Baby hatch

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Baby hatch in Germany Babyklappe.jpg
Baby hatch in Germany
Baby hatch called "BabyBox" in the Czech Republic Babybox - venkovni strana.jpg
Baby hatch called "BabyBox" in the Czech Republic
Baby hatch in Poland. The label OKNO ZYCIA means 'Window of Life' BabyBoxPoland.JPG
Baby hatch in Poland. The label OKNO ŻYCIA means 'Window of Life'

A baby hatch or baby box [1] is a place where people (typically mothers) can leave babies, usually newborn, anonymously in a safe place to be found and cared for. This was common from the Middle Ages to the 18th and 19th centuries, when the device was known as a foundling wheel. Foundling wheels were abandoned in the late 19th century, but a modern form, the baby hatch, was reintroduced from 1952 [2] and since 2000 has been adopted in many countries, most notably in Pakistan where there are more than 300. They can also be found in Germany (100), the United States (150), [3] Czech Republic (88) [4] and Poland (67). [2]

Contents

The hatches are usually in hospitals, social centres, or churches, and consist of a door or flap in an outside wall which opens onto a soft bed, heated or at least insulated. Sensors in modern beds issue an alert when a baby has been placed in it. In Germany, babies are looked after for eight weeks during which the parent can return and claim the child without any legal repercussions. If this does not happen, the child is put up for adoption.

History

Foundling wheel at the Ospedale di Santo Spirito in Rome Vondelingenluikje.JPG
Foundling wheel at the Ospedale di Santo Spirito in Rome

Baby hatches have existed in one form or another for centuries. The system was quite common in medieval times. From 1198 the first foundling wheels (ruota dei trovatelli) were used in Italy; Pope Innocent III decreed that these should be installed in homes for foundlings so that women could leave their child in secret instead of killing them, a practice clearly evident from the numerous drowned infants found in the Tiber River. A foundling wheel was a cylinder set upright in the outside wall of the building, rather like a revolving door. Mothers placed the child in the cylinder, turned it around so that the baby was inside the church, and then rang a bell to alert caretakers. One example of this type which can still be seen today is in the Santo Spirito hospital at the Vatican City; this wheel was installed in medieval times and used until the 19th century. Another foundling wheel dating to at least 1601 is on display for visitors to Naples' Church of the Annunciata.

In Hamburg, Germany, a Dutch merchant set up a wheel (Drehladen) in an orphanage in 1709. It closed after only five years in 1714 as the number of babies left there was too high for the orphanage to cope with financially. Other wheels are known to have existed in Kassel (1764) and Mainz (1811).

Foundling wheel at the Ospedale degli Innocenti in Florence Ruota Innocenti.jpg
Foundling wheel at the Ospedale degli Innocenti in Florence

In France, foundling wheels (tours d'abandon, abandonment wheel) were introduced by Saint Vincent de Paul who built the first foundling home in 1638 in Paris. Foundling wheels were legalised in an imperial decree of January 19, 1811, and at their height, there were 251 in France, according to author Anne Martin-Fugier. They were in hospitals such as the Hôpital des Enfants-Trouvés (Hospital for Foundling Children) in Paris. However, the number of children left there rose into the tens of thousands per year, as a result of the desperate economic situation at the time, and in 1863 they were closed down and replaced by "admissions offices" where mothers could give up their child anonymously but could also receive advice. The tours d'abandon were officially abolished in law of June 27, 1904. Today in France, women are allowed to give birth anonymously in hospitals (accouchement sous X) and leave their baby there.

In Brazil and Portugal, foundling wheels (roda dos expostos/enjeitados, literally 'wheel for exposed/rejected ones') were also used after Queen Maria I proclaimed on May 24, 1783, that all towns should have a foundling hospital. One example was the wheel installed at the Santa Casa de Misericordia hospital in São Paulo on July 2, 1825. This was taken out of use on June 5, 1949, declared incompatible with the modern social system after five years' debate.

Foundling Hospital in London Foundling Hospital.jpg
Foundling Hospital in London

In Britain and Ireland, foundlings were brought up in orphanages financed by the Poor Tax. The home for foundlings in London was established in 1741; in Dublin the Foundling Hospital and Workhouse installed a foundling wheel in 1730, as this excerpt from the Minute Book of the Court of Governors of that year shows:

"Hu (Boulter) Armach, Primate of All-Ireland, being in the chair, ordered that a turning-wheel, or convenience for taking in children, be provided near the gate of the workhouse; that at any time, by day or by night, a child may be layd in it, to be taken in by the officers of the said house." [5]

The foundling wheel in Dublin was taken out of use in 1826 when the Dublin hospital was closed because of the high death rate of children there.

Modern examples

Door of Hope Children's Mission, Johannesburg Newly renovated "baby bin" at Door of Hope in Johannesburg,South Africa.jpg
Door of Hope Children's Mission, Johannesburg

A baby hatch was installed by Door of Hope Children's Mission (Hole in the Wall) in Johannesburg, South Africa in 1999 after the pastor, Cheryl Allen, learned that a high number of newly born infants were abandoned. Pastor Allen realised that many of those desperate women and girls may well have acted differently if there had been an alternative. The church made a hole in their wall and a "baby bin" was installed allowing for mothers to leave their babies any time, day or night. The moment a baby is placed in the "baby bin" care workers on duty receive an electronic signal alerting them. The baby is taken in and the anonymity of the "donor" ensured. Baby M was the first baby that came through the "baby bin", arriving on 3 October 1999. To date (2013), Door of Hope has received over 1300 babies. 148 have come through the "baby bin" but most come from hospitals, police or community members and some babies have even been brought personally by the mothers.

Another modern baby hatch was installed in the Altona district of Hamburg, Germany on 11 April 2000, after a series of cases in 1999 where children were abandoned and found dead from exposure. It consisted of a warm bed in which the child could be placed from outside the building. After a short delay to allow the person who left the child to leave anonymously, a silent alarm was set off which alerted staff. By 2010, 38 babies had been left in the Findelbaby baby hatch in Hamburg, 14 of whom were later reclaimed by their mothers. [6]

The Edhi Foundation in Pakistan offers a similar system.

Baby boxes are becoming more widespread in the United States after the 2022 Supreme Court decision Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization allowed states to prohibit abortion. [7]

Reasons for using baby hatches

Baby hatch in Rabat, Malta Rabat Maltese 2017 07.jpg
Baby hatch in Rabat, Malta

One reason many babies have been abandoned, especially in the past, was that they were born out of wedlock. In modern times, baby hatches are more often intended to be used by mothers who are unable to cope with looking after their own child and do not wish to divulge their identity. [8] In some countries, it is not legal for mothers to give birth anonymously in a hospital, and the baby hatch is the only way they can safely and secretly leave their child to be cared for by others. In India [9] and Pakistan, [2] the purpose of baby hatches is mainly to provide an alternative to female infanticide, which occurs due to socio-economic factors including the high cost of dowries.

Some issues with baby hatches are connected to children's right to know their own identity, as guaranteed by the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child's Article 8. [10] Another problem is that the anonymous person who drops off the infant may not have the legal right to do so, perhaps without the permission of the mother. [11] Also, in some places baby hatches may be overwhelmed by the abandonment of sick and disabled children. [11]

Not all countries have safe-haven laws such as in the US which decriminalize leaving a child with an authority, and so it can be legally risky for a mother to abandon her baby in a baby hatch. [12]

Those opposed to baby hatches argue that hatches do not save babies lives, that it encourages further abandonment by mothers rather than finding other solutions, [13] and represents a state's dereliction of duty to create social programs which might reduce child abandonment. [14] Several European countries have passed laws allowing for anonymous birth in hospitals, sometimes free of charge, to prevent the risks associated with an unassisted delivery and to provide medical care during the birth. [15]

Countries

Austria

In Austria, the law treats babies found in baby hatches as foundlings. The local social services office for children and young people (Jugendwohlfahrt) takes care of the child for the first six months and then it is given up for adoption.[ citation needed ] The first hatch was introduced in Vienna in 2000. As of 2018, there were 15 hatches in seven of the nine Austrian states, and hatches were used 30 times between 2008 and 2016. Since women have had the right to give birth anonymously in hospitals since 2001, those anonymous births have greatly outnumbered the use of baby hatches. [16]

Belgium

In Belgium, the legal framework is absent, and abandoning babies is illegal, but in practice the babies are placed in foster care and become available for adoption after a few months. [17] In 2000, the association Moeders voor Moeders ('Mothers for mothers') set up the first babyschuif in Antwerp. [17] As of 2021, 18 babies have been found in the Antwerp hatch, the only one in Belgium. [18] In 2017, another hatch was installed in Evere, Brussels, by the organization Corvia, but was banned by the mayor. Despite the Council of State overturning the ban in 2020, a new mayor of Evere again prohibited its operation in 2021. [19] [13]

Canada

Canada prohibits abandoning a child "so that its life is or is likely to be endangered." As of 2020, three babies have been left in hatches installed in Canada. One hatch is in Vancouver and two in Edmonton. [20]

China

In 2011, China opened at least 25 baby hatches, "baby safety island" in Mandarin. A medical team was supposed to pick up the infant within 10 minutes. [21] [22] By 2015 there were 32 across the country. [23] The first was opened in Shijiazhuang in 2011. [24] It has by 2014 received 181 children. [25] The estimated number of children, was officially some 1,400 a year in total, in the whole country. [26]

The government-run orphanage in eastern China opened its first baby hatch on 1 June 2014, International Children's Day, as a symbolic step to show the country's commitment to improving child welfare. However, it since proved so popular that authorities have had to introduce new rules to limit the number of babies and children being abandoned. In just 11 days, 106 children, all with disabilities or medical conditions, were dropped off at the Jinan facility. That is more than the 85 orphans the city accepted in 2013. [23]

Since the opening of a baby hatch in Guangzhou, it received almost 80 infants in a month. [24] Child Welfare Centre in Guangzhou, said it had taken in 262 children in less than two months since it opened the baby hatch. All the babies – 67% of whom were less than a year old – had varying degrees of illness. More than 90% survived, 22 babies died. [25] [21] The baby hatch in Nanjing was "crowded with visitors". Parents were seen to drop babies off at the facility every day. [24]

The number of babies with congenital defects has soared over the past decade, with upwards of 900,000 such cases reported each year. In addition, at least 100,000 children are abandoned each year. Most are either disabled or girls. [26] [27]

Czech Republic

Baby hatch in Pribram, Czech Republic, 2020 Pribram nemocnice 10.jpg
Baby hatch in Příbram, Czech Republic, 2020

In the Czech Republic, the Ministry of Social Affairs confirmed in 2006 that baby hatches (called Babybox in Czech) are legal under Czech law. In contradiction to this, in March 2006, Colonel Anna Piskova, a police officer, said on Czech television that the police would look for the mothers of abandoned children.[ citation needed ] The head of the Czech baby hatch organization Statim, [28] Ludvik Hess, complained about this statement[ citation needed ] and was officially supported by the Save the Children Foundation.[ citation needed ]

The United Nations Committee on the Rights of the Child has questioned the legality of baby boxes, criticizing the high number of children's group homes and claiming the boxes violate children's rights in 2011. [29] [30] Czech internet news server novinky.cz has reported that United Nations wants to ban baby hatches in the Czech Republic. [31]

The first baby hatch was set up in July 2005 in Prague by Babybox – Statim. [28] In March 2006, three children had been left there. In December 2007, there were five "Babyboxes" in the republic: Prague-Hloubětín, Brno, Olomouc, Kadaň and Zlín, and the next were planned in Pelhřimov, Ústí nad Orlicí, Mladá Boleslav and Sokolov in 2008. Between 2005 and 2007, ten infants were given in baby-boxes, seven of them in Prague. Some of them returned to their mothers or were inserted with full documentation.[ clarification needed ]As of December 2011 there were 47, and 62 children had already been left there; one of the baby boxes was used 13 times. [32] 75 % of the boxes have been used. [33] As of June 2023, there are 85 baby hatches in the country, mostly in major cities and district capitals. [34] So far, they have helped to save 253 children, [33] with the oldest to date being the case of an almost two years old boy in 2019. [35] The one in University Hospital Královské Vinohrady in Prague has received 30 babies and the one at Brothers of Charity Hospital in Brno 22 babies since 2005. [34]

France

In France, the Vichy government adopted the Legislative Decree of 2 September 1941 [36] on the Protection of Births allowing children to be born anonymously. This law, somewhat modified, became the modern right to anonymous birth (accouchement sous X) set down in the French Social Action and Families Code (Art. 222–6). It covers children up to one year of age. In 2003, the European Court of Human Rights upheld this law, [37] ruling that it did not violate the European Convention on Human Rights.

Germany

Baby hatch in Ludwigshafen, Germany Babykorb Ludwigshafen 03.JPG
Baby hatch in Ludwigshafen, Germany

Baby hatches were reintroduced in Germany in 2000. As of 2020, there were around 70-100 baby hatches across the country. [38] [11]

There is no clear legal basis for operating baby hatches (known as Babyklappen) in Germany. [39]

Normally, a mother or father who abandons their child is considered to be committing a criminal act. However, under German law parents are allowed to leave their child in charge of a third party for up to eight weeks, for example if the parents need to go into hospital. After eight weeks, however, the youth welfare office must be called in.[ citation needed ]

German law considers babies in baby hatches to have been left in charge of a third party. However, this loophole is extremely controversial and several attempts have been made to clear up the legal basis. As of yet, the legal situation remains unclear.

Hungary

In 2005, Hungary passed a law decriminalizing abandoning a baby in an incubator. The act is considered a declaration of abandonment and consent to adoption if the family does not return within six weeks to claim the child. Dumping a child elsewhere remains a crime. [14] [40]

Hungary had 32 baby hatches as of 2015, all run by hospitals. [41] The first opened in 1996 in the Schöpf-Merei Hospital  [ hu ] in Budapest and rescued 23 newborns until February 2007. [42] [43]

India

In Tamil Nadu state, a baby hatch was set up in 1994 by the then Chief Minister, J. Jayalalithaa, to prevent female infanticide. This kind of baby is called thottil kuzhanthai (cradle baby), raised by the state and entitled to free education. In 2002, an "e-cradle" scheme[ clarification needed ] was also introduced in southern India after an abandoned newborn baby was torn apart by dogs in the street near Trivandrum Medical College. [44]

Italy

There are about 50 hatches, set up by "La culla per la Vita" (The Movement for Life). [45] In December 2006 a modern hatch was installed at the Policlinico Casilino in Rome and in February 2007 it received its first abandoned child. There are also plans to install one at the Santo Spirito hospital at the Vatican City, the home of one of the original foundling wheels.[ citation needed ]

Japan

In Japan, abandoning a baby is normally punished with up to five years in prison. In 2006 Hasuda Taiji and other officials of Jikei Hospital applied to Kumamoto Prefecture government, Kumamoto city and other offices before opening a baby hatch. They were told that it would not count as abandonment, as the baby is under the hospital's protection. However, the Japanese Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare would not comment on the issue, apart from saying that there was no precedent. In Japan, February 2007, the state indicated its position is that baby hatches "are not outright illegal." On the same year of April 5, Kumamoto City determined that "there are no reasonable grounds for not allowing modifications in the medical law," and approved changes that allowed establishment of the "Storks' Cradle". [46]

In 2006 the Jikei Hospital in Kumamoto Prefecture announced it was setting up a "storks' cradle" to try to reduce the number of abandoned babies and abortions. As of November 26,2009, a total of 51 babies had been accepted, and this system has been under the strict guidance of a special committee which pointed out that the acceptance of anonymous babies might reduce the moral philosophy of people. [47] 125 babies had been left at the baby hatch as of March 2017. [48]

Latvia

The first glābējsilīte ('saviour manger') was set up in 2009 in Riga within the Children's Clinical University Hospital's territory. Since then, seven more hatches have been set up in Latvia's biggest towns. As of August 2019, 47 children have been left in a baby hatch, of whom five have later been reclaimed by their birth parents. [49]

In Latvia, unless the baby has been reported as missing, the law treats the babies as foundlings. [50]

All baby hatches are located within hospital premises. [51] After a baby is left in a baby hatch, the police and custody court are informed about the case and the baby is given a health evaluation and is inspected for signs of abuse. The police during a two day long process find out if the child has been reported as missing, after that the baby is given the status of a foundling and can be put up for adoption.

If the birth parents want to recover a child, they have the option to do so until the child has been officially adopted. The birth parents must prove their parentage by taking a DNA test, which they must pay for themselves. After that a custody court reviews the parent's reasons for abandonment and decide whether to allow the parents guardianship of the child. [50]

Malaysia

The first baby hatch was launched by a non-profit NGO, OrphanCare Foundation, in 2010. By end of 2016 OrphanCare had saved over 200 babies and has two more baby hatches in the states of Kedah and Johor. In 2015 OrphanCare signed a memorandum of cooperation with KPJ Healthcare to manage the adoption of babies placed in baby hatches in eight KPJ hospitals in major cities in Peninsular Malaysia. KPJ also has a baby hatch each in Sabah and Sarawak.[ citation needed ]

Almost 100 babies have been saved due to baby hatches nationwide. The seventh baby hatch was opened at the An-Nur Specialist Hospital in Bangi, Selangor in 2022. [52]

Netherlands

In 2003 plans to open a babyluik in Amsterdam did not go ahead after heavy protest. State Secretary for Health Clémence Ross suggested that baby hatches were illegal. In years since, the Beschermde Wieg Foundation has opened abandoned children rooms in the cities of Groningen, Middelburg, Oudenbosch, Papendrecht, Rotterdam and Zwolle. Women in need can leave their babies anonymously. In 2017 a room in Amsterdam is planned. [53] [ needs update ]

Pakistan

The Edhi Foundation has around 300 centres [2] which offer a jhoola service which is said to have saved over 16,000 lives; [2] the jhoola is a white metal hanging cradle with a mattress, where the baby can be left anonymously outside the centre. A bell can be rung, and staff also check the cradle once an hour.

Philippines

The Hospicio de San Jose in Manila, founded in 1810 and run by the Daughters of Charity of Saint Vincent de Paul, has a "turning cradle" marked "Abandoned Babies Received Here".

Poland

Baby hatch in Warsaw, Poland, 2018 2018 Warszawa Hoza, okno zycia.jpg
Baby hatch in Warsaw, Poland, 2018

In 2022, sixty-nine towns had them.[ citation needed ]

Russia

Since 2011, ten baby hatches have come into use in Russia. In less than one year of activity, the boxes helped to save three children. [54] The charity fund The Cradle of Hope (Колыбель надежды) established in Perm is the main project organizer. Along with installing and setting up baby hatches, the organization works to prevent infanticide, and helps families cope with crisis situations. The baby hatches are installed in hospitals and run by the wardship and guardianship authority.

The law treats babies found in baby boxes as foundlings, who are raised by the state while going through the legal process of adoption. Senator Elena Mizulina proposed a law to ban baby boxes. In September 2016 the ban was approved by the Russian government, stating that special places for anonymous abandonment of newborns violate the Convention on the Rights of the Child.

South Africa

The non-profit organisation Door Of Hope Children's Mission set up a "hole in the wall" in July 1999 at the Mission Church in Johannesburg. By March 2013, around 148 babies came through the hole in the wall but over 1,300 babies have come through their doors. [55]

South Korea

Pastor Lee Jong-rak operates a "baby box" in his church in southwest Seoul. Before the Special Adoption Law was passed in August 2012, Lee said that the baby box received an average of about two newborns per month, but that number has risen to about 19 as of 2013. [56] Awareness of baby hatches in South Korea remains high. [8]

Switzerland

There are eight baby hatches in Switzerland, almost all privately operated, at hospitals in Davos, Einsiedeln, Bellinzona, Olten, Bern, Zollikerberg ZH, Basel and Sion. From 2001 to 2021, 25 children were left there. [57]

United Kingdom

In the United Kingdom there are no baby hatches, [17] as, under Section 27 of the Offences against the Person Act 1861, abandoning a child below the age of two years is a criminal offence punishable by up to five years in prison. In practice, such prosecutions are extremely rare and would only occur if the circumstances of child abandonment showed actual malice, i.e. appeared deliberately intended to result in the death of the child. A mother who wishes to have her newborn baby adopted can do so. Counseling is designed to ensure that giving up the baby is her genuine, irrevocable wish. [10]

United States

Baby hatches in the United States are generally called "newborn safety devices" or "newborn safety incubators." [58] [59] The first known installation of baby hatches in the United States was in Arizona in approximately 2001. Known as "drawers," the devices were installed primarily in Maricopa County, where six drawers exist at local hospitals as of May 2023. Beginning in 2016, the Indiana-based nonprofit corporation Safe Haven Baby Boxes began installing its own branded "Safe Haven Baby Boxes" in locations throughout Indiana, the first in 2016. [60] As of April 2023, there were 153 baby hatches installed and in use in eleven states, primarily Indiana, which has nearly 100 hatches in operation. [61] Other states with baby hatches include Ohio, Arkansas, New Mexico, Kentucky, and Florida. [62] [63] [64] As of May 2023, eight additional states have enacted laws authorizing installation of baby hatches, though none have been installed. [61]

Cultural references

See also

Related Research Articles

Infanticide is the intentional killing of infants or offspring. Infanticide was a widespread practice throughout human history that was mainly used to dispose of unwanted children, its main purpose being the prevention of resources being spent on weak or disabled offspring. Unwanted infants were usually abandoned to die of exposure, but in some societies they were deliberately killed. Infanticide is generally illegal, but in some places the practice is tolerated, or the prohibition is not strictly enforced.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Adoption</span> Parenting a child in place of the original parents

Adoption is a process whereby a person assumes the parenting of another, usually a child, from that person's biological or legal parent or parents. Legal adoptions permanently transfer all rights and responsibilities, along with filiation, from the biological parents to the adoptive parents.

Child abandonment is the practice of relinquishing interests and claims over one's offspring in an illegal way, with the intent of never resuming or reasserting guardianship. The phrase is typically used to describe the physical abandonment of a child. Still, it can also include severe cases of neglect and emotional abandonment, such as when parents fail to provide financial and emotional support for children over an extended period. An abandoned child is referred to as a foundling. Baby dumping refers to parents leaving a child younger than 12 months in a public or private place with the intent of terminating their care for the child. It is also known as rehoming when adoptive parents use illegal means, such as the internet, to find new homes for their children. In the case where child abandonment is anonymous within the first 12 months, it may be referred to as secret child abandonment.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Baby transport</span> Methods of transporting young children

Various methods of transport of children have been used in different cultures and times. These methods include baby carriages, infant car seats, portable bassinets (carrycots), strollers (pushchairs), slings, backpacks, baskets and bicycle carriers.

A foundling hospital was originally an institution for the reception of foundlings, i.e., children who had been abandoned or exposed, and left for the public to find and save. A foundling hospital was not necessarily a medical hospital, but more commonly a children's home, offering shelter and education to foundlings.

Baby box may refer to:

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Safe-haven law</span> U.S. statutes permitting leaving of unharmed infants by parents

Safe-haven laws are statutes in the United States that decriminalize the leaving of unharmed infants with statutorily designated private persons so that the child becomes a ward of the state. All fifty states, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico have enacted such statutes.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ospedale degli Innocenti</span> Historic building in Florence, Italy

The Ospedale degli Innocenti, also known in old Tuscan dialect as the Spedale degli Innocenti, is a historic building in Florence, Italy. It was designed by Filippo Brunelleschi, who received the commission in 1419 from the Arte della Seta. It was originally a children's orphanage. It is regarded as a notable example of early Italian Renaissance architecture. The hospital, which features a nine bay loggia facing the Piazza SS. Annunziata, was built and managed by the "Arte della Seta" or Silk Guild of Florence. That guild was one of the wealthiest in the city and, like most guilds, took upon itself philanthropic duties.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Infant exposure</span> Practice of abandoning unwanted infants to exposure in the wilderness

In ancient times, exposition was a method of infanticide or child abandonment in which infants were left in a wild place either to die due to hypothermia, hunger, animal attack or to be collected by slavers or by those unable to produce children.

Babies are occasionally switched at birth or soon thereafter, leading to the babies being unknowingly raised by parents who are not their biological parents. The occurrence has historically rarely been discovered in real life, but since the availability of genealogical testing of DNA has been discovered more frequently. The phenomenon has been common as a plot device in fiction since the 18th century.

Neonaticide is the deliberate act of a parent murdering their own child during the first 24 hours of life. As a noun, the word "neonaticide" may also refer to anyone who practices or who has practiced this.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sister Mary Irene FitzGibbon</span> American nun

Sister Irene was an American nun who founded the New York Foundling Hospital in 1869, at a time when abandoned infants were routinely sent to almshouses with the sick and insane. The first refuge was in a brownstone on E.12th St. in Manhattan, where babies could be left anonymously in a receiving crib with no questions asked. The practice was an echo of the medieval foundling wheel and an early example of modern "safe haven" practices.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">New York Foundling</span> Child welfare agency active in New York and Puerto Rico

The New York Foundling, founded in 1869 by the Roman Catholic Sisters of Charity, is one of New York City's oldest and largest child welfare agencies. The Foundling operates programs in the five boroughs of New York City, Rockland County, and Puerto Rico. Its services include foster care, adoptions, educational programs, mental health services, and many other community-based services for children, families, and adults.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Coin-operated-locker babies</span> Aspect of child abuse in Japan

Coin-operated-locker babies or coin-locker babies are victims of child abuse often occurring in Japan, in which infants are left in public lockers. There are two main variables that account for the differences in frequency and the type of these child abuse cases: social and economical. Predominantly neonates and male babies, the murder of infants became a form of population control in Japan, being discovered 1–3 months after death, wrapped in plastic and appearing to have died of asphyxiation. The presumption is that such lockers are regularly checked by attendants and the infant will be found quickly; however, many children are found dead. Between 1980 and 1990, there were 191 reported cases of infants which died in coin-operated lockers, which represents about six percent of all infanticides during that period.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Maternity package</span> Kit provided to parents who live in Finland

The maternity package, known internationally as the Finnish "baby box," is a kit granted by the Finnish social security institution Kela, to all expectant or adoptive parents who live in Finland or are covered by the Finnish social security system. The package contains children's clothes and other necessary items, such as nappies, bedding, cloth, gauze towels and child-care products. It was first issued in 1938 to parents with a low income, and contained a blanket, crib sheets, diapers, and fabric which parents could use to make clothing for the baby.

An anonymous birth is a birth where the mother gives birth to a child without disclosing her identity, or where her identity remains unregistered. In many countries, anonymous births have been legalized for centuries in order to prevent formerly frequent killings of newborn children, particularly outside of marriage.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Foundling Hospital, Dublin</span> Hospital in Dublin, Republic of Ireland

The Foundling Hospital was a hospital for abandoned children in Dublin, Ireland which was established as part of the South Dublin Union.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">La Casa de Beneficencia y Maternidad de La Habana</span> Former orphanage in Cuba

La Casa de Beneficencia y Maternidad de La Habana, was for 270 years Havana's repository of Havana's unwanted children. The House of Charity started during a time when Cuba was experiencing extreme poverty, unemployment, and corruption in the government. Corrupt leaders were plundering the public treasury and little attention was given to social assistance, health, education, or the protection of the poor: "los desamparados".

Luísa de Jesus, known as The Foundling Wheel Killer and Luiza de Jesus, was a Portuguese delivery worker, baby farmer, fraudster and serial killer who smothered at least 33 infants in Coimbra from the 1760s until 1772. While she confessed to only 28 of these, she was convicted on all counts, sentenced to death and ultimately executed, becoming the last woman to be executed in the country's history. She is also considered the deadliest serial killer in Portuguese crime history.

Safe Haven Baby Boxes (SHBB) is a non-profit organization that provides a safe and legal alternative to abandoning newborn babies. This organization, founded by Monica Kelsey in 2015, installs specialized baby boxes at designated secure locations where parents can safely surrender their newborns, ensuring their well-being and reducing the risk of harm or abandonment.

References

  1. ↑ Parco, Nicholas (3 May 2016). "First baby drop-off boxes for unwanted infants installed in Indiana". nydailynews.com. Retrieved 27 June 2019.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 Hibbert, Katharine (21 May 2006). "The Child Catchers". The Times. London. Archived from the original on 2 December 2008. Retrieved 30 June 2008.
  3. ↑ The 'baby box' returns to Europe, BBC News, 26 June 2012
  4. ↑ "BABYBOX Statistiky babyboxů". www.babybox.cz. Retrieved 19 April 2024.
  5. ↑ "First Hospital in Dublin – Poor Relief in former days – The Foundling Hospital and its Founders". Archived from the original on 1 May 2006. Retrieved 1 May 2006.
  6. ↑ "Baby hatches turn 10 amid calls for closure". Thelocal.de. Retrieved 21 April 2013.
  7. ↑ Indiana is installing more baby boxes, where newborns can be anonymously surrendered
  8. 1 2 Lee, Seol Ah; Kim, Hee Sook (31 January 2019). "A Study on the Social Perceptions of the Baby Box and Infant Abandonment". Journal of the Korean Society of Maternal and Child Health. 23 (1): 13–22. doi: 10.21896/jksmch.2019.23.1.13 . ISSN   1226-4652.
  9. ↑ "Cradles plan for unwanted girls". 18 February 2007. Retrieved 10 April 2024.
  10. 1 2 Ramesh, Randeep (10 June 2012). "Spread of 'baby boxes' in Europe alarms United Nations". The Guardian .
  11. 1 2 3 Asai, Atsushi; Ishimoto, Hiroko (22 February 2013). "Should we maintain baby hatches in our society?". BMC Medical Ethics . 14 (1): 9. doi: 10.1186/1472-6939-14-9 . PMC   3586365 . PMID   23433312.
  12. ↑ Baker, Vicky (23 January 2019). "Drop-off baby boxes: Can they help save lives in the US?". BBC News .
  13. 1 2 Bradshaw, Lisa (24 February 2021). "'Another excuse': Evere rejects baby hatch for second time". The Bulletin .
  14. 1 2 Szoboszlay in, Anna (11 June 2012). "'Baby boxes' polarise Hungary". The Guardian .
  15. ↑ Simmonds, Claire (2013). "An Unbalanced Scale: Anonymous Birth and the European Court of Human Rights". The Cambridge Law Journal. 72 (2): 263–266. doi:10.1017/S0008197313000391. JSTOR   24694002. S2CID   143104050. ProQuest   1373255306.
  16. ↑ "Anonymous births and baby hatches". Kinderrechte. 26 April 2018.
  17. 1 2 3 "'Baby box' scheme that lets parents leave children anonymously sees record year". The Daily Telegraph . 1 January 2018. Archived from the original on 12 November 2020.
  18. ↑ "Baby hatch reinstated in Brussels after three-year dispute". The Brussels Times . 9 September 2020.
  19. ↑ Hope, Alan (9 September 2020). "Baby hatch reinstated in Brussels after three-year dispute". The Brussels Times.
  20. ↑ Cattapan, Alana (4 March 2020). "After a newborn was found in a recycling bin, a safe haven baby hatch may save lives". The Conversation . In most of Canada, however, abandoning a baby safely and legally is not an option. There are no "safe haven" laws like those in the United States that allow for parents to "safely surrender" their child in a police station, hospital or fire station. Instead, Section 218 of the Criminal Code of Canada prohibits abandoning any child under 10 "so that its life is or is likely to be endangered." As a result, there is discretion in the law about what is considered a danger, and those who would abandon their child are always at risk of prosecution. There are, however, a few places in the country where children can be left safely and anonymously. Since 2010, three baby hatches have been established — one in Vancouver and two in Edmonton. Because they are clearly identified as safe places, leaving a child in a baby hatch is one way to circumvent potential legal repercussions. In Vancouver, police have agreed not to pursue parents unless there is evidence that the child "was abused or otherwise endangered." To date, three babies have been left in Canadian baby hatches.
  21. 1 2 "A look at China's "baby hatches" for unwanted infants - CBS News". www.cbsnews.com. 27 June 2014. Retrieved 9 September 2023.
  22. ↑ "China expands abandoned baby hatch scheme". BBC News. 16 February 2014. Retrieved 9 September 2023.
  23. 1 2 Young, Connie (30 June 2014). "China 'baby hatch' inundated with abandoned, disabled children". CNN. Retrieved 9 September 2023.
  24. 1 2 3 McKirdy, Euan (17 February 2014). "China's "baby hatch" numbers set to increase". CNN. Retrieved 9 September 2023.
  25. 1 2 Kaiman, Jonathan (17 March 2014). "Chinese city suspends baby hatch after it is overwhelmed by unwanted children". The Guardian. ISSN   0261-3077 . Retrieved 9 September 2023.
  26. 1 2 "China's 'Baby Hatch' Project Swamped By Abandoned Children - Worldcrunch". worldcrunch.com. Retrieved 9 September 2023.
  27. ↑ "Baby Hatch Programs Struggle to Cope With Number of Infants With Birth Defects". ChinaFile. 9 January 2015. Retrieved 9 September 2023.
  28. 1 2 Ondřej Tůma (McBig). "BABYBOX úvodní stránka" . Retrieved 13 April 2016.
  29. ↑ Committee on the Rights of the Child reviews report of the Czech Republic, United Nations, 31 May 2011
  30. ↑ Committee on the Rights of the Child, Concluding Observations: Czech Republic, CRC/C/CZE/CO/3-4, Committee on the Rights of the Child, Fifty-seventh session, 30 May – 17 June 2011 (4 August 2011)
  31. ↑ "OSN kritizovala ČR za děti v ústavech, chce zrušit babyboxy". Novinky.cz. 22 June 2011. Retrieved 13 April 2016.
  32. ↑ V Mělníku začal fungovat jubilejní třicátý babybox (in Czech)
  33. 1 2 Babyboxes – News report 16 December 2020 (in Czech)
  34. 1 2 Ondřej Tůma (McBig). "BABYBOX Statistiky babyboxů" . Retrieved 9 September 2023.
  35. ↑ Martin Vokáč (25 January 2019). "Chlapci z babyboxu už budou dva roky, rodiče se na odložení domluvili" . Retrieved 26 December 2023.
  36. ↑ "Décret du 5 septembre 1946 PROTECTION DE LA NAISSANCE (LOI DU 2 SEPTEMBRE 1941 : ART. 2 ) APPLICATION DANS LES DEPARTEMENTS DU HAUT-RHIN, DU BAS-RHIN ET DE LA MOSELLE". www.legifrance.gouv.fr. Retrieved 11 March 2021.
  37. ↑ odièvre – 42326jnv.gc 13022003e
  38. ↑ Krell, Claudia (7 April 2020). "Babyklappen und vertrauliche Geburten".
  39. ↑ "Controversy over Baby Hatches in Germany". Spiegel Online . 13 July 2012. Archived from the original on 14 July 2012.
  40. ↑ Ailes, Emma (12 April 2013). "Call for 'baby boxes' for abandoned newborns". BBC News .
  41. ↑ "Babamentő inkubátorok országos listája". Kormányhivatal (in Hungarian). Pest Megyei Kormányhivatal. 1 February 2015. Retrieved 6 August 2022.
  42. ↑ "Kétnapos baba az utcai inkubátorban". Origo (in Hungarian). 11 October 2003. Retrieved 6 August 2022.
  43. ↑ "Újabb baba a Schöpf-Merei inkubátorában". SZOLJON (in Hungarian). 3 February 2007. Retrieved 6 August 2022.
  44. ↑ Hindustan Times: Kerala e-cradle gets 100th child, a girl
  45. ↑ La culla per la vita
  46. ↑ Asai, Atsushi; Ishimoto, Hiroko (22 February 2013). "Should we maintain baby hatches in our society?". BMC Medical Ethics. 14 (1): 9. doi: 10.1186/1472-6939-14-9 . ISSN   1472-6939. PMC   3586365 . PMID   23433312.
  47. ↑ "【魚拓】asahi.com（朝日新聞社）：赤ちゃんポスト、０８年度は２４人 熊本・慈恵病院 – 社会". ウェブ魚拓. Retrieved 13 April 2016.
  48. ↑ "Kumamoto baby hatch still delivers hope 10 years on". Japan Times . 15 April 2017. Retrieved 13 May 2017.
  49. ↑ "Glābējsilītes projektā iesaistītie sabiedrību lūdz nenosodīt mātes, kuras atstāj savu mazuli glābējsilītēs". skaties.lv. 23 August 2019. Retrieved 29 December 2019.
  50. 1 2 Calis.lv (1 June 2018). "'Baby Box' Latvijā". delfi.lv (in Latvian). Retrieved 29 December 2019.
  51. ↑ "Glābējsilītes Latvijā – babybox.lv". babybox.lv (in Latvian). Retrieved 29 December 2019.
  52. ↑ "Almost 100 infants saved due to baby hatches nationwide". The Star. Retrieved 9 September 2023.
  53. ↑ "Beschermde Wieg Foundation :: News, Press & Publications". www.beschermdewieg.nl. Archived from the original on 20 April 2021. Retrieved 27 June 2019.
  54. ↑ "Babybox в России". Archived from the original on 9 April 2016. Retrieved 13 April 2016.
  55. ↑ "'Baby bin' to save South Africa's unwanted children". BBC News. 16 March 2011.
  56. ↑ "Change in Korean Adoption Law Followed by More Abandoned Babies". The Wall Street Journal. 7 October 2013.
  57. ↑ "Ein wenige Tage alter Junge - Säugling im Babyfenster des Berner Lindenhofspitals abgegeben". Der Bund (in German). 4 August 2021. Retrieved 4 August 2021.
  58. ↑ "Infant Safe Haven Laws" (PDF). U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Administration for Families, Children's Bureau. 2022.
  59. ↑ "Title 31, Article 34, Chapter 2.5: Emergency Custody of Certain Abandoned Children". Indiana General Assembly . Retrieved 30 June 2023.
  60. ↑ Silva, Daniella (5 May 2016). "Indiana Installs 'Safe Haven Baby Boxes' for Abandoned Newborns". NBC News. Archived from the original on 5 May 2016. Retrieved 6 May 2016.
  61. 1 2 "Baby Boxes in the United States | Locations, Laws, and Issues". Stop Baby Boxes Now!. Retrieved 30 June 2023.
  62. ↑ Ashley, Phylicia (1 July 2021). "Kentucky's first baby box for mothers in crisis to safely leave child installed". WAVE (TV) . ...there are now 74 boxes in the country and since 2016. Twelve babies have been put in boxes, and 99 were personally handed over to staff at a baby box location. ... Safe Haven Baby Boxes are currently available in Indiana, Ohio, Arkansas, Florida and now Kentucky.
  63. ↑ Narciso, Dean (10 January 2021). "Sunbury drop-box a destination for unwanted babies". The Columbus Dispatch . Retrieved 8 January 2021.
  64. ↑ Spencer, Terry (11 April 2023). "Florida fight over 'baby boxes' part of bigger culture war". AP News. Retrieved 30 June 2023.
  65. ↑ "The Gap of Time". Archived from the original on 10 September 2015.
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