Architecture of Bedford Park

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Painting of Bedford Park's Chiswick School of Art, Stores and Tabard Inn, with a large house on the right, by Thomas Erat Harrison, 1882 School of Art, Stores and Tabard Inn by Thomas Erat Harrison 1882.jpg
Painting of Bedford Park's Chiswick School of Art, Stores and Tabard Inn, with a large house on the right, by Thomas Erat Harrison, 1882

The architecture of Bedford Park in Chiswick, West London, is characterised largely by Queen Anne Revival style, meaning an eclectic mixture of English and Flemish house styles from the 17th and 18th centuries, with elements of many other styles featuring in some of the buildings.

Contents

As well as domestic buildings, the Bedford Park estate has a group of public buildings, namely its church, St Michael and All Angels; a social club, now the London Buddhist Vihara; its inn, The Tabard, and next door its shop, the Bedford Park Stores; and its art school, now replaced by the Arts Educational Schools.

The garden suburb was created from 1875 over a period of some 20 years, its development by Jonathan Carr prompted by the arrival of the District Line at Turnham Green Station.

Major architects involved in the early period of the creation of the estate included Edward William Godwin, Richard Norman Shaw, Edward John May, Henry Wilson, and Maurice Bingham Adams; later, a modernist building was contributed by C.F.A. Voysey, and another by Fritz Ruhemann and Michael Dugdale.

Historical context

The architect Maurice Bingham Adams's map of the Bedford Park estate to the west of London, 1897 Maurice B. Adams map of Bedford Park 1897.jpg
The architect Maurice Bingham Adams's map of the Bedford Park estate to the west of London, 1897

The Bedford Park estate was developed by Jonathan Carr, who in 1875 bought 24 acres (9.7 ha) of land in Chiswick just north of Turnham Green Station on the District Line, opened in 1869. The City of London was only 30 minutes by steam train. [1] Carr began with 24 acres of farmland, surrounded by orchards; by 1883, the development had grown to 113 acres (46 ha) acres, with almost 500 houses. [2] By 1915 it had become part of an integrated network of streets. [3]

A mixture of styles

Many of the best-known architects of the Victorian era contributed buildings in Bedford Park; two of them, E. J. May and Maurice Bingham Adams, chose to live on the estate. [4] Between them, the architects contributed around 30 house designs, used repeatedly in a mix across the estate. The strong influence of Norman Shaw's designs on the other architects has resulted in a harmoniously unified effect. [5]

Most of the houses are large, often detached or semi-detached, but there are some smaller terraced cottages, such as on Marlborough Crescent. [4] Most, too, are in Queen Anne Revival style, meaning a mix of English and Flemish house styles from the 17th and 18th centuries, and sharply distinct from Victorian Gothic Revival style which recalled an earlier era, but elements of many other styles are included in some of the houses. [6] The streets, too, have names from the time of Queen Anne (1665–1714), as for instance Addison Grove for Joseph Addison (1672–1719), Newton Grove for Isaac Newton (1642–1726), Blenheim Road for the Battle of Blenheim (1704), Marlborough Crescent for the Duke of Marlborough, victor of that battle, Woodstock Road for the site of Marlborough's Blenheim Palace, and Queen Anne's Gardens for the monarch herself. [2]

Characteristic features of the houses are red brick, walls hung with tiles, gables of varying shapes, balconies, bay windows, terracotta and rubbed brick decorations, pediments, elaborate chimneys, and balustrades painted white. [6] The eclectic approach is well seen in the estate church of St Michael and All Angels, where Shaw has incorporated Arts & Crafts, Georgian, medieval, Tudor, and Wren styles. [2]

Architects

Edward William Godwin

The first architect for the estate in 1876 was Edward William Godwin, a leading member of the Aesthetic Movement, but his plans were criticised in the leading journal The Builder , and Godwin and Carr parted company. [1] Godwin's houses were in the Queen Anne Revival style, taken up by the other architects especially Shaw. [7] The houses were thought poor, as they had steep staircases, a toilet in the same room as the bath, relatively small rooms, and narrow corridors. Only a few of his houses were built; they are taller and narrower than those built by other architects. [8]

Henry Coe & Stephen Robinson

For a short period from 1876, some designs were commissioned from the short-lived Scottish architectural practice of Henry Edward Coe and Stephen Robinson. [1] [9] These were semi-detached villas with tall chimneys and paired gables, their plans published in The Building News in February 1877. [10]

Richard Norman Shaw

Domestic buildings

In 1877 Carr hired Richard Norman Shaw, the leading architect of his day, to be the estate architect. By then the layout of the Park had been set but Shaw's house designs, in the Queen Anne Revival style, gave the impression of great variety using only a few house types. Shaw built detached, semi-detached, and terraced houses in the estate. These were essentially scaled-down versions of the more expensive houses that he had designed for wealthy areas such as Chelsea, Hampstead, and Kensington. Some of his early houses had elaborate detail such as decorative sunflower panels; his later buildings were simpler. He designed the focal buildings of the estate, the church of St Michael and All Angels and the Tabard Inn opposite it, in 1879 to 1880. [1] [4] [5] He resigned the post of estate architect in 1880, tired of Carr's combination of tight requirements and delayed payments. [11] Shaw continued to work as a consultant to the project. [4]

Community buildings

Shaw provided the estate's focus with his community buildings, again in Queen Anne Revival style. Carr's intention was to create a functioning community by providing places for estate residents to socialise, worship, and drink together, and to shop locally for groceries; there was also a school of art, designed by the Arts and Crafts architect Maurice Bingham Adams. [1] An early building was the Bedford Park Club on The Avenue, setting the tone with its red brick and domestic style. The interior, now extensively reworked, was by E. J. May. The building now serves as the London Buddhist Vihara. [12] He designed a single block with matching heights but varying architectural details to contain the Stores, a manager's house, and the "Hostelry", now The Tabard pub downstairs and the Chiswick Playhouse theatre upstairs. This was influential in the design of later suburbs. [13] [14] [15] His sources of inspiration for The Tabard were most likely Staple Inn, Holborn, which similarly has seven gables, and Sparrowe's House, Ipswich, which has projecting bays. [16]

Shaw built St Michael and All Angels Church in a similar style to his Bedford Park houses, with domestic features from seventeenth and eighteenth century properties. This was an unusual choice for an ecclesiastical building, though he incorporated a measure of Perpendicular Gothic alongside the Queen Anne style red brick, white woodwork, and dormer windows. The church was consecrated in 1880. [17] [18] [19]

E. J. May

In 1880, E. J. May took over as Estate architect, adding Priory Gardens and some houses in Addison Grove and Queen Anne's Grove; he lived in no. 6 Queen Anne's Grove during the 1880s. [20] Priory House is used as the Chiswick and Bedford Park Preparatory School. [21] May built a terrace in Marlborough Crescent, and many of the houses on The Orchard. [4]

Henry Wilson

Henry Wilson designed only a few houses, in Bedford Park or elsewhere; he worked mainly on ecclesiastical buildings. He appears to have been the architect of two houses in Queen Anne's Gardens, including no. 7 for the artist T. M. Rooke. It is unusual for Bedford Park in having a large garden, and in being set far back from the road amidst its lawns. [4]

Maurice Bingham Adams

The arts and crafts architect Maurice Bingham Adams built nos. 12 to 14 Newton Grove for the painter and illustrator John Charles Dollman in 1880, with a studio on the first floor. [4] No. 12 later became the home of the architect Thomas Affleck Greeves, co-founder of the Bedford Park Society; the building is marked as historic with a Bedford Park green plaque. [22] He designed the Chiswick School of Art on Bath Road in 1881, destroyed by a V-1 flying bomb in 1944, [23] and replaced on the same site by the Arts Educational Schools. The school was meant to provide the estate with a feeling of community. [24] Adams designed the parish hall and north aisle extension to the estate church of St Michael and All Angels in 1887. [4]

C.F.A. Voysey

Carr's company collapsed in 1886, and the remaining house-plots were sold piecemeal to other developers; houses went on being built by a variety of architects on the estate until 1914. [11] The architect and furniture and textile designer C.F.A. Voysey created a distinctive [4] building at no. 14, South Parade, facing Acton Green common, in 1891. It is a tower house with the top floor given over entirely to a studio for his client, the artist and author J. W. Forster. The house is covered in roughcast, and has metal-framed windows with stone dressings. The eaves of the roof project conspicuously and are supported by thin metal brackets. Pevsner comments that the house was clearly intended to oppose the suburb's "red brick cosiness". [4] Voysey added the side extension in 1894. [4] It was Grade II* listed in 1970, with the comment "Of greatest historical importance". [25] The literary critic Ian Fletcher called it "the most remarkable of Bedford Park's houses". [16]

Fritz Ruhemann and Michael Dugdale

No. 2 South Parade is a low modernist house, built 1938–1939 by the German architect Friedrich "Fritz" Abraham Ruhemann and the Tecton Group architect Michael Dugdale for Leo Neumann, like Ruhemann a recent immigrant from Nazi Germany. [26] It has a flat roof and a spacious terrace on the first floor with a curving sun roof and a matching flat-topped curved concrete entrance porch. The house is constructed of yellowish-red brick and concrete with an open-plan interior. [27] [4] It was Grade II listed in 1991, with the comment that "The house and its fittings are a remarkable survival of a compact house reliant for its convenience on well-designed fitted furniture". [27] [28]

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References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 Clegg, Gillian. "Housing Schemes". Gill Clegg's Chiswick History Web Pages. Retrieved 17 June 2022.
  2. 1 2 3 Inwood, Stephen (2012). Historic London: An Explorer's Companion. Pan Macmillan. pp. 155–157. ISBN   978-0-230-75252-8.
  3. ↑ "Maps". The Bedford Park Society . Retrieved 2 August 2021.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Cherry, Bridget; Pevsner, Nikolaus (1991) [1951]. The Buildings of England. London 3: North West. London: Penguin Books. pp. 406–410. ISBN   978-0-14-071048-9. OCLC   24722942.
  5. 1 2 Girouard, Mark (1984) [1977]. Sweetness and Light: The Queen Anne Movement, 1860–1900. Yale University Press. pp. 160–176. ISBN   978-0-300-03068-6.
  6. 1 2 Anon; Grant, Sandra. "Architecture and architects". The Bedford Park Society . Retrieved 3 August 2021.
  7. ↑ "Memorial: Bedford Park panel". London Remembers. Retrieved 3 August 2021.
  8. ↑ "The Architects: Edward W Godwin". The Bedford Park Society. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 12 August 2021.
  9. ↑ "Coe & Robinson". Scottish Architects. Retrieved 2 August 2021.
  10. ↑ "1877 - Semi Detached Villas, Bedford Park Estate, Turnham Green, London". Archiseek. 20 July 2009. Retrieved 17 June 2022. Architect: Coe & Robinson. Elevations, sections & plans as published in The Building News, February 23rd 1877.
  11. 1 2 "Bedford Park, Ealing". Hidden London. Retrieved 3 August 2021.
  12. ↑ Historic England. "London Buddhist Vihara (Former CAV Social Club) (Grade II) (1079469)". National Heritage List for England . Retrieved 3 August 2021.
  13. ↑ Historic England. "Tabard Hotel public house (1079594)". National Heritage List for England . Retrieved 1 September 2017.
  14. ↑ "1879 – The Tabard Inn & Stores, Bedford Park, London". Archiseek. 25 August 2010. Retrieved 4 August 2021. Published in The Building News, January 2nd 1880
  15. ↑ "Tabard Theatre". Theatres Online. Retrieved 9 July 2021.
  16. 1 2 Fletcher, Ian (2016). "4. Bedford Park: Aesthete's Elysium?". In Ian Fletcher (ed.). Romantic Mythologies. Routledge. pp. 169–207. ISBN   978-1-317-27960-0.
  17. ↑ "A brief history of the Church". St Michael & All Angels. Retrieved 19 November 2015., based on Broom, Michael. The Birth of A Parish – The Creation of St Michael & All Angels, Bedford Park. St Michael & All Angels.
  18. ↑ "Richard Norman Shaw: Churches". Victorian Web. Retrieved 19 November 2015.
  19. ↑ Curl, James Stevens (1990). Victorian Architecture. David & Charles. cited by Victorian Web.
  20. ↑ Clegg, Gillian. "People". Brentford & Chiswick Local History Society. Retrieved 10 June 2021.
  21. ↑ "The School". Chiswick and Bedford Park Preparatory School. Retrieved 2 August 2021.
  22. ↑ Stamp, Gavin (14 September 1997). "Obituary: T. A. Greeves". The Independent . Retrieved 10 June 2021.
  23. ↑ "Chiswick School of Art". Artist Biographies. Retrieved 2 August 2021.
  24. ↑ "1881 – Chiswick School of Art, Bedford Park, London". Archiseek. 26 August 2009. Retrieved 2 August 2021.
  25. ↑ Historic England. "14 South Parade, W4 (Grade II*) (1294239)". National Heritage List for England . Retrieved 2 August 2021.
  26. ↑ Dogramaci, Burcu (2019). Malet, Marian; Dickson, Rachel; MacDougall, Sarah; Nyburg, Anna (eds.). New Homes in a Foreign Country. Bauen und Wohnen im britischen Exil der 1930er Jahr (PDF). Applied Arts in British Exile from 1933: Changing Visual and Material Culture (in German). Leiden Boston: Brill Rodopi. pp. 6–26. Retrieved 2 August 2021.
  27. 1 2 Historic England. "2 South Parade (Grade II) (1263511)". National Heritage List for England . Retrieved 2 August 2021.
  28. ↑ "2 South Parade, Bedford Park". Architect and Building Review: 274–276. 3 March 1939.
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