gen. Rasoul Sanaei told press that IRGC "will not support any candidate in the May 19 presidential election".[108]
International
Supranational
United Nations – Secretary-General António Guterres congratulated Hassan Rouhani on his re-election as President of the Islamic Republic of Iran. UN spokesman Stéphane Dujarric, speaking to reporters on Monday evening in New York, said Guterres' message includes a willingness to maintain cooperation with Iran on issues of mutual interest.[109]
European Union – High Representative Federica Mogherini congratulated Rouhani on his victory: "Iranians took passionately part to political life of their country".[110]
States
Afghanistan – President Ashraf Ghani, on behalf of the Afghan people and government, congratulated the people and government of Iran on Rouhani's re-election.[111] Chief Executive Abdullah Abdullah also congratulated the re-election of Rouhani in Iran's election.[112]
Armenia – President Serzh Sargsyan sent a congratulatory message to his Iranian counterpart Hassan Rouhani on his re-election.[113]Karekin II, the Armenians' religious leader sent a congratulatory message to President Hassan Rouhani on his reelection. "With your leadership, the fatithful Iranian people would pursue their advances towards their country's development and progress," his message reads.[114]
Azerbaijan – President Ilham Aliyev congratulated his Iranian counterpart Hassan Rouhani on his re-election as president.[115]
Canada – Foreign Minister Chrystia Freeland said her country "welcomes President Rouhani's commitment to continue implementing Iran's nuclear obligations under the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA) and to improve the lives of ordinary Iranians."[116]
China – President Xi Jinping sent a congratulatory message to his Iranian counterpart Hassan Rouhani on his re-election as president, which will give him a second four-year term.[117]
Croatia – President Kolinda Grabar-Kitarovic sent a congratulatory message to his Iranian counterpart Hassan Rouhani on his re-election as president.[118]
Cuba – President Raúl Castro congratulated Rouhani on his re-election to the top executive post. Castro also underlined the expansion of mutual cooperation between the two countries.[119]
France – President Emmanuel Macron congratulated Rouhani for his re-election and said this reinforced the hope his government would apply the international nuclear agreement, his office said in a statement.[120]
Georgia – President Giorgi Margvelashvili congratulated the victory of Hassan Rouhani in the election: "I am confident that by your excellent management, the outlook for the expansion of ties between Tehran and Tbilisi is bright, and I am waiting for a visit to reach such goal".[121]
Hungary – Prime Minister Viktor Orbán congratulated Hassan Rouhani on his re-election. In his message to Rouhani, Orbán said: "I assure you that Hungarian government will continue high-level negotiations with Iran to reinforce economic cooperation and promote ties between the two countries."[123]
India – Prime Minister Narendra Modi congratulated Rouhani on his re-election, calling to strengthen relations with Iran.[124][125]
Iraq – According to the official statement of the Iraqi government office, the Iraqi president Fuad Masum offered his warmest wishes and congratulated Hassan Rouhani on his re-election as the Iranian president.[126] Iraqi Prime Minister Haider Al-Abadi also congratulated President Rouhani for being re-elected as president of Iran and stressed that Iraq has good relations with all the neighboring countries.[127]
Israel – Defense Minister Avigdor Lieberman, in an interview published on 11 April 2017, said "I wouldn’t be surprised if during the Iranian election on May 19, somebody assassinates the president of Iran, Hassan Rouhani”.[128]
Italy – President Sergio Mattarella congratulated Rouhani on the occasion of re-election to the top government post, in a message: "I am willing to give my sincerest congratulations in my name and Italy's for the important results achieved in the elections, and I wish success for you in the second term in office".[129] Prime Minister Paolo Gentiloni congratulated Rouhani in a message on his Twitter account.[130] He also expressed confidence in friendship between the two nations and in relations between them. Foreign Minister Angelino Alfano, congratulating the victory of Hassan Rouhani, underlined Italy's support for the JCPOA.[131]Matteo Renzi, former Prime Minister and leader of the ruling Democratic Party, called the result of Iran's election "important" and added that victory of Iran's reformists is fundamental to the Middle East region.[130]
Japan – Prime Minister Shinzō Abe congratulated Rouhani on his election victory, voicing hope that the Iranian president will continue to play a constructive role for peace and prosperity in the Middle East.[citation needed] Abe said he was looking forward to working with Rouhani on bolstering cooperation between Tehran and Tokyo in various fields. Japanese Foreign Minister Fumio Kishida also sent a similar congratulatory message to the Iranian president.[citation needed]
Kazakhstan – President Nursultan Nazarbayev in a message congratulated Hassan Rouhani on his re-election as the president of Iran. He also hoped that Rouhani's re-election will help promote bilateral ties between Iran and Kazakhstan, as before.[132]
Lebanon – President Michel Aoun congratulated Rouhani on his re-election, wishing him well during his second term in office: "The world looks forward to continuing the approach of openness and dialogue that you have called for in order to fortify the region from the dangers that beset it". Parliament Speaker Nabih Berri also applauded Rouhani on his presidential victory.[133]
Netherlands – Prime Minister Mark Rutte congratulated President Hassan Rouhani on his re-election in a message. He highlighted Iran's significant role in regional developments and called for deepening bilateral relations between Tehran and Amsterdam.[134]
Nicaragua – President of Nicaragua Daniel Ortega and Vice President Rosario Murillo extended their congratulations to Rouhani, on his re-election as President of Iran.[135]
Norway – Foreign minister Borge Brende welcomed the re-election of Iranian President Hassan Rouhani. Brende echoed the sentiment of Germany's Defense Minister Ursula von der Leyen, who said Rouhani's re-election sends a message that Iran could be serious about instituting reforms.[95]
Oman – Omani King Sultan Qaboos cabled a message on Saturday to congratulate President Hassan Rouhani on his re-election for a second term. He wished for his successful tenure as the country's president.[136]
Singapore – President Tony Tan Keng Yam congratulated Rouhani on his reelection and said: "Your strong electoral mandate reflects the high level of trust the Iranian people have in you and your tireless efforts to reintegrate Iran into the international community and global economy."[139]
South Africa – President Jacob Zuma congratulated the President of Iran, Hassan Rouhani, on his re-election for a second term. Zuma said South Africa looks forward to working with Iran under President Rouhani to consolidate relations and implement existing agreements.[140]
South Korea – The Government of the Republic of Korea congratulated Rouhani on his re-election and expressed hope that "Iran plays a more constructive role in the international community, moves towards prosperity and development, and promotes its friendship with the ROK in a mutually beneficial way".[141]
Spain – Prime Minister Mariano Rajoy congratulated the re-election of Rouhani in a message: "I am confident that the two countries can help restore peace and stability to the Middle East region".[142]
Sri Lanka – President Maithripala Sirisena cabled a message to President Hassan Rouhani to congratulate his re-election as the country's president. In the message, he expressed the hope to witness bolstering of mutual relations during Rouhani's taking office.[143]
Syria – President Bashar al-Assad congratulated Rouhani. He wished Rouhani and the Iranian people more success, stressing the continuation of work and cooperation with Iran to enhance the security and stability of the two nations, the region and the world.[144]
Tajikistan – President Emomali Rahmon congratulated his Iranian counterpart Hassan Rouhani on his re-election. President Rahmon wrote in a message: "Iran and Tajikistan enjoy excellent ties and beneficial cooperation in different fields, in the wake of their cultural and historic commonalities".[145]
Turkey – President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan congratulated his Iranian counterpart Rouhani over his recent election victory, according to a presidential source. The two leaders who spoke over the phone also vowed to improve bilateral ties.[146]
Vietnam – President Tran Dai Quang released a congratulated message to his Iranian counterpart Rouhani on his re-election. The Vietnamese president hailed the achievements made by the current government in foreign and domestic policies during the past four years.[149]
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