Antidesma acidum

Last updated

Antidesma acidum
Antidesma acidum (helc gch).jpg
Scientific classification Red Pencil Icon.png
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Rosids
Order: Malpighiales
Family: Phyllanthaceae
Genus: Antidesma
Species:
A. acidum
Binomial name
Antidesma acidum
Synonyms [2]
  • Antidesma diandrum(Roxb.) B.Heyne ex Roth
  • Antidesma lanceolarium(Roxb.) Steud.
  • Antidesma parviflorumHam. ex Pax & K.Hoffm.
  • Antidesma sylvestreWall.
  • Antidesma wallichianumC.Presl
  • Stilago diandraRoxb.
  • Stilago lanceolariaRoxb.

Antidesma acidum is a shrub or small tree that is native to an area from Jawa to south-central China and Pakistan. It is a long-lived, shade-tolerant species that is usually found under closed-canopy. The fruit is eaten in many places, the leaves in some locations. In Luang Prabang (Laos) open-air markets, the leaves are only sold alongside Russula mushrooms, to give a sour flavour to soup made from the fungi.

Contents

Description

The species grows as a shrub or small tree, usually up to 6m tall, rarely up to 10m. [3] The young twigs have fine hairs. Obovate to elliptic-oblong papery leaves; upper surface smooth (though rarely surface is pilose), lower surface is pubescent (rarely smooth); dull colour, dries to a yellowish-green; acute to obtuse base (rarely attenuate); rounded to acute to acuminate apex (sometimes mucronate); size usually 5–10 cm, rarely down to 2 cm and up to 21 cm. Terminal to axillary inflorescences. Ellipsoid smooth drupes, 4-6 by 3-4mm, nearly terete to laterally compressed. Flowers in Zhōngguó/China from May to July, fruiting from June to November.

Distinguishing characteristics of this species are: the papery dull leaves and their size; domatia are present; the male flowers, at least, have a pubescent disc; usually 2 (rarely 1 or 3) stamens; an absent or small rudimentary ovary; size of the fruit; and female inflorescences and infructescences are usually 2–5 cm, rarely up to 9 cm.

In the southern part of the distribution range, pistillodes are always absent from the male flowers.

Branches and fruit Fruits of Antidesma acidum (helc).jpg
Branches and fruit
Buds and leaves Antidesma acidum at Periya 2014 (7).jpg
Buds and leaves
Underside of leaves Antidesma acidum at Periya 2014 (4).jpg
Underside of leaves
close-up of buds and leaves Antidesma acidum Retz. 03.JPG
close-up of buds and leaves
Fruit Fruits of Antidesma acidum (helc gutti).jpg
Fruit

Wood anatomy

The wood of A. acidum is diffuse porous with occasional small vessels in solitary or radial multiple arrangements (up to 5 long). [4] The rays are heterocellular, with simple and scaliform perforations, scalariform ray-vessel pits, silica bodies are present in some cells. Septate fibres are present.

Distribution

The species is native to an area of tropical and subtropical Asia from Jawa, Indonesia to south-central Zhōngguó/China to Pakistan and the Western Himalaya region. [2] Countries and regions in which it grows are: Indonesia (Jawa); Thailand; Cambodia; Vietnam; Zhōngguó/China (Guizhou, Sichuan, Yunnan); [3] Laos, Myanmar; India (including Nicobar Islands, Andaman Islands, Assam); Eastern Himalaya; Bangladesh; Nepal; Western Himalaya; Pakistan.

Habitat and ecology

There are a number of forest types in Doi Inthanon National Park, Chiang Mai Province, northern Thailand. [5] This taxa grows in both dry dipterocarp forest (400-1000m elevation) and mixed deciduous forest (480-750m elevation) found there. The dry dipterocarp forest is dominated by Dipterocarpus tuberculatus , Quercus ramsbottomii , Shorea obtusa and Shorea siamensis . In the mixed deciduous forest, the predominant species are Lagerstroemia calyculata , Millettia leucantha , Pterocarpus macrocarpus and Tectona grandis .

In fire-influenced deciduous dipterocarp-oak forest in Thung Yai Naresuan Wildlife Sanctuary, western Thailand, the species is occasionally found under closed canopy. [6] There are fires through the region annually or semi-annually. In this region this species is deciduous.

In Southeast Asia generally, the shrub grows in secondary forests. [7]

The shrub/tree grows in open forests between 100 and 1500m altitude in Zhōngguó/China. [3] In the Himalayan foothills it grows up to an elevation of 600m. [8]

The plant in India is a host to the whitefly (Aleyrodidae), Dialeuronomada ixorae. [9]

Conservation

This plant has been assessed as of Least Concern for conservation by the IUCN. [1] This is because it has an extensive distribution, and is not currently or in the foreseeable future facing major threats. However the population is severely fragmented, there is a continuing decline in the number of mature individuals, and the habitat is continually declining in area, extent and quality due to direct and indirect human actions. Least Concern is a low level of concern, but it is still a level of concern.

Vernacular names

Uses

The people who live in the Phu Khiao Wildlife Sanctuary, Chaiyaphum Province, northeast Thailand, in their folkloric medicine to treat fever, drink a water decoction of the root of this species. [11]

Further north, in the Bueng Khong Long Non-hunting Area, Bueng Kan Province, northeastern Thailand, people harvest and eat the ripe wild fruits from March to September. [18]

In Cambodia, the fleshy fruit is eaten, and in local medicine an infusion of the root is given to young mothers as a tonic. [7]

The Bunong people of Mondulkiri Province, northeastern Cambodia, collect the wild fruits daily for food, and occasionally use the plant in their ethnomedicine to treat cough. [19]

When establishing Wurfbainia villosa, "medical cardamom", plantations in Phongsaly Province, northern Laos, in an area where shifting cultivation is dominant, farmers avoid new fallow areas that have sun-loving fast-growing plants, as these affect the cardamom plants. [20] In fallow that is over five years old these short-lived species are replaced by long-lived species such as A. acidum, Alstonia scholaris and Albizia chinensis , which provide shade for the cardamom.

At the open air markets of Luang Prabang, north Laos, the leaves of this species are only sold alongside Russula mushrooms. [12] They are regarded as a special herb to provide a sour element in the traditional soup made from the mushroom. The Russula mushrooms are usually sold as a mixture of species, including Russula alboareolata , Russula delica , Russula faustiana , Russula integra , Russula paludosa , Russula subfoetens , Russula virescens , and other species. The fruit are also sold, both sour (unripe) and sweet (ripe).

A variety of trees grow in rice fields in Champasak Province, southern Laos. Fruit trees, including this species, are common in fields. [13] This species provides fruit and medicine. The Boro of Assam relish the mild sour leaves of this plant and combine it with fish or meat to make curries. Amongst people who are known by the external designation of Loi in the Thoubal district of Manipur, northeast India, the plant is used in their traditional ethnomedicine to treat diabetes. [15]

In the Cooch Behar district of West Bengal, northeast India, the ripe fruit of the wild plant are eaten by children. [16]

The young tender leaves of the plant are gathered by "Tribal" and other rural people of Odisha, south India, to be eaten as vegetables, as are a large range of other wild plants. [21] They are fried if oil is available, otherwise boiled with salt, and then served as a side-item with rice.

The ripe fruit are eaten by the Tharu people living in Dudhwa National Park, Uttar Pradesh, northwest India (on the Nepal border).[ citation needed ]

The plant is cited as an agricultural species in Nepal. [17]

History

The species was named in 1788 by the Swiss chemist, botanist and entomologist Anders Jahan Retzius (1742-1821). [22] He influenced a number of scientists in both his family and students. The description of the taxa was published in his work Observationes Botanicae. [23]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Eld's deer</span> Asia ruminant mammal species

Eld's deer, also known as the thamin or brow-antlered deer, is an endangered species of deer endemic to South Asia.

<i>Antidesma</i> Genus of flowering plants

Antidesma is a genus of tropical plant in the family Phyllanthaceae formally described by Linnaeus in 1753. It is native to tropical Africa, S + E + SE Asia, Australia, and various oceanic islands. The greatest diversity occurs in Southeast Asia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Small Indian civet</span> Species of mammal

The small Indian civet is a civet native to South and Southeast Asia. It is listed as Least Concern on the IUCN Red List because of its widespread distribution, widespread habitat use and healthy populations living in agricultural and secondary landscapes of many range states.

<i>Terminalia chebula</i> Species of flowering plant

Terminalia chebula, commonly known as black- or chebulic myrobalan, is a species of Terminalia, native to South Asia from India and Nepal east to southwest China (Yunnan), and south to Sri Lanka, Malaysia, and Vietnam.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Wildlife of Laos</span>

The wildlife of Laos encompasses the animals and plants found in the Lao People's Democratic Republic, a landlocked country in southeastern Asia. Part of the country is mountainous and much of it is still clad in tropical broadleaf forest. It has a great variety of animal and plant species.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Phu Luang Wildlife Sanctuary</span>

Phu Luang Wildlife Sanctuary is a wildlife sanctuary in northern Thailand, located in the Phu Luang mountain area, in the south of Loei Province. The area around the mountain is part of the Luang Prabang montane rain forests ecoregion.

<i>Vatica harmandiana</i> Species of tree

Vatica harmandiana, also known by the synonym Vatica cinerea, is a species of plant in the family Dipterocarpaceae. It is a smallish tree native to Southeast Asia. It is the most common plant species in certain types of mature woodland habitat within its range and is furthermore common in disturbed secondary forests covering much of its range, nonetheless it was considered, along with most Dipterocarpaceae, to be endangered by the IUCN between 1998 and 2017. It is usually not commercially harvested except for local use.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Phu Hin Rong Kla National Park</span>

Phu Hin Rong Kla National Park is a national park located in the Loei and Phitsanulok Provinces of Thailand. The protected area is located in the forested mountains of the Luang Prabang Range close to the border with Laos and is part of the Luang Prabang montane rain forests ecoregion. The park was the base of operations of the long fight of Thai combatant in communist war of Thailand.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Doi Suthep–Pui National Park</span>

Doi Suthep–Pui National Park is a national park in Chiang Mai Province in Thailand. It includes Wat Phra That Doi Suthep, a Buddhist temple, and Bhubing Palace, the winter residence of the Thai royal family. The park is a protected area for flora, fauna, and habitat.

<i>Dipterocarpus turbinatus</i> Species of flowering plant

Dipterocarpus turbinatus is a species of tree in the family Dipterocarpaceae native to north-eastern India and mainland Southeast Asia, and cultivated in surrounding regions. It is an important source of the wood known as keruing, and is often used in the plywood industry.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Huai Nam Dang National Park</span>

Huai Nam Dang National Park is a national park in Thailand's Mae Hong Son and Chiang Mai Provinces. This mountainous park features scenic mountain viewpoints, waterfalls, and hot springs.

<i>Antidesma ghaesembilla</i> Species of plant in Phyllanthaceae family

Antidesma ghaesembilla is a species of plant in the Phyllanthaceae family. It is native to an area from northern Australia to the Philippines, Zhōngguó/China, and west to India. The shrub or tree usually grows in moist soils in plant communities ranging from savannah to gallery forest to closed forest. It is associated with a number of species of fungus, insects and animals, including emus. Amongst the Mangarrayi and Yangman people of north Australia, the sweet ripe fruit of the tree are much appreciated and linked to the build-up season and to the koel. As well as food, the plant is used as a calendar-plant, for dyeing, in traditional medicine, in religious/magical practices, as fuel, and as an insecticide.

Amomum ovoideum is a widespread shade-demanding rhizomatous herb of the ginger family (Zingiberaceae) native to Southeast Asia. The plant bears fruits up to 2 cm (0.79 in) long, covered by slender, soft, red spines. When dried, the fruit produces cardamom seedpods similar to other cardamom spice plants.

Brownlowia emarginata is a slightly climbing tree, a member of the family Malvaceae. It occurs in Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos and Thailand.

<i>Dillenia pentagyna</i> Species of flowering plant

A small tree with tortuous twigs, Dillenia pentagyna is a member of the family Dilleniaceae, and is found from Sulawesi to South-Central China to India and Sri Lanka. Material from the tree has some minor uses.

Strychnos nux-blanda is a shrub or small tree in the Loganiaceae family. It is native to Southeast Asia and Assam. The wood is used as fuel; seeds are toxic, but used in folk-medicine. It is one of the plants featured in the garden of King Narai (1633–88) at Lopburi, Thailand.

<i>Aporosa octandra</i> Tree species

Aporosa octandra is a species of plant in the family Phyllanthaceae found from Queensland and New Guinea to Indonesia, Zhōngguó/China and India. It is a highly variable plant with 4 named varieties. Its wood is used in construction and to make implements, its fruit is edible. The Karbi people of Assam use the plant for dyeing, textile colours have quite some significance in their culture.

<i>Croton persimilis</i> Species of plant in the Euphorbiaceae family from Southeast Asia, China and India

Croton persimilis is a species of tree in the Euphorbiaceae family. It is native to an area from Thailand in mainland Southeast Asia to southern Yunnan, China and to the Indian subcontinent. It is a pioneer species with a short life span. The plant is used in the traditional medicines of various peoples.

<i>Ampelocissus martini</i> Species of vine in the Vitaceae family

Ampelocissus martini is a species of climber or shrub in the Vitaceae family. Some sources use the spelling Ampelocissus martinii. It is native to an area of Mainland Southeast Asia. The fruit are eaten by people and by several species of Pangasiidae shark catfish of the Mekong river.

<i>Memecylon plebejum</i> Species of tree in the Melastomataceae family

Memecylon plebejum is a tree or shrub species in the Melastomataceae family. It grows in tropical Asia from Thailand to Myanmar, Assam (India) and Bangladesh. It favours slopes of hills and mountains, growing up to 1685m elevation, in the understorey of primary forests primarily. It hosts at least one fruit-fly and two parasitoid wasps. The wood is very hard to cut, making it difficult to use as firewood, but some people use it for agricultural tool handles.

References

  1. 1 2 Ye, J.F.; Botanic Gardens Conservation International (BGCI).; IUCN SSC Global Tree Specialist Group (2019). "Antidesma acidum". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2019: e.T147640123A147640125. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-2.RLTS.T147640123A147640125.en . Retrieved 19 November 2021.
  2. 1 2 "Antidesma acidum Retz". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 16 April 2021.
  3. 1 2 3 4 Li, Bingtao; Hoffmann, Petra. "FOC: Family List: FOC Vol. 11: Euphorbiaceae: Antidesma: 2. Antidesma acidum Retzius, Observ. Bot. 5: 30. 1789". Flora of China. eFloras.org. Retrieved 16 April 2021.
  4. ↑ Noshiro, Shuichi; Takahashi, Akira; Mouri, Chika; Suzuki, Mitsuo (1991). "Wood structure of Himalayan plants, IV" (PDF). Univ. Mus., Univ. Tokyo Bull. 34: 348–77. Retrieved 20 April 2021.
  5. ↑ SahunaluI, Pongsak; Teejuntuk, Sakhan; Sungpalee, Chettha; Methavararuk, Anusit (2001). Study on the vegetation zonation in Doi Inthanon National Park and its application to environmental education (PDF) (Report). Retrieved 18 April 2021.
  6. ↑ Webb, Edward L.; with four others (2013). "Composition, structure and spatial patterns of the tree community in a fire-influenced, deciduous dipterocarp-oak forest, western Thailand". Nat. Hist. Bull. Siam Soc. 59 (1): 15–37. Retrieved 18 April 2021.
  7. 1 2 3 Pauline Dy Phon (2000). Plants Utilised In Cambodia/Plantes utilisées au Cambodge. Phnom Penh: Imprimerie Olympic. p. 42.
  8. ↑ "Antidesma acidum Retz". Flora of Pakistan. Tropicos.org. Retrieved 17 April 2021.
  9. ↑ Evans, Gregory A. "Host Plant List Of The Whiteflies (Aleyrodidae) Of The World" (PDF). Retrieved 18 April 2021.
  10. ↑ Kaennakam, Sutin; Sichaem, Jirapast; Siripong, Pongpun; Tip-pyang, Santi (2013). "A New Cytotoxic Phenolic Derivative from the Roots of Antidesma acidum". Natural Product Communications. 8 (8): 1111–1113. doi: 10.1177/1934578X1300800820 . PMID   24079180. S2CID   7291462.
  11. 1 2 Chuakul, Wongsatit; Saralamp, Promjit (2000). "Medicinal Plants Used in Phu Khieo Wildlife Sanctuary Area, Chaiyaphum Province (Thailand". Acta Phytotax. Geobot. 51 (1): 67–98. Retrieved 18 April 2021.
  12. 1 2 Łuczaj, Łukasz; Lamxay, Vichith; with seven others (2021). "Wild food plants and fungi sold in the markets of Luang Prabang, Lao PDR". Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine. 17 (6): 6. doi: 10.1186/s13002-020-00423-y . PMC   7835671 . PMID   33499871.
  13. 1 2 Natuhara, Y.; with four others (2011). "Uses of trees in paddy fields in Champasak Province, southern Lao PDR". Landscape Ecol Eng. 8: 115–122. doi:10.1007/s11355-011-0172-1. S2CID   1044724 . Retrieved 20 April 2021.
  14. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 "Antidesma acidum Retz". Biodiversity India/India Biodiversity Portal. Retrieved 18 April 2021.
  15. 1 2 3 Khan, Mohd Habibullah; Yadava, P.S. (2010). "Antidiabetic plants used in Thoubal district of Manipur, Northeast India" (PDF). Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge. 9 (3, July): 510–4. Retrieved 18 April 2021.
  16. 1 2 Bandyopadhyay, S.; Mukherjee, Sobhan Kr. (2009). "Wild edible plants of Koch Bihar district, West Bengal" (PDF). Natural Product Radiance. 8 (1): 64–72. Retrieved 18 April 2021.
  17. 1 2 3 Joshi, Bal Krishna; Adhikari, Ram C. "Economical Plant and Crop Species behind the Eyes of Researchers and Policy Makers". In Joshi, BK; Shrestha, R (eds.). Working Groups of Agricultural Plant Genetic Resources (APGRs) in Nepal. Nepal: Proc. National Workshop, 21–22 June 2018, Kathmandu. NAGRC. Retrieved 18 April 2021.
  18. ↑ Suksri, Siriwan; Premcharoen, Siraprapha; Thawatphan, Chitraporn; Sangthongprow, Suvit (2005). "Ethnobotany in Bung Khong Long Non-Hunting Area, Northeast Thailand". Kasetsart J. (Nat. Sci.). 39: 519–533. Retrieved 20 April 2021.
  19. ↑ Chassagne, François; Hul, Sovanmoly; Deharo, Eric; Bourdy, Geneviève (2016). "Natural remedies used by Bunong people in Mondulkiri province (NortheastCambodia) with special reference to the treatment of 11 most common ailments". Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 191: 41–70. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2016.06.003. PMID   27282662 . Retrieved 18 April 2021.
  20. ↑ Ducourtieux, Olivier; Visonnavong, Phoui; Rossard, Julien (2006). "Introducing cash crops in shifting cultivation regions – the experience with cardamom in Laos". Agroforestry Systems. 66: 65–76. doi:10.1007/s10457-005-6645-1. S2CID   12827442 . Retrieved 20 April 2021.
  21. ↑ Mallick, Samarendra Narayan; Sahoo, Tirthabrata; Naik, Soumendra Kumar; Panda, Pratap Chandra (2020). "Ethnobotanical study of wild edible food plants used by the Tribals and rural populations of Odisha, India for food and livelihood security" (PDF). Plant Archives. 20 (1): 661–669. Retrieved 20 April 2021.
  22. ↑ "Antidesma acidum Retz., Observ. Bot. (Retzius) v. 30 (1788)". International Plant Name Index (IPNI). Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 17 April 2021.
  23. ↑ Retzius, Anders Jahan. "Observationes botanicae". Biodiversity Heritage Library. Retrieved 17 April 2021.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.