Atlantogenata

Atlantogenata Temporal range: Paleocene–Recent PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N Possible Cretaceous origin
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Mammalia
Infraclass:	Placentalia
Magnorder:	Atlantogenata Waddell et al, 1999 [1]
Subgroups
Afrotheria Xenarthra
Synonyms
Atlantogenta (Phillips, 2001) [2] Notoplacentalia (Arnason, 2008) [3] Xenafrotheria (Asher, 2005) [4]

Atlantogenata ("born around the Atlantic Ocean") ^[5] is a magnorder of placental mammals containing the cohorts or superorders Xenarthra and Afrotheria. ^[1] These groups originated and radiated in the South American and African continents, respectively, presumably in the Cretaceous. Together with Boreoeutheria, they make up Placentalia. The monophyly of this grouping is supported by some genetic evidence. ^{[6] [7]}

Alternative hypotheses are that Boreoeutheria and Afrotheria combine to form Epitheria (as generally supported by anatomical and other physiological evidence) or that Boreoeutheria and Xenarthra combine to form Exafroplacentalia or Notolegia. ^[8]

According to some studies, updated analysis of transposable element insertions around the time of divergence strongly supports the fourth hypothesis of a near-concomitant origin (trifurcation) of the three superorders of placental mammals: Afrotheria, Boreoeutheria, and Xenarthra. ^{[9] [10]} However, a 2016 analysis concluded such conflicting phylogenies were a consequence of poorly fitting evolutionary models, and that the Atlantogenata hypothesis is the best supported. Based on a molecular clock analysis, crown-group Atlantogenata was estimated to have diverged 84–97 million years ago. ^[11]

Placentalia	Atlantogenata Xenarthra Afrotheria Boreoeutheria Laurasiatheria Euarchontoglires

Below shows the phylogeny of the extant atlantogenate families.

Atlantogenata

Xenarthra Cingulata Dasypodidae Chlamyphoridae Pilosa Vermilingua Cyclopedidae Myrmecophagidae Folivora Bradypodidae Choloepodidae Afrotheria Paenungulata Hyracoidea Procaviidae Tethytheria Sirenia Trichechidae Dugongidae Proboscidea Elephantidae Afroinsectiphilia Tubulidentata Orycteropodidae Afroinsectivora Macroscelidea Macroscelididae Afrosoricida Chrysochloridae Tenrecomorpha Potamogalidae Tenrecidae

References

1. Waddell, Peter J.; Cao, Ying; Hasegawa, Masami; Mindell, David P. (1999). "Assessing the Cretaceous Superordinal Divergence Times within Birds and Placental Mammals by Using Whole Mitochondrial Protein Sequences and an Extended Statistical Framework". Systematic Biology . 48 (1): 119–137. doi: 10.1080/106351599260481 . PMID   12078636.
2. Phillips, Matthew J.; Lin, Yu-Hsin; Harrison, Gabrielle; Penny, David (2001). "Mitochondrial genomes of a bandicoot and a brushtail possum confirm the monophyly of australidelphian marsupials". Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences. 268 (1475): 1533–1538. doi:10.1098/rspb.2001.1677.
3. Arnason U., Adegoke J. A., Gullberg A., Harley E. H., Janke A., Kullberg M. (2008.) "Mitogenomic relationships of placental mammals and molecular estimates of their divergences." Gene.; 421(1-2):37–51
4. Asher R. J. (2005.) "Insectivoran grade placental mammals: character evolution and fossil history." In: K. D. Rose and J. D. Archibold "The Rise of Placental Mammals: Origins and Relationships of the Major Extant Clades", Baltimore and London, Johns Hopkins University Press ISBN   978-0-8018-8022-3
5. Ian R. Tizard (2023). Comparative Mammalian Immunology: The Evolution and Diversity of the Immune Systems of Mammals. Academic Press. p. 411. ISBN   978-0-32395-220-0 . Retrieved 16 December 2024.
6. Waddell, Peter J.; Okada, Norohiro; Hasegawa, Masami (1999). "Towards Resolving the Interordinal Relationships of Placental Mammals". Systematic Biology . 48 (1): 1–5. doi: 10.1093/sysbio/48.1.1 . PMID   12078634.
7. Murphy, W.J.; Pringle, T.H.; Crider, T.A.; Springer, M.S.; Miller, W. (2007). "Using genomic data to unravel the root of the placental mammal phylogeny". Genome Research . 17 (4): 413–421. doi:10.1101/gr.5918807. PMC   1832088 . PMID   17322288.
8. Wildman, Derek E.; Chen, Caoyi; Erez, Offer; Grossman, Lawrence I.; Goodman, Morris; Romero, Roberto (2006). "Evolution of the mammalian placenta revealed by phylogenetic analysis". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences . 103 (9): 3203–3208. Bibcode:2006PNAS..103.3203W. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0511344103 . PMC   1413940 . PMID   16492730.
9. Nishihara, H.; Maruyama, S.; Okada, N. (2009). "Retroposon analysis and recent geological data suggest near-simultaneous divergence of the three superorders of mammals". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 106 (13): 5235–40. Bibcode:2009PNAS..106.5235N. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0809297106 . PMC   2655268 . PMID   19286970.
10. Churakov, G.; Kriegs, J. O.; Baertsch, R.; Zemann, A.; Brosius, J. R.; Schmitz, J. R. (2009). "Mosaic retroposon insertion patterns in placental mammals". Genome Research . 19 (5): 868–875. doi:10.1101/gr.090647.108. PMC   2675975 . PMID   19261842.
11. Tarver, James E.; dos Reis, Mario; Mirarab, Siavash; Moran, Raymond J.; Parker, Sean; O’Reilly, Joseph E.; King, Benjamin L.; O’Connell, Mary J.; Asher, Robert J.; Warnow, Tandy; Peterson, Kevin J.; Donoghue, Philip C.J.; Pisani, Davide (8 January 2016). "The Interrelationships of Placental Mammals and the Limits of Phylogenetic Inference". Genome Biology and Evolution. 8 (2): 330–344. doi:10.1093/gbe/evv261. ISSN   1759-6653. PMC   4779606 . PMID   26733575.

Further reading

• Nikolaev, Sergey; Montoya-Burgos, Juan I.; Margulies, Elliott H.; NISC Comparative Sequencing Program; Rougemont, Jacques; Nyffeler, Bruno; Antonarakis, Stylianos E. (2007). "Early History of Mammals is Elucidated with the ENCODE Multiple Species Sequencing Data". PLoS Genetics . 3 (1): e2. doi: 10.1371/journal.pgen.0030002 . PMC   1761045 . PMID   17206863.
• Springer, Mark S.; Murphy, William J.; Eizirik, Eduardo; O'Brien, Stephen J. (2003). "Placental mammal diversification and the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences . 100 (3): 1056–1061. Bibcode:2003PNAS..100.1056S. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0334222100 . PMC   298725 . PMID   12552136.
• Waddell, Peter J.; Kishino, Hirohisa; Ota, Rissa (2001). "A phylogenetic foundation for comparative mammalian genomics". Genome Informatics . 12: 141–154. PMID   11791233. Archived from the original on 2019-07-10. Retrieved 2015-08-27.
• Wildman, Derek E.; Chen, Caoyi; Erez, Offer; Grossman, Lawrence I.; Goodman, Morris; Romero, Roberto (2006). "Evolution of the mammalian placenta revealed by phylogenetic analysis". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences . 103 (9): 3203–3208. Bibcode:2006PNAS..103.3203W. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0511344103 . PMC   1413940 . PMID   16492730.