Artistic depictions of the Partition of India

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The Partition Anti-Memorial Project by Pritika Chowdhry commemorates the Partition of India. Partition Anti-Memorial Project.webp
The Partition Anti-Memorial Project by Pritika Chowdhry commemorates the Partition of India.

The Partition of India and the associated bloody riots inspired many creative minds in the republics of India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh to create literary/cinematic depictions of this event. [1] While some creations depicted the massacres during the refugee migration, others concentrated on the aftermath of the partition in terms of difficulties faced by the refugees in both side of the border. Even now, more than 60 years after the partition, works of fiction and films are made that relate to the events of partition. W.H. Auden in his poem "Partition" showed the dilemmas of Cyril John Radcliffe, 1st Viscount Radcliffe, responsible for deciding which parts of India went where.

Contents

Literature describing the human cost of independence and partition comprises Khushwant Singh's Train to Pakistan (1956), several short stories such as Toba Tek Singh (1955) by Saadat Hassan Manto, Urdu poems such as Subh-e-Azadi (Freedom's Dawn, 1947) by Faiz Ahmad Faiz, Bhisham Sahni's Tamas (1974), Manohar Malgonkar's A Bend in the Ganges (1965), and Bapsi Sidhwa's Ice-Candy Man (1988), among others. [2] [3] Salman Rushdie's novel Midnight's Children (1980), which won the Booker Prize and the Booker of Bookers, weaved its narrative based on the children born with magical abilities on midnight of 14 August 1947. [3] Freedom at Midnight (1975) is a non-fiction work by Larry Collins and Dominique Lapierre that chronicled the events surrounding the first Independence Day celebrations in 1947. There is a paucity of films related to the independence and partition. [4] [5] [6] Early films relating to the circumstances of the independence, partition and the aftermath include Nemai Ghosh's Chinnamul (1950), [4] Dharmputra (1961), [7] Ritwik Ghatak's Meghe Dhaka Tara (1960), Komal Gandhar (1961), Subarnarekha (1962); [4] [8] later films include Garm Hava (1973) and Tamas (1987). [7] From the late 1990s onwards, more films on this theme were made, including several mainstream films, such as Earth (1998), Train to Pakistan (1998) (based on the aforementioned book), Hey Ram (2000), Gadar: Ek Prem Katha (2001), Pinjar (2003), Partition (2007) and Madrasapattinam (2010),. [7] The biopics Gandhi (1982), Jinnah (1998) and Sardar (1993) also feature independence and partition as significant events in their screenplay.

Some of the books and films are discussed here. However, the list is far from being exhaustive.

Fiction

Ordered by date of publication

Hoshyarpur to Lahore

Entitled Hoshyar Pur say Lahore tak in Urdu, it is a true story based on a train journey from Indian city of Hoshiarpur to Lahore in Pakistan. It is written by a Police officer who traveled in this train.

This is Not That Dawn (Jhoota Sach)

Jhootha Sach is arguably the most outstanding piece of Hindi literature written about the Partition. Reviving life in Lahore as it was before 1947, the book opens on a nostalgic note, with vivid descriptions of the people that lived in the city's streets and lanes like Bhola Pandhe Ki Gali: Tara, who wanted an education above marriage; Puri, whose ideology and principles often came in the way of his impoverished circumstances; Asad, who was ready to sacrifice his love for the sake of communal harmony. Their lives—and those of other memorable characters—are forever altered as the carnage that ensues on the eve of Independence shatters the beauty and peace of the land, killing millions of Hindus and Muslims, and forcing others to leave their homes forever. Published in English translation for the first time, Yashpal's controversial novel is a politically charged, powerful tale of human suffering. [10]

Ali Pur Ka Aeeli

Ali Pur Ka Aeeli in Urdu is an autobiography of Mumtaz Mufti that includes his narration on the account of bringing his family from Batala to Lahore on a truck.

Khaak aur Khoon

Khak aur Khoon is a historical novel by Naseem Hijazi that describes the sacrifices of Muslims of the sub-continent during the time of partition in 1947.

When a portion of the Muslims from the various regions of India were trying to get to Pakistan, some faced attacks from Hindu and Sikh groups, during their journeys, that involved snatching of money, and jewellery of their wives and daughters.

The Broken Mirror

The Broken Mirror, a Hindi novel by Krishna Baldev Vaid, portrays the psychological and sociological transformations in a West Punjabi village in the phase leading up to the Partition, with emphasis on commensal taboos and hardened community boundaries.

Half a Village (Aadha Gaon)

Half a Village, a Hindi novel by Rahi Masoom Reza, represents the experiences of subaltern Indian Muslims in village Gangauli, and their distinctive take on the vacuity of 'high politics'.

The Weary Generations

The Weary Generations, an Urdu novel by Abdullah Hussein, tracks the prehistory of the partition through the experiences of the main character, Naeem, a veteran of the First World War who faces up to the futility and meaningless of the partition.

Basti

Basti by Intizar Hussain is an Urdu novel that focuses on the partition as memory, through the lens of protagonist Zakir, a historian who seeks to come to terms with this memory in the context of the happenings in 1971 in Pakistan leading up to the formation of Bangladesh.

The Dark Dancer

The Dark Dancer is a novel by Balachandra Rajan that portrays the experiences of an Indian educated abroad who returns home to face the horror of the Partition.

A Bend in the Ganges

A Bend in the Ganges is a novel by Manohar Malgonkar that features some of the graphic violence that occurred during the partition.

Sunlight on a Broken Column

Sunlight on a Broken Column is a novel by Attia Hosain which depicts the experiences of the protagonist, Laila, a young woman from a taluqdari family of Oudh, in the years leading up to the partition.

Pinjar

Pinjar is a Punjabi novel written by Amrita Pritam which is the story of a Hindu Girl who was kidnapped by a Muslim young man who married her. At the time of partition that girl again got chance to go to her family and re-unite which she refuses as she starts loving her husband. A film based on the novel was released in 2003 while the TV series adapted from the novel was broadcast on TVOne Pakistan in 2018.

Bano

Bano is an Urdu novel by Razia Butt which is the story of a Muslim family in Ludhyiana (located in undivided Punjab) and two lovers Hassan and Bano who got separated during partition. The heart breaking story of the partition of India further continues after the independence of Pakistan. Later, the novel was also adapted into a TV series which broadcast on Hum TV (Pakistan) in 2010.

Kingdom's End and Other Stories (1987) is a collection of stories written by Saadat Hasan Manto, published by Penguin Books India ( ISBN   0-14-011774-1). The majority of stories by this Urdu writer from Punjab revolve around the end of the Raj, Partition and communalism. His stories include Thanda Gosht, Khol Do, Toba Tek Singh, Iss Manjdhar Mein, Mozalle, Babu Gopi Nath etc. Some of his characters became legendary. An online translation of Toba Tek Singh is available. "Toba Tek Singh" was the basis for Ken McMullen's 1987 film Partition.

Raavi Paar and Other Stories (2000) is a collection of stories by Sampooran Singh Gulzar that deal with the partition of India and Pakistan. The book was published by HarperCollins Publishers India ISBN   81-7223-275-6.

Sacred Games

While Vikram Chandra's 2006 novel Sacred Games is not about partition, it does contain a long and graphic chapter describing the main character's mother's flight as a young Sikh girl from what would become Pakistani Punjab, during which her beloved older sister was abducted.

Train to Pakistan

This saga by Khushwant Singh was first published in 1956. Singh's version of the Partition is a social one, providing human accounts in a diverse, detailed character base where each person has unique points of view, pointing out that everyone is equally at fault and that placing blame was irrelevant. Interwoven with this point are the subtle questions of morality which Singh asks through his characters, such as whether or not the bad needs to be recognized to promote the good, and what constitutes a good deed. It was adapted into a Hindi film by the same name by Pamela Rooks in 1998. [11]

Train to Pakistan (1990). Grove Press; ISBN   0-8021-3221-9.

Tamas

Penned by Bhisham Sahni and the winner of the Sahitya Akademi Award in 1975, Tamas depicted riots in a small Indian town. The novel was later adapted into a TV series by the same name for Doordarshan, and later a one-off four-hour feature film. Tamas – Rajkamal Prakashan Pvt. Ltd.. ISBN   978-81-267-1539-8.

Midnight's Children

Salman Rushdie wrote this famous surrealistic fiction full of satirical references to the event of partition and independence. The "midnight" alluded to in the title is the moment at which partition and independence became official. It was later adapted into a film by the same name by Deepa Mehta.

Midnight's Children (1980). New York: Knopf, 1981; ISBN   0-394-51470-X.

Purbo-Paschim

Purbo-Paschim (East and the West) is an epic Bengali saga by Sunil Gangopadhyay. The narrative deals with a particular family that had to migrate from East Pakistan to West Bengal, and their fight against the tide. The story stretches from a pre-independence period to early 1980s and reflects the socio-economical changes that this region went through during this long period of time.

A Fine Balance

Written by Rohinton Mistry, the story is set in 1975. However, the Partition plays a dominant role in the narrative.

A Fine Balance (2001). Random House ISBN   1-4000-3065-X

Ice-Candy Man

Bapsi Sidhwa's 1989 novel Ice-Candy Man, written in the backdrop of the riots in Lahore, was re-released in 1991 as Cracking India . Later the story was made into a film, called Earth by Deepa Mehta. [12]

Interpreter of Maladies

Jhumpa Lahiri was awarded the 2000 Pulitzer Prize for Fiction for Interpreter of Maladies , a collection of short stories some of which involved the aftermath of the partition.

Interpreter of Maladies (1999). Mariner Books/Houghton Mifflin. ISBN   0-395-92720-X

Kitne Pakistan

Kitne Pakistan (How Many Pakistan?) 2000 Hindi novel by Kamleshwar, noted 20th-century Hindi writer, a pioneer of the Nayi Kahani i ("New Story") movement of the 1950s, deals with historical context on the based on the rise of communalism, the violence and bloodshed in aftermath of partition of India in 1947 and examines the nature and futility of divisive politics and religion. [13] [14]

Azadi

Semi-autobiographical novel by Chaman Nahal.

Azadi (Freedom). New Delhi, Arnold-Heinemann, and Boston, Houghton Mifflin, 1975; London, Deutsch, 1977 ISBN   9780395194010.

The Shadow Lines

The Shadow Lines is a novel by Amitav Ghosh. It is a non-linear narrative that covers several crucial periods in the history of India, Bangladesh, and Pakistan. It explored the themes of violence, memory, loss, and of the 'grand narratives' propagated by those in power, as opposed to the more individual and personal 'little narratives' seen through its central characters, Thamma, Tridib, and the unnamed narrator.

Aangan

Aangan is a Urdu-language award winning novel by Khadija Mastoor. Aangan means Courtyard, thus as the name represents it deals with the events of life inside the house walls at the time of partition and depicts the stories of its characters Chammi, Aaliya, Tehmina and Salma from Aaliya's perspective. The novel was also adapted into a TV series with the same name by Hum TV (Pakistan).

Plays

Drawing the Line is a 2013 play by Howard Brenton, centred on Cyril Radcliffe and his part in the partition of India in 1947. It premiered from 3 December 2013 to 11 January 2014, in a production directed by Howard Davies at London's Hampstead Theatre. [15]

Feature films

Films ordered by release date

Garam Hawa

Directed by M. S. Sathyu, Garam Hawa (1973) was Balraj Sahni's last major role.

Meghe Dhaka Tara (The Cloud-Capped Star)

Directed by Ritwik Ghatak, Meghe Dhaka Tara (1960), never explicitly mentions the Partition, but takes place in a refugee camp in the outskirts of Calcutta, and concerns an impoverished genteel Hindu bhadralok family and the problems they face because of Partition.[ citation needed ]

Komal Gandhar (E Flat)

Directed by Ritwik Ghatak Komal Gandhar (1961), the protagonists suffer from the same anguish: the separation from their home, on the other side of the border.[ citation needed ]

Dharmputra

It was first Hindi film to depict the partition of India, and Hindu fundamentalism, [16] Dharmputra (1961) directed by Yash Chopra, two years after he made his debut with Dhool Ka Phool (1959), steeped in Nehruvian secularism, wherein a Muslim brings up an 'illegitimate' Hindu child and featured classic song, Tu Hindu banega na Musalman banega, insaan ki aulaad hai, insaan banega, the theme was reverse in this film as herein a Hindu family brings an illegitimate Muslim child, [17] who grows up to become a Hindu fundamentalist. [18] The film was critically acclaimed, and won the 9th National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Hindi., [19] however its release saw near riots at the theatre, discouraging other Hindi film directors from approaching the theme for another decade, although subtly. [20]

Earth

Directed by Deepa Mehta, Earth (1998), an India/Canada co-production, is a thoughtful examination of a circle of friends and acquaintances affected by the Partition. A scoundrel uses communal violence as an excuse for retaliation against a romantic rival. The film is based on Bapsi Sidhwa's Cracking India; Sidhwa co-wrote the screenplay with Mehta. Contains brutal scenes of communal carnage.[ citation needed ]

Hey Ram

Kamal Haasan wrote, directed, and starred in Hey Ram (2000) film about the Partition and the assassination of Gandhi. The story follows the life of a south Indian Brahmin man caught up in the madness surrounding the direct action day in Calcutta and the subsequent events culminating in the assassination of Gandhi. It portrays the greatness of M.K. Gandhi in a telling way and also shows how even educated men acted mad out of grief and rage during the partition. The screenplay touches on many things that are common to the modern nations of India and Pakistan, starting from the Indus valley civilisation.[ citation needed ]

Gadar: Ek Prem Katha

Directed by Anil Sharma, Gadar: Ek Prem Katha (2001), is an Indian movie about the Partition; notable for shocking scenes of riot and massacre of Hindus and Sikhs being killed in the famous scene of train full of dead bodies of Hindu and Sikh people escaping from Pakistan. The train was marked by Pakistani mobs by writing "Ajadi Ka Tohfa," that translates as "Gift of Independence" on it. In the movie the trains that came from Pakistan had another sentence written on them, which translates as "Indians! learn cutting from us." It was a major hit.[ citation needed ]

Khamosh Paani (Silent Waters)

Directed by Sabiha Sumar, Khamosh Pani (Silent Waters) (2003), depicts the partition ironically and shows the situation of Jihadis in 1979 Pakistan.

Pinjar

Pinjar was a 2003 film, adapted from the novel by same name by Amrita Pritam, and had Urmila Matondkar in the role of the protagonist, Puro.

Partition

Directed by Vic Sarin Partition , is a Canada/UK/South Africa co-production. A retired Sikh military officer (played by Jimi Mistry) helps and falls in love with a Muslim teenaged girl (played by Kristin Kreuk).[ citation needed ]

Tamas

Based on author, Bhisham Sahni's acclaimed Hindi novel, Tamas (1987) depicted the makings of riots in a small Indian town, and its aftermath, first shown adapted into a TV series by Govind Nihalani for Doordarshan, and later shown as a one-off four-hour feature film.

Gandhi

Richard Attenborough's film on Gandhi's life has several scenes dealing with the lead up to partition, the violence, and Gandhi's reaction. The movie won 8 Academy Awards[ citation needed ]

Jinnah

Jamil Dehlavi's film on Jinnah's life has several scenes dealing with the lead up to partition, the violence, and Jinnah's reaction.[ citation needed ]

The Sky Below

A feature-length award-winning documentary by Sarah Singh which explores the history and current climate on both sides of the Indo-Pakistani divide (2007).

Art

The early members of the Bombay Progressive Artist's Group cite the Partition of India as a key reason for its founding in December 1947. Those members included F. N. Souza, M. F. Husain, S. H. Raza, S. K. Bakre, H. A. Gade, and K. H. Ara, who went on to become some of the most important and influential Indian artists of the 20th century. [21]

Contemporary Indian artists that have made significant artworks about the Partition are Nalini Malani, Anjolie Ela Menon, Satish Gujral, Nilima Sheikh, Arpita Singh, Krishen Khanna, Pran Nath Mago, S. L. Parasher, Arpana Caur, Tayeba Begum Lipi, Mahbubur Rahman, Promotesh D Pulak, and Pritika Chowdhry. [22] [23] [24] [25] [26]

Project Dastaan is a peace-building initiative that reconnects displaced refugees of the 1947 Partition of India, Pakistan and Bangladesh with their childhood communities and villages through virtual reality digital experiences.

The Partition Museum is a public museum located in the town hall in Amritsar, India. The museum aims to become the central repository of stories, materials, and documents related to the post-partition riots that followed the division of British India into two independent countries: India and Pakistan. The museum was inaugurated on 25 August 2017. [27]

The 1947 Partition Archive is a non-profit non-governmental organization dedicated to institutionalizing the people's history of Partition through documenting, preserving and sharing eye witness accounts from all ethnic, religious and economic communities affected by the Partition of British India in 1947. [28]

Advertisements

The 2013 Google India advertisement Reunion (about the Partition of India) has had a strong impact in both India and Pakistan, leading to hope for the easing of travel restrictions between the two countries. [29] [30] [31] It went viral [32] [33] and was viewed more than 1.6 million times before officially debuting on television on 15 November 2013. [34]

Television

See also

Citations

  1. ↑ Cleary, Joseph N. (3 January 2002). Literature, Partition and the Nation-State: Culture and Conflict in Ireland, Israel and Palestine. Cambridge University Press. p. 104. ISBN   978-0-521-65732-7 . Retrieved 27 July 2012. The partition of India figures in a good deal of imaginative writing...
  2. ↑ Bhatia, Nandi (1996). "Twentieth Century Hindi Literature". In Natarajan, Nalini (ed.). Handbook of Twentieth-Century Literatures of India. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 146–147. ISBN   978-0-313-28778-7 . Retrieved 27 July 2012.
  3. 1 2 Roy, Rituparna (15 July 2011). South Asian Partition Fiction in English: From Khushwant Singh to Amitav Ghosh. Amsterdam University Press. pp. 24–29. ISBN   978-90-8964-245-5 . Retrieved 27 July 2012.
  4. 1 2 3 Mandal, Somdatta (2008). "Constructing Post-partition Bengali Cultural Identity through Films". In Bhatia, Nandi; Roy, Anjali Gera (eds.). Partitioned Lives: Narratives of Home, Displacement, and Resettlement. Pearson Education India. pp. 66–69. ISBN   978-81-317-1416-4 . Retrieved 27 July 2012.
  5. ↑ Dwyer, R. (2010). "Bollywood's India: Hindi Cinema as a Guide to Modern India". Asian Affairs. 41 (3): 381–398. doi:10.1080/03068374.2010.508231. S2CID   70892666.(subscription required)
  6. ↑ Sarkar, Bhaskar (29 April 2009). Mourning the Nation: Indian Cinema in the Wake of Partition. Duke University Press. p. 121. ISBN   978-0-8223-4411-7 . Retrieved 27 July 2012.
  7. 1 2 3 Vishwanath, Gita; Malik, Salma (2009). "Revisiting 1947 through Popular Cinema: a Comparative Study of India and Pakistan" (PDF). Economic and Political Weekly . XLIV (36): 61–69. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 June 2014. Retrieved 27 July 2012.
  8. ↑ Raychaudhuri, Anindya (2009). "Resisting the Resistible: Re-writing Myths of Partition in the Works of Ritwik Ghatak". Social Semiotics. 19 (4): 469–481. doi:10.1080/10350330903361158. S2CID   143332374.(subscription required)
  9. ↑ Ahsan, Kamil (22 July 2019). "The Alternate India". The Nation. Archived from the original on 26 July 2019. Retrieved 26 July 2019.
  10. ↑ "Home".
  11. ↑ "Films & Partition train of History". The Tribune. 5 August 2007.
  12. ↑ Ice-Candy Man (1989) ISBN   0-14-011767-9, later published as Cracking India (1991). ISBN   0-915943-56-5
  13. ↑ Sukrita Paul Kumar (2004). Narrating partition: texts, interpretations, ideas. Indialog Publications. p. 15. ISBN   978-81-87981-62-6.
  14. ↑ "अदीबों की अदालत है 'कितने पाकिस्तान'". BBC, Hindi (in Hindi). 29 December 2003. Retrieved 11 October 2014.
  15. ↑ "What's On: Drawing the Line". Hampstead Theatre. 2013. Retrieved 19 April 2020.
  16. ↑ "Filmmakers refused to portray partition: film scholar". Monsters and Critics. 1 November 2006.
  17. ↑ "Nehru's vision shaped many Bollywood golden oldies". The Times of India . 16 November 2009. Archived from the original on 13 May 2013.
  18. ↑ "Back Story: Separate lives". Mint . 27 July 2012.
  19. ↑ "9th National Film Awards". International Film Festival of India. Archived from the original on 2 December 2016. Retrieved 30 July 2012.
  20. ↑ "Communal holocaust in Hindi films". Sify . 24 June 2004. Archived from the original on 8 December 2017.
  21. ↑ "Progressive Artists Group of Bombay: An Overview". Artnewsnviews.com. 12 May 2012. Archived from the original on 14 December 2013. Retrieved 18 November 2017.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  22. ↑ Micieli-Voutsinas, Jacque (2013). ""Subaltern" Remembrances: Mapping Affective Approaches to Partition Memory". Social Transformations: Journal of the Global South. 1 (1): 27–58. doi: 10.13185/ST2013.01103 . Archived from the original on 29 October 2021. Retrieved 29 October 2021.
  23. ↑ Micieli-Voutsinas, Jacque (3 July 2015). "What the Nation Re-members: Resisting Victim Nationalism in Partition Memorial Project". GeoHumanities. 1 (2): 398–413. doi:10.1080/2373566X.2015.1103196. ISSN   2373-566X. S2CID   147050563.
  24. ↑ "Partition Art - Pritika Chowdhry's art installations about Partition". Pritika Chowdhry Art. Retrieved 8 January 2022.
  25. ↑ "A Visual History of the Partition of India : A Story in Art • The Heritage Lab". The Heritage Lab. 14 December 2017. Retrieved 29 October 2021.
  26. ↑ Sharma, Ekatmata (17 August 2019). "Revisiting Partition through art". Art Culture Festival. Retrieved 29 October 2021.
  27. ↑ "Partition Museum | Amritsar". The Partition Museum. Retrieved 29 October 2021.
  28. ↑ University, © Stanford; Stanford; California 94305. "The 1947 Partition Archive". Spotlight at Stanford. Retrieved 31 May 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  29. ↑ Naqvi, Sibtain (19 November 2013). "Google can envision Pakistan-India harmony in less than 4 minutes…can we?". The Express Tribune .
  30. ↑ PTI (15 November 2013). "Google reunion ad reignites hope for easier Indo-Pak visas". Deccan Chronicle .
  31. ↑ Chatterjee, Rhitu (20 November 2013). "This ad from Google India brought me to tears". Public Radio International.
  32. ↑ Peter, Sunny (15 November 2013). "Google Search: Reunion Video Touches Emotions in India, Pakistan; Goes Viral [Watch VIDEO]". International Business Times . Archived from the original on 21 November 2013.
  33. ↑ "Google's India-Pak reunion ad strikes emotional chord". The Times of India . 14 November 2013. Archived from the original on 17 November 2013.
  34. ↑ Johnson, Kay (15 November 2013). "Google ad an unlikely hit in both India, Pakistan by referring to traumatic 1947 partition". ABC News/Associated Press.
  35. ↑ "BBC One – Doctor Who, Series 11, Demons of the Punjab". BBC. 11 November 2018. Retrieved 20 November 2018.
  36. ↑ Fullerton, Huw (29 June 2022). "Ms Marvel adds time travel twist to episode 4". Radio Times . Retrieved 29 June 2022.

General and cited sources

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The Train Has Reached Amritsar is a short story by Hindi author and playwright, Bhisham Sahni, set during the Partition of India. In the story a group of refugees are travelling from what has now become Pakistan towards Amritsar, the first border town in India, and the horrors and destruction they witness on the journey. Sahni also wrote his epic novel Tamas around partition, which was later adapted to a television film, by Govind Nihalani.

<i>Chinnamul</i> 1950 Indian film

Chinnamul was a 1950 Bengali film directed by Nemai Ghosh. This was the first Indian film that dealt with the partition of India. The story revolved around a group of farmers from East Pakistan who were forced to migrate to Calcutta because of the partition of Bengal in 1947. Russian film director Vsevolod Pudovkin came to Calcutta at that time, watched this film, and being inspired, he bought the print of this film to release in Russia. The film was shown in 188 theaters in Russia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1947 Rawalpindi massacres</span> 1947 massacres of Sikhs and Hindus in Rawalpindi

The 1947 Rawalpindi massacres refer to widespread violence, massacres, and rapes of Hindus and Sikhs by Muslim mobs in the Rawalpindi Division of the Punjab Province of British India in March 1947. The violence preceded the partition of India and was instigated and perpetrated by the Muslim League National Guards—the militant wing of the Muslim League—as well as local cadres and politicians of the League, demobilised Muslim soldiers, local officials and policemen. It followed the fall of a coalition government of the Punjab Unionists, Indian National Congress and Akali Dal, achieved through a six-week campaign by the Muslim League. The riots left between 2,000 and 7,000 Sikhs and Hindus dead, and set off their mass exodus from Rawalpindi Division. 80,000 Sikhs and Hindus were estimated to have left the Division by the end of April. The incidents were the first instance of partition-related violence in Punjab to show clear manifestations of ethnic cleansing, and marked the beginning of systematic violence against women that accompanied the partition, seeing rampant sexual violence, rape, and forced conversions, with many women committing mass suicides along with their children, and many killed by their male relatives, for fear of abduction and rape. The events are sometimes referred to as the Rape of Rawalpindi.

Hindustan Zindabad is a Hindi-Urdu phrase and battle cry most commonly used in the Republic of India in speeches and communications pertaining to or referring to patriotism towards India, and has been used since the British Raj in the colonial India. It translates to "Long Live India". It is a nationalistic slogan, and has been used in nationalist protests such as radical peasant movements in post-colonial India. Another variation of the slogan is Jai Hind. Such slogans are common while cheering the Indian team in cricket matches.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hindi in Pakistan</span> Hindi as spoken in Pakistan

Modern Standard Hindi is mutually intelligible with Urdu, the national and official language of Pakistan. Both are standard registers of the Hindustani language. As a result of linguistic and cultural similarities, Hindi has had notable influences in Pakistan and is taught as an academic subject in some institutions; before the partition of colonial India, Hindi was taught at major universities in the provinces that came to form Pakistan. While Hindi and Urdu both have a predominantly Indic (Indo-Aryan) base, Hindi uses more Sanskrit words in its educated vocabulary while Urdu incorporates more Arabic, Persian, and a few Turkic words for the same. Most poetry, ghazals, qawalis & lyrics use many Urdu words.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Opposition to the Partition of India</span> Political viewpoint in South Asian politics

Opposition to the Partition of India was widespread in British India in the 20th century and it continues to remain a talking point in South Asian politics. Those who opposed it often adhered to the doctrine of composite nationalism in the Indian subcontinent. The Hindu, Christian, Anglo-Indian, Parsi and Sikh communities were largely opposed to the Partition of India, as were many Muslims.

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