Glutamate dehydrogenase is an enzyme observed in both prokaryotes and eukaryotic mitochondria. The aforementioned reaction also yields ammonia, which in eukaryotes is canonically processed as a substrate in the urea cycle. Typically, the α-ketoglutarate to glutamate reaction does not occur in mammals, as glutamate dehydrogenase equilibrium favours the production of ammonia and α-ketoglutarate. Glutamate dehydrogenase also has a very low affinity for ammonia, and therefore toxic levels of ammonia would have to be present in the body for the reverse reaction to proceed. However, in brain, the NAD+/NADH ratio in brain mitochondria encourages oxidative deamination. In bacteria, the ammonia is assimilated to amino acids via glutamate and aminotransferases. In plants, the enzyme can work in either direction depending on environment and stress. Transgenic plants expressing microbial GLDHs are improved in tolerance to herbicide, water deficit, and pathogen infections. They are more nutritionally valuable.
Amino acid biosynthesis is the set of biochemical processes by which the amino acids are produced. The substrates for these processes are various compounds in the organism's diet or growth media. Not all organisms are able to synthesize all amino acids. For example, humans can synthesize 11 of the 20 standard amino acids. These 11 are called the non-essential amino acids.
3-Isopropylmalate dehydratase is an aconitase homologue, which catalyses the isomerisation of 2-isopropylmalate to 3-isopropylmalate, via dehydration, in the biosynthesis of leucine.
In enzymology, a dimethylmalate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.84) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction
In enzymology, a D-malate dehydrogenase (decarboxylating) (EC 1.1.1.83) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction
In enzymology, a homoisocitrate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.87) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction
Malate dehydrogenase (decarboxylating) (EC 1.1.1.39) or NAD-malic enzyme (NAD-ME) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction
In enzymology, a malate dehydrogenase (oxaloacetate-decarboxylating) (EC 1.1.1.38) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction below
In enzymology, a pantoate 4-dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.106) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction
In enzymology, a 3alpha(or 20beta)-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.53) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction
In enzymology, a 3-hydroxy-2-methylbutyryl-CoA dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.178) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction
In enzymology, a (R)-2-hydroxyacid dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.272) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction
In enzymology, a (3S,4R)-3,4-dihydroxycyclohexa-1,5-diene-1,4-dicarboxylate dehydrogenase (EC 1.3.1.53) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction
In enzymology, a 2-oxoisovalerate dehydrogenase (acylating) (EC 1.2.1.25) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction
In enzymology, a (R)-dehydropantoate dehydrogenase (EC 1.2.1.33) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction
In enzymology, a leucine dehydrogenase (EC 1.4.1.9) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction
In enzymology, a 2-isopropylmalate synthase (EC 2.3.3.13) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction
UDP-N-acetyl-2-amino-2-deoxyglucuronate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.335, WlbA, WbpB) is an enzyme with systematic name UDP-N-acetyl-2-amino-2-deoxy-alpha-D-glucuronate:NAD+ 3-oxidoreductase. This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction:
L-2-hydroxycarboxylate dehydrogenase (NAD+) (EC 1.1.1.337, (R)-sulfolactate:NAD+ oxidoreductase, L-sulfolactate dehydrogenase, (R)-sulfolactate dehydrogenase, L-2-hydroxyacid dehydrogenase (NAD+), ComC) is an enzyme with systematic name (2S)-2-hydroxycarboxylate:NAD+ oxidoreductase. This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction
Isopropylmalic acid (isopropylmalate) is an intermediate in the biosynthesis of leucine, synthesized from oxoisovalerate by 2-isopropylmalate synthase and converted into isopropyl-3-oxosuccinate by 3-isopropylmalate dehydrogenase. Two isomers are important, the 2- and 3-isopropyl derivatives, and these are interconverted by isopropylmalate dehydratase.
