Autonomous cruise control system

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Schematic of Intelligent Cruise Control. The red car automatically follows the blue car. Schema ICC.svg
Schematic of Intelligent Cruise Control. The red car automatically follows the blue car.
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Nuvola apps kaboodle.svg Adaptive Cruise Control Audi example video.

Autonomous cruise control (ACC; also called adaptive cruise control, radar cruise control, traffic-aware cruise control or dynamic radar cruise control)[ citation needed ] is an optional cruise control system for road vehicles that automatically adjusts the vehicle speed to maintain a safe distance from vehicles ahead.

Cruise control system that automatically controls the speed of a motor vehicle

Cruise control is a system that automatically controls the speed of a motor vehicle. The system is a servomechanism that takes over the throttle of the car to maintain a steady speed as set by the driver.

Road A demarcated land route with a suitable surface between places

A road is a thoroughfare, route, or way on land between two places that has been paved or otherwise improved to allow travel by foot or some form of conveyance, including a motor vehicle, cart, bicycle, or horse.

Contents

Control is based on sensor information from on-board sensors. (No existing system makes use of satellite or roadside infrastructures nor of cooperative support from other vehicles.) Cooperative Adaptive Cruise Control (CACC) further extends the automation of navigation by using information gathered from fixed infrastructure such as satellites and roadside beacons, or mobile infrastructure such as reflectors or transmitters on the back of other vehicles.[ citation needed ]

Information that which informs; the answer to a question of some kind; that from which data and knowledge can be derived

Information is the resolution of uncertainty; it is that which answers the question of "what an entity is" and is thus that which specifies the nature of that entity, as well as the essentiality of its properties. Information is associated with data and knowledge, as data is meaningful information and represents the values attributed to parameters, and knowledge signifies understanding of an abstract or concrete concept. The existence of information is uncoupled with an observer, which refers to that which accesses information to discern that which it specifies; information exists beyond an event horizon for example, and in the case of knowledge, the information itself requires a cognitive observer to be accessed.

Sensor converter that measures a physical quantity and converts it into a signal

In the broadest definition, a sensor is a device, module, or subsystem whose purpose is to detect events or changes in its environment and send the information to other electronics, frequently a computer processor. A sensor is always used with other electronics.

Infrastructure fundamental facilities and systems serving a country, city, or other area

Infrastructure refers to the fundamental facilities and systems serving a country, city, or other area, including the services and facilities necessary for its economy to function. Infrastructure is composed of public and private physical improvements such as roads, bridges, tunnels, water supply, sewers, electrical grids, and telecommunications. In general, it has also been defined as "the physical components of interrelated systems providing commodities and services essential to enable, sustain, or enhance societal living conditions".

Such systems may use a radar or laser sensor or a stereo camera setup allowing the vehicle to brake when it detects the car is approaching another vehicle ahead, then accelerate when traffic allows it to.

Radar object detection system based on radio waves

Radar is a detection system that uses radio waves to determine the range, angle, or velocity of objects. It can be used to detect aircraft, ships, spacecraft, guided missiles, motor vehicles, weather formations, and terrain. A radar system consists of a transmitter producing electromagnetic waves in the radio or microwaves domain, a transmitting antenna, a receiving antenna and a receiver and processor to determine properties of the object(s). Radio waves from the transmitter reflect off the object and return to the receiver, giving information about the object's location and speed.

Lidar A method of spatial measurement using laser scanning

Lidar is a surveying method that measures distance to a target by illuminating the target with pulsed laser light and measuring the reflected pulses with a sensor. Differences in laser return times and wavelengths can then be used to make digital 3-D representations of the target. The name lidar, now used as an acronym of light detection and ranging, was originally a portmanteau of light and radar. Lidar sometimes is called 3D laser scanning, a special combination of a 3D scanning and laser scanning. It has terrestrial, airborne, and mobile applications.to

Stereo camera type of camera

A stereo camera is a type of camera with two or more lenses with a separate image sensor or film frame for each lens. This allows the camera to simulate human binocular vision, and therefore gives it the ability to capture three-dimensional images, a process known as stereo photography. Stereo cameras may be used for making stereoviews and 3D pictures for movies, or for range imaging. The distance between the lenses in a typical stereo camera is about the distance between one's eyes and is about 6.35 cm, though a longer base line produces more extreme 3-dimensionality.

ACC technology is widely regarded as a key component of any future generations of intelligent cars. They impact driver safety and convenience as well as increasing capacity of roads by maintaining optimal separation between vehicles and reducing driver errors. Vehicles with autonomous cruise control are considered a Level 1 autonomous car, as defined by SAE International. [1]

Safety state of being secure from harm, injury, danger or risk

Safety is the state of being "safe", the condition of being protected from harm or other non-desirable outcomes. Safety can also refer to the control of recognized hazards in order to achieve an acceptable level of risk.

In mathematics and civil engineering, traffic flow is the study of interactions between travellers and infrastructure, with the aim of understanding and developing an optimal transport network with efficient movement of traffic and minimal traffic congestion problems.

SAE International Standards Body

SAE International, initially established as the Society of Automotive Engineers, is a U.S.-based, globally active professional association and standards developing organization for engineering professionals in various industries. Principal emphasis is placed on transport industries such as automotive, aerospace, and commercial vehicles.

Adaptive cruise Control does not provide full autonomy: the system only provides some help to the driver, but does not drive the car by itself. [2]

Europe is the main market for Adaptative Cruise control, in 2016. [3]

Types

The Jeep adaptive cruise control radar sensor located in the center of the lower grill 2012 Jeep GC Adaptive Cruise Control sensor.jpg
The Jeep adaptive cruise control radar sensor located in the center of the lower grill
Autonomous cruise control on VW Golf Adaptive Cruise Control.jpg
Autonomous cruise control on VW Golf
Intelligent Cruise Control (ICC) SteeringSwitch(ProPilot) Nissan Serena SERENA e-POWER SteeringSwitch ProPilot.png
Intelligent Cruise Control (ICC)
SteeringSwitch(ProPilot)
Nissan Serena

Laser-based systems do not detect and track vehicles in adverse weather conditions nor do they reliably track dirty (and therefore non-reflective) vehicles. Laser-based sensors must be exposed, the sensor (a fairly large black box) is typically found in the lower grille, offset to one side.

Radar-based sensors can be hidden behind plastic fascias; however, the fascias may look different from a vehicle without the feature. For example, Mercedes-Benz packages the radar behind the upper grille in the center and behind a solid plastic panel that has painted slats to simulate the look of the rest of the grille.

Single radar systems are the most common. Systems involving multiple sensors use either two similar hardware sensors like the 2010 Audi A8 [4] or the 2010 Volkswagen Touareg, [5] or one central long range radar coupled with two short radar sensors placed on the corners of the vehicle like the BMW 5 and 6 series. [6]

A more recent development is the binocular computer vision system, such as that introduced to the US market in model year 2013 by Subaru. These systems have front-facing video cameras mounted on either side of the rear view mirror and use digital processing to extract depth information from the parallax between the two cameras' views.

Assisting systems

Radar-based ACC often feature a precrash system, which warns the driver and/or provides brake support if there is a high risk of a collision. Also in certain cars it is incorporated with a lane maintaining system which provides a power steering assist to reduce steering input burden on corners when the cruise control system is activated.

Multi-sensor systems

Systems with multiple sensors can practice sensor fusion to integrate the data from to improve safety and/or driving experience. GPS data can inform the system of geographic features such as a freeway offramp. A camera system could notice driver behavior such as brake lights and/or a turn signal. This could allow a following car to interpret a turn signal by an exit as not requiring the following car to slow down, as the leading car will exit. [7] Multi-sensor systems could also take note of traffic signs/signals and not, e.g., violate a red light while following a vehicle that crossed before the signal changed.

Predictive systems

Predict systems modify speed based on predictions of other vehicles' behavior. Such systems can make earlier, more moderate adjustments to the predicted behavior, improving safety and passenger comfort. One example is to predict the likelihood of a vehicle in a neighbouring lane moving in front of the controlled vehicle. One system predicts a lane change up to five seconds before it occurs. [8]

Timeline

Distronic Plus display on Mercedes-Benz S-Class (W221) Mercedes-Benz Distronic Plus screen.jpg
Distronic Plus display on Mercedes-Benz S-Class (W221)
ACC radar antenna Radar Antenne fur Kfz-Anwendungen.jpg
ACC radar antenna

Vehicle models supporting adaptive cruise control


The three main categories of ACC are:

MakeFull speed range ACCPartial cruise control
ModelsNotesModelsNotes
AftermarketAny Vehicle 1990+Uses OpenCV with no braking.

Motor Authority Review [40]

Acura RLX (2014+), MDX (2014+), TLX (2015+)2005 RL, MDX, ZDX, 2016 MDX is 0 mph type, 2016 ILX, [41] RDX [42]
Alfa Romeo Giulia (2016+)Adaptive Cruise Control with Stop & Go [43]
Audi A8, A7 (2010+), A6 (2011+); A7 (2013+), Q7 (2007+), A3 Prestige (2013+), Q5 (2013+)Adaptive Cruise Control with Stop & Go A3, A4, A5, Q5, A6, A7, A8 (also uses data from navigation and front camera sensors), [44] Q7
BentleyContinental GT (2009+)Follow-to-Stop option
BMW5-series (2007+), 7-series (2009+), X5 (2011+) [45] excl Diesel, 3-series (2013+), i3 (2014+), X3 (2014+)Active Cruise Control with Stop & GoSeries 7, 5, 6, 3 (2000+), Mini (2014+)Stop & Go/Lane Assist controls steering for up to 30 seconds of hands-off driving. Highway driving only. Available on 3, 5, 6 and 7 models.

Active Cruise Control [46]

BuickLacrosse (2014+) [47]
CadillacXTS, ATS, SRX (2013+), CTS (2014+), ELR, Escalade (2015+ Premium trim)Also includes full power automatic braking under 20 mph2004 XLR, 2005 STS, 2006 DTS (shuts off below 25 mph)
Chevrolet Impala (2014+), Malibu (2016+), Volt (2017+) Tahoe/Suburban (2015+)
Chrysler200c (2015+), 300 (2015+ in S, C, or C Platinum trims), Pacifica (2017+ in Touring L Plus or Limited trims)Active Cruise Control with Stop & Go. [48] 2007–2014 300C laser, for a limited time, now uses a Bosch radar-based system
DodgeCharger (2015+), Challenger (2015+)2011 Charger, 2011 Durango radar, by Bosch
FordEverest (2015+, Trend and Titanium models only), [49] Fusion (2017+)Adaptive cruise control with stop-and-go (optional)2015+ F150 [50] 2011+Explorer, 2017+ Fiesta, 2013+ Ford FLEX, 2006 Mondeo, 2013 Kuga, 2013+ Fusion, S-Max, Galaxy, 2010+ Taurus, 2011+ Edge Disables and does not work or brake under 20 mph; - Radar [51] Adaptive Cruise Control and Collision Warning with Brake Support
HondaAccord (2018+) [52] , CRV (2017+), Available with Honda Sensing package (2016+)Adaptive Cruise Control (ACC) with Low-Speed Follow2003 Inspire, 2005 Legend, 2013 Accord (USA), 2007 CR-V series III, 2015 Honda CRV, 2016+ Honda Pilot [53] , 2018 Honda Odyssey Adaptive Cruise Control and Collision Mitigating Braking System with Honda Sensing [54]
HyundaiAzera (2011+), Equus (2012+), Genesis (2015+), Sonata (2015+), Santa Fe (2017+), Santa Fe Sport (2017+), Ioniq (2017+) Genesis (2010+), Elantra (2017+)
InfinitiEX (2010+)*, Q50 (2014+)older laser based system*2006 EX, M, Q45, QX56, G35, FX35/45/50, G37 shuts off below 3 mph, EX: in North America as an option, shuts off below 40 km/h
Jaguar1999 XK-R, S-Type, XJ, XF
JeepCherokee (2014+, Limited and TrailHawk Models), Grand Cherokee (2012+) [55] Adaptive Cruise Control (ACC) - Stop/Start again option on 2017 models but not prior models.2011–2013 Grand Cherokee (Option on Limited & Overland, standard on Summit)radar, by Bosch

disengages below 15 mph [56]

KiaCadenza (2014+), Sedona (2015+), K900 (2015+), Optima (2016+), Sorento (2016+), Niro (2017+)Advanced Smart Cruise Control (ASCC)
Land RoverRange Rover (2013+) Range Rover Sport
Lincoln Continental (2017+), [57] MKZ (2017+) [58] Adaptive cruise control with stop-and-go. MKS (2009+), MKT (2010+), MKX (2011+), MKZ (2013+), MKC (2015+)Radar [51] Adaptive Cruise Control and Collision Warning with Brake Support
LexusLS 460 (2006+), GS hybrid (2013+), GS non-hybrid (2016+), RX (2016+), RX hybrid (2016+), NX (2015+), NX hybrid (2015+)Dynamic Radar Cruise Control
LS 460 full ACC not available in US until 2013
2000 LS430/460 (laser and radar), RX (laser and radar), GS, IS, ES 350, and LX 570 (shuts off below 25 mph)
Mazda CX-5, CX-9 (2017+) [59] Mazda6 (2014+), Mazda3, CX-5 (2016+)Radar Cruise Control and Forward Obstruction Warning [60]
MitsubishiOutlander (2014+)
Mercedes-BenzS (2006+), B, E, CLS, CL (2009+); A, CLA, M, G, GL (2013+)Distronic Plus1998 S, E, CLS, SL, CL, M, GL, CLK, 2012 C Distronic
Nissan Murano (2015+), Maxima (2016+), Altima (2016+), Sentra (2017+), Note (2017+),Leaf(2018+)Stops vehicle but resets after 3 seconds, requiring brake application to sit still and setting cruise speed again.1998 Cima, Primera T-Spec ModelsIntelligent Cruise Control (ICC)
PorschePanamera (2010+); Cayenne (2011+), Cayman (2013+), Boxster(2012+)Porsche Active Safe (PAS), PDK transmission only.
SeatLeón (2012+), Ateca [61]
SkodaOctavia (2013+), Fabia (2014+), Superb (2014+)
SubaruLegacy, Outback (2013+), Forester (2014+), Impreza (2015+), WRX (2016+), Crosstrek (2016+)0 mph EyeSight [62] [63] Non-Radar Camera System
SuzukiSwift 2017+ Vitara (2015+), Sx4 Scross (2016+)radar
Tesla Model S (late 2014+), Model X, Model 3 Traffic-Aware Cruise Control (TACC) [64] with Stop-and-Go
ToyotaPrius + Prius Prime (2016+), Camry (2018+), C-HR (2018+), Avalon (2017+), Land Cruiser (2018+), Rav 4 (2017+) R [65] 1997 Celsior, 2004 Sienna (XLE Limited Edition), Avalon, Sequoia (Platinum Edition), Avensis, 2009 Corolla (Japan), [66] 2017+ Corolla, [67] 2010 Prius, 2013+ Prius v, [68] 2014+ Highlander, [69] 2015+ Camry, [70] 2016+ RAV4 [71] Dynamic Laser Cruise Control (DLCC) on 2009+ Sienna XLE Limited, Avalon Limited and Sequoia Platinum shuts off below 25 mph (US) [72]
Vauxhall / Opel Insignia, Zafira Tourer (on selected variants of SE, SRi, Elite, VXR), Astra
Volkswagen Phaeton (2010+), Passat B8 (2014+), Touareg (2011+) Golf Mk7 (2013+), Polo (2014+), Jetta (2016+ SEL Trim), Tiguan SEL (2018+), ATLAS SEL (2018+)Tiguan SEL and ATLAS SEL (2018+) ACC stop-and-go Passat, Phaeton all generations, Touareg
VolvoAll Volvo models 2015+

Also before 2015 ACC was available on V40, S60, [73] V60, XC60, V70, XC70 and S80

ACC also includes automatic braking. Newest models feature full power auto-brake with pedestrian and cyclist detection.

Economy

Two providers of Adaptative Cruise Control are Continental AG (Germany) and Robert Bosch GmbH (Germany). [3]

See also

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References

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  70. ↑ "Camry brochure" (PDF).
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