Acquired hemolytic anemia

Acquired hemolytic anemia
Specialty	Hematology

Acquired hemolytic anemia can be divided into immune and non-immune mediated forms of hemolytic anemia. ^[1]

Classification

Immune

• Autoimmune hemolytic anemia ^[1]
  • Warm antibody autoimmune hemolytic anemia ^[1]
    • Idiopathic ^[2]
    • Linked with primary immunodeficiency/immunodysregulation syndrome. ^[2]
    • Lymphoma or chronic lymphocytic leukemia associated. ^[2]
    • Secondary to other malignancies. ^[2]
    • Associated with SLE or other collagen-vascular disorders. ^[2]
    • Secondary to viral infection. ^[2]
  • Cold antibody autoimmune hemolytic anemia ^[2]
  • Paroxysmal cold hemoglobinuria ^[2]
  • Drug-induced autoimmune hemolytic anemia ^[2]
• Alloimmune hemolytic anemia ^[1]
  • Hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN) ^[1]
    • Rh disease (Rh D) ^[1]
    • ABO hemolytic disease of the newborn ^[1]
    • Anti-Kell hemolytic disease of the newborn ^[1]
    • Rhesus c hemolytic disease of the newborn ^[1]
    • Rhesus E hemolytic disease of the newborn ^[1]
    • Other blood group incompatibility (RhC, Rhe, Kidd, Duffy, MN, P and others) ^[1]
  • Alloimmune hemolytic blood transfusion reactions (i.e., from a non-compatible blood type) ^[1]

Non-immune

• Traumatic hemolytic anemia ^[2]
  • Impact ^[2]
  • Macrovascular defects-prostheses ^[2]
  • Microvascular causes ^[2]
    • Disseminated intravascular hemolysis ^[2]
    • Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura ^[2]
    • Typical and atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome ^[2]
    • Other microvascular abnormalities
  • Hypersplenism ^[2]
  • Hemolytic anemia due to toxic effects on the membrane
    • Spur cell anemia
    • External toxins
      • Animal or spider bites ^[2]
      • Metals
      • Organic compounds ^[2]
    • Infectious agents
• Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH)

History

The term 'acquired hemolytic anemia' originally appeared in the early 1900s. ^[3]

References

1. Arnold, Dm; Nazi, I; Moore, Jc; Heddle, Nm; Kelton, Jg (2011). "Acquired hemolytic anemia". Blood and Bone Marrow Pathology. Elsevier. pp. 157–172. doi:10.1016/b978-0-7020-3147-2.00010-9. ISBN   978-0-7020-3147-2.
2. Kalfa, Theodosia A. (2019). "Acquired Hemolytic Anemias". Concise Guide to Hematology. Cham: Springer International Publishing. pp. 67–79. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-97873-4_9. ISBN   978-3-319-97872-7.
3. MACK, P; FREEDMAN, J (2000). "Autoimmune hemolytic anemia: A history*". Transfusion Medicine Reviews. 14 (3). Elsevier BV: 223–233. doi:10.1053/tm.2000.7392. ISSN   0887-7963.

Further reading

• Frewin, Rebecca (2014). "Biochemical aspects of anaemia". Clinical Biochemistry: Metabolic and Clinical Aspects. Elsevier. pp. 515–532. doi:10.1016/b978-0-7020-5140-1.00027-4. ISBN   978-0-7020-5140-1.