Singapore maintains diplomatic relations with 189 UN member states. The three exceptions are the Central African Republic,Monaco and South Sudan.
International relations (IR) are the interactions among sovereign states. The scientific study of those interactions is also referred to as international studies,international politics,or international affairs. In a broader sense,the study of IR,in addition to multilateral relations,concerns all activities among states—such as war,diplomacy,trade,and foreign policy—as well as relations with and among other international actors,such as intergovernmental organizations (IGOs),international nongovernmental organizations (INGOs),international legal bodies,and multinational corporations (MNCs). There are several schools of thought within IR,of which the most prominent are realism,liberalism,and constructivism.
In international relations,regional power,since the late 20th century has been used for a sovereign state that exercises significant power within a given geographical region. States that wield unrivaled power and influence within a region of the world possess regional hegemony.
Friedrich Kratochwil is a German university professor who studied at the University of Munich before migrating to the United States,then subsequently returning to Europe. He received a PhD from Princeton University.
Alexander Wendt is an American political scientist who is one of the core social constructivist researchers in the field of international relations,and a key contributor to quantum social science. Wendt and academics such as Nicholas Onuf,Peter J. Katzenstein,Emanuel Adler,Michael Barnett,Kathryn Sikkink,John Ruggie,Martha Finnemore,and others have,within a relatively short period,established constructivism as one of the major schools of thought in the field.
International security is a term which refers to the measures taken by states and international organizations,such as the United Nations,European Union,and others,to ensure mutual survival and safety. These measures include military action and diplomatic agreements such as treaties and conventions. International and national security are invariably linked. International security is national security or state security in the global arena.
Surin Abdul Halim bin Ismail Pitsuwan was a Thai diplomat and politician of Malay descent who served as the 12th secretary-general of ASEAN between 2008 and 2012.
Barry Gordon Buzan,FBA,FAcSS is a British political scientist. He is an Emeritus Professor of International Relations at the London School of Economics and a honorary professor at the University of Copenhagen and Jilin University. Until 2012 he was Montague Burton Professor of International Relations at the LSE. Buzan sketched the Regional Security Complex Theory and is therefore together with Ole Wæver a central figure of the Copenhagen School.
The Globalization of World Politics:An Introduction to International Relations is an introduction to international relations (IR) and offers comprehensive coverage of key theories and global issues.Edited by John Baylis,Patricia Owens,and Steve Smith. It has eight editions,first published in 1997,in this book leading scholars in the field introduce readers to the history,theory,structures,and key issues in IR,providing students with an ideal introduction and a constant guide throughout their studies.
In international relations (IR),constructivism is a social theory that asserts that significant aspects of international relations are shaped by ideational factors. The most important ideational factors are those that are collectively held;these collectively held beliefs construct the interests and identities of actors.
The English School of international relations theory maintains that there is a 'society of states' at the international level,despite the condition of anarchy. The English school stands for the conviction that ideas,rather than simply material capabilities,shape the conduct of international politics,and therefore deserve analysis and critique. In this sense it is similar to constructivism,though the English School has its roots more in world history,international law and political theory,and is more open to normative approaches than is generally the case with constructivism.
Thazha Varkey Paul is an Indo-Canadian political scientist. He is a James McGill professor of International Relations in the department of Political Science at McGill University. Paul specializes in International Relations,especially international security,regional security and South Asia. He served as the president of the International Studies Association (ISA) during 2016–2017,and served as the founding director of the McGill University –Universitéde Montreal Centre for International Peace and Security Studies (CIPSS).
Christian Reus-Smit is Professor of International Relations (IR) at the University of Queensland,in Brisbane Australia. He is an internationally renowned scholar in the field of IR. Reus-Smit's research focuses on the institutional nature and evolution of international orders,and he has published on widely on issues of international relations theory,international law,multilateralism,human rights,American power,and most recently,cultural diversity and international order. He is long-time editor of the Cambridge Studies in International Relations book series,and was a Founding Editor with Duncan Snidal and Alexander Wendt of the leading journal International Theory. His publications have been awarded many prizes,including the Susan Strange Best Book Prize (2014),the BISA Best Article Prize (2002),and the Northedge Prize (1992). In 2013-14 Professor Reus-Smit served as a Vice-President of the International Studies Association.
The Copenhagen School of security studies is a school of academic thought with its origins in international relations theorist Barry Buzan's book People,States and Fear:The National Security Problem in International Relations,first published in 1983. The Copenhagen School places particular emphasis on the non-military aspects of security,representing a shift away from traditional security studies. Theorists associated with the school include Buzan,Ole Wæver,and Jaap de Wilde. Many of the school's members worked at the Copenhagen Peace Research Institute,from which its name originates.
Michael Leifer CMG was a British International Relations scholar specialising in the politics and international relations of South East Asia.
Benoy Kumar Sarkar (1887–1949) was an Indian social scientist,professor,and nationalist. He founded several institutes in Calcutta,including the Bengali Institute of Sociology,Bengali Asia Academy,Bengali Dante Society,and Bengali Institute of American Culture.
Anthony Crothers MilnerAM,FASSA,FAIIA,FRHistS is an Australian historian of Southeast Asia –concerned primarily with the history of ideas –and a commentator on Australia-Asia relationships. His writings on Malay history and society –and the history of Islam in Southeast Asia –include Kerajaan:Malay Political Culture on the Eve of Colonial Rule (1982),an interdisciplinary (history/anthropology) study,published in a new edition in 2016. He is also co-editor of the series of volumes,Australia in Asia,which examine the role of culture and values in Australia-Asia relationships;and of the Asialink report on Australia-ASEAN relations,Our Place in the Asian Century:Southeast Asia as the Third Way (2012). Milner is professorial fellow and international director at Asialink,The University of Melbourne,and visiting professor at the Asia-Europe Institute,Universiti Malaya. He was dean of Asian studies at the Australian National University (1996–2005),and Basham Professor of Asian History (1994–2013). He is now emeritus professor of the Australian National University.
BM Jain is an Indian political scientist and Sinologist,who has developed and popularized psycho-cultural and geopsychological paradigms in the field of international relations (IR) and international security. He has developed the theory of geopsychology in IR as an alternative to mainstream IR theories. He defines it as "a set of perceptions,images,and belief systems,formed of shared history,culture,nationalism,religion,and ethnicity,which shape the mindsets and behavioral patterns of non-state and authoritarian actors and communities inhabiting a specific geographical area." In understanding China's foreign policy behavior,for instance,he has applied the geopsychology theoretical framework that lists core elements of China's geopsychology:Century of humiliation,the Middle Kingdom syndrome,cultural pride,nationalism,strategic culture,and the anti-hegemony discourse.
Regional security complex theory (RSCT) is a theory of international relations developed by Barry Buzan and Ole Wæver and advanced in their 2003 work Regions and Powers:The Structure of International Security. Buzan and Wæver are perhaps best known as the key figures behind the influential Copenhagen School of security studies,in which the main principle is examining security as a social construct (see also securitization and constructivism).
Feminist security studies is a subdiscipline of security studies that draws attention to gendered dimensions of security.
