Alphorn

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Alphorn
Musikinstrumenten-Museum Berlin - Alphorn in Fis - 1108187.jpg
Alphorn, Staatliches Institut für Musikforschung, Berlin
Brass instrument
Classification
Hornbostel–Sachs classification 423.121.12
(End-blown straight labrosones with mouthpiece [1] )
Related instruments
Bucium, trembita
Eliana Burki playing the alphorn at the Bardentreffen festival in Nuremberg 2009 Bardentreffen 2009 2169.jpg
Eliana Burki playing the alphorn at the Bardentreffen festival in Nuremberg 2009

The alphorn (German : Alphorn, Alpenhorn; French : cor des Alpes; Italian : corno alpino) is a traditional lip-reed wind instrument. It consists of a very long straight wooden natural horn, with a length of 3 to 4 metres (9.8 to 13 feet), a conical bore and a wooden cup-shaped mouthpiece. Traditionally the alphorn was made in one piece from the trunk of a pine. [2] Modern alphorns are usually made in three detachable sections for easier transport and handling, carved from blocks of spruce. [3] The alphorn is used by rural communities in the Alps. Similar wooden horns were used for communication in most mountainous regions of Europe, from the Alps to the Carpathians. [2]

Contents

History

The alphorn may have developed from instruments like the lituus , a similarly shaped Etruscan instrument of classical antiquity, although there is little documented evidence of a continuous connection between them. A 2nd century Roman mosaic, found in Boscéaz, depicts a shepherd using a similar straight horn. The use of long signal horns in mountainous areas throughout Europe and Asia may indicate a long history of cultural cross-influences regarding their construction and usage. [2]

The first documented use of the German word Alphorn is in a payment recorded in the 1527 accounts ledger of Saint Urban's Abbey in Pfaffnau. Swiss naturalist Conrad Gessner used the words lituum alpinum for the first known detailed description of the alphorn, in his De raris et admirandis herbis (1555); in his time, the word lituus was used for several other wind instruments, like the horn, crumhorn, or cornett. In the early 17th century, music scholar Michael Praetorius in his treatise Syntagma Musicum (1614–1620) depicts an alphorn-like instrument he called a Hölzern Trummet ("wooden trumpet"), noting they are used by shepherds. [4]

From the 17th to 19th century, alphorns were used in rural areas of the Alps, for signalling between high pastures across the valleys and to communities on the valley floor. The alphorn sounds can carry for several kilometres, and were even used to collect together dispersed herds. Although use by herdsmen had waned by the early 19th century, a revival of interest in the musical qualities of the instrument followed by the end of the century, and the alphorn became important in tourism, and inspired Romantic composers such as Beethoven and Gustav Mahler to add alphorn, or traditional alphorn melodies, to their pieces. [2]

Construction and qualities

Alphorn bell detail Seealpsee Juni2018 Alphorn.jpg
Alphorn bell detail

The alphorn is carved from solid softwood, usually pine or spruce. Traditionally, the alphorn maker would find a tree growing on a slope and bent at the base providing the curved shape for the bell. The long trunk would be cut in half longways, the bore hollowed out, then glued and bound back together with outer layers of stripped bark. Modern instruments are made in several sections for more convenient handling and transport, each turned and bored from solid blocks of spruce. An integrated cup-shaped mouthpiece was traditionally carved into the narrow end, while modern instruments have a separate removable mouthpiece carved from hard wood. [2]

An alphorn made at Rigi-Kulm, Schwyz, and now in the Victoria and Albert Museum, measures 8 feet (2.4 m) in length and has a straight tube. The Swiss alphorn varies in shape according to the locality, being curved near the bell in the Bernese Oberland. [4]

The alphorn is a simple tube with no lateral openings or means of adjusting the pitch, so only the notes of the natural harmonic series are available. [4] As with other natural labrosones, some of the notes do not correspond to the Western equal tempered chromatic scale, particularly the 7th and 11th partials.

Harmonic Series.png

Accomplished alphornists can command a range of nearly three octaves, consisting of the 2nd through the 16th partials. The availability of the higher tones is due in part to the relatively small diameter of the bore of the mouthpiece and tubing in relation to the overall length of the horn.

The well-known "Ranz des Vaches" (score; audio [ dead link ]) is a traditional Swiss melody often heard on the alphorn. The song describes the time of bringing the cows to the high country at milk making time.[ clarification needed ] Rossini introduced the "Ranz des Vaches" into his masterpiece William Tell , along with many other melodies scattered throughout the opera in vocal and instrumental parts that are well-suited to the alphorn. Brahms wrote to Clara Schumann that the inspiration for the dramatic entry of the horn in the introduction to the last movement of his First Symphony was an alphorn melody he heard while vacationing in the Rigi area of Switzerland. For Clara's birthday in 1868 Brahms sent her a greeting that was to be sung with the melody.

Repertoire

The military band of the French Chasseurs Alpins uses alphorns Fanfare 27BCA 01.JPG
The military band of the French Chasseurs Alpins uses alphorns
Grindelwald Alphorn players Alphorns Grindelwald.jpg
Grindelwald Alphorn players

Among music composed for the alphorn:

See also

References

  1. "End-blown straight labrosones with mouthpiece". Hornbostel-Sachs (classification). Musical Instrument Museums Online (MIMO). Retrieved 10 November 2024.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 Campbell, Murray (2019). "Alphorn". In Trevor Herbert; Arnold Myers; John Wallace (eds.). The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Brass Instruments. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 18-20. doi:10.1017/9781316841273. ISBN   978-1-316-63185-0. OCLC   1038492212. OL   34730943M. Wikidata   Q114571908.
  3. "The Making Of An Alphorn". www.nendazcordesalpes.ch/en. Valais drink pure. Archived from the original on 29 October 2021. Retrieved 13 October 2021.
  4. 1 2 3 Wikisource-logo.svg One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain :  Schlesinger, Kathleen (1911). "Alpenhorn, Alphorn". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica . Vol. 1 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 723.
  5. "Georg Friedrich Haas". Universal Edition. Archived from the original on 8 February 2017. Retrieved 28 December 2016.
  6. "EAM: Georg Friedrich Haas's Concerto Grosso No. 1 Debuts with Bavarian Radio Symphony Orchestra". European American Music Distributors Company. 25 February 2014. Retrieved 28 December 2016.
  7. Biggs, Charlene (2003). "R. Murray Schafer". CAML Review. 31 (1). Canadian Association of Music Libraries, Archives and Documentation Centres: 46–47.
  8. "By The Way ; Come Blow Your Horn". The New York Times . 3 October 1999. Retrieved 13 October 2021.
  9. Vitaliev, Vitali (11 October 2016). "The technology of Alphorn design". eandt.theiet.org/. E&T (Engineering & Technology). Retrieved 8 December 2021.

Further reading