Bankside Power Station is a decommissioned electricity generating station located on the south bank of the River Thames, in the Bankside area of the Borough of Southwark, London. It generated electricity from 1891 to 1981. It was also used as a training base for electrical and mechanical student apprenticeships from all over the country. Since 2000 the building has housed the Tate Modern art museum and gallery.
The pioneer Bankside power station was built at Meredith Wharf Bankside in 1891.[1] It was owned and operated by the City of London Electric Lighting Company (CLELCo) and supplied electricity to the City and to part of north Southwark.[2][3] The generating equipment was installed by the Brush Electrical Engineering Company and comprised two pairs of 25kW Brush arc-lighters and two 100kW single phase alternators generating at 2 kV and 100Hz.[4] This equipment first supplied direct current (DC) electricity to arc lamp street lights in Queen Victoria Street on 25 June 1891.[5]Alternating current (AC) for domestic and commercial consumers was first supplied on 14 December 1891, this was a single-phase, 100Hz, three-wire, 204/102 volt system.[5] Electricity cables were carried over Southwark bridge and Blackfriars bridge.[5]
Bankside A, 1893–1959
The power station, later known as Bankside A, was extended several times as the demand for electricity grew.
An engine room, 230ft (70m) long and 50ft (15m) wide, was built in 1893 with two 200kW, two 350kW and two 400kW alternators driven by Willans engines. The associated boiler house was the same length and had nine Babcock and Wilcox boilers. In 1895 the engine room was extended to 424ft (129m) and the boiler house to 300ft (91m) containing 22 boilers.[4]
A DC supply for the printing presses of Fleet Street[6] was provided from a DC power house at Bankside built in 1900.[4]
In 1901 the boiler house was doubled in width and contained 46 boilers. In the engine room there were ten British Thomson-Houston alternators directly coupled to three-crank Willans engines, eight Brush alternators with a capacity of 3,600kW driven by two-cylinder compound Brush engines, and two Ferranti compound engines driving 1,500kW alternators at 150 RPM, making an aggregate capacity of 10,500kW. By 1907 the capacity of the station was 25,500kW with 15,000kW being DC machinery.[4]
The first 2,500kW turbo-alternator was installed in December 1910 and a second in January 1911, others followed at nearly yearly intervals. By 1920 there were seven turbo-alternators with an aggregate capacity of 19,500kW. Until 1919 the system of generation was 2 kV, single-phase AC, and 450 V DC, this was changed that year to 11 kV, three-phase AC. The steam conditions were also increased from 150 psi to 250 psi with superheat to 660°F (349°C).[4]
Over the period 1921–1928 a new boiler house was built alongside the east face of the power house. This had 18 boilers. The coal strike of 1921 led to six of the boilers being specified for oil firing, although two of these were later returned to coal firing.[4] The old boiler house and its three 150ft (46m) chimneys were demolished.
In 1934 Bankside was connected to London ring of the National Grid and became a 'selected' station under the operational control of the Central Electricity Board.[2]
Equipment at Bankside A
Following construction of new boiler house in 1921–1928, the steam plant at Bankside A throughout the remainder of its operational life comprised: twelve Babcock 50,000lb/hr boilers (four oil-fired, eight coal-fired chain grate); four coal-fired Yarrow 65,000lb/hr boilers; and two coal-fired Yarrow 70,000lb/hr boilers. The operating pressure was 260 psi at 600-700°F. The total evaporative capacity was 850,000lb/hr. Condenser cooling water was drawn from the river Thames through a pump house located on the river bank at 7,800,000 gallons per hour.[7]
At its peak in the 1930s the generating equipment comprised: one 5 MW, five 10 MW, two 15 MW Oerlikon and British Thomson-Houston turbo-alternators, and one Parsons 4 MW house service set (450-500 V), total capacity 89 MW.[8] Some of the older plant was decommissioned. By 1952 the plant comprised one 5 MW and two 10 MW Oerlikon turbo-alternators, two 10 MW and two 15 MW B.T.H. turbo-alternators and one Parsons 4 MW set.[9]
Complaints
There were numerous complaints against the power station throughout its operational life. In October 1901 the CLELCo paid the Corporation of Southwark £250 (equivalent to £34,000in 2023) in settlement of the costs of the corporation taking a smoke nuisance action against the company. In January 1903 the company was fined £20 (equivalent to £3,000in 2023) plus costs for "creating smoke".[10] The CLELCo challenged some of these nuisance actions. In May 1910 an officer of the Public Control Department of the London County Council stated that he had observed black smoke issuing from the centre chimney and "in such volumes as to constitute a nuisance".[11] This was contested by the company which said the information was inaccurate, since this was after sunset "any vapour or gas would assume a dark appearance […] and the absence of light would not ensure accuracy".[12]
The London County Council undertook tests to measure the deposition of grit in the area during the summer of 1950. They estimated that up to 235 tons per square mile of grit was deposited in the area from Bankside ‘A’ power station during the month of September 1950.[13]
Renewal and nationalisation
By the late 1930s Bankside was considered inefficient (in 1946 the thermal efficiency was 15.82%),[14] old and polluting. Preliminary plans were drawn up by the CEB for a new power station, Bankside B, but World War II delayed any further redevelopment.
On 1 April 1948 the British electricity industry was nationalised, Bankside was vested in the British Electricity Authority and the electricity distribution system radiating from the power station was vested in the London Electricity Board. Bankside A was decommissioned in March 1959 and was demolished to allow the eastern end of Bankside B to be built.[1]
Bankside B, 1947–1981
The redevelopment of Bankside power station, suspended during the war, was started again by the City of London Electric Lighting Company in 1944. It developed plans for a new power station with an ultimate capacity of 300 MW and submitted these to the planning authority the London County Council in 1944.[1] It was a highly controversial proposal as it continued industrialisation of the South Bank which the 1943 County of London Plan had sought to redevelop with offices, flats and educational and cultural institutions.[15] The new Bankside B power station was approved by the British Cabinet in April 1947.[15] The designation Bankside A and Bankside B was only used when both stations co-existed during the period 1947–1959.
The building was designed by Sir Giles Gilbert Scott, the designer of Liverpool Anglican Cathedral, many of the K-series red telephone boxes, and an important consultant credited with designing the Art-deco exterior of Battersea Power Station. Bankside is a 155m (509ft) long, 73m (240ft) wide, steel framed, brick-clad building with a central chimney 99m (325ft) high. The chimney's height was less than that of St Paul's Cathedral, which is directly opposite, but set back from, the north bank of the Thames. The plan of the building was divided into three sections—the 85ft (26m) high main turbine hall in the centre, with the boiler house to the north and the electricity transformers and switch house to the south. Bankside B was set-back from the riverfront to allow the boulevard proposed in the County of London Plan to be developed at a later date.[1]
Bankside B was designed to be coal-fired but, following a coal and power shortage in early 1947, was redesigned to be oil-fired (the first such power station in Britain).[1] Bunker 'C' oil was delivered by barge from the Shell Haven refinery on the Thames estuary to three large underground tanks to the south of the building. Each tank was 28m in diameter, 7.3 m high and held 4,000 tons of oil.[16] The oil consumption of the station at full load was 67 tons per hour.[17]
Construction work was undertaken in two phases: 1947–1952 and 1958–1963.[1] This allowed the old Bankside A to continue in operation while the new power station was built. The western half of the building, plus the chimney, was completed first and started generating power in 1952 from four boilers and two 60 MW turbo-alternators. Bankside A was decommissioned in March 1959 and construction started on the eastern portion. This was completed December 1963 and generated electricity from one further boiler, and one 120 MW and one 60 MW turbo-alternator. The maximum total generating capacity of Bankside B was 300 MW.[1]
Equipment at Bankside B
The specification of the boiler plant at Bankside B was as follows.
Condenser cooling water was taken from the River Thames at 10 million gallons per hour (1.07 million m3/day). The temperature rise of the cooling water across the condensers was 15°F (8.5°C).[18]
The specification of generating equipment at Bankside B was as follows.
Bankside B had a flue-gas washing plant to mitigate air pollution at its central London location.[22] Only two British power stations had previously been fitted with such equipment: Battersea power station and Fulham power station.[23] At Bankside flue-gases from the boilers were washed with a three-pass counter-current/co-current flow of river water from the Thames (to which chalk was added) in cedar wood scrubber towers.[23] This process produced a characteristic white plume from the chimney. The plant was effective at removing sulphur compounds from the flue-gases (over its operational life it achieved an overall average sulphur removal efficiency of 97.2%).[24] However, the process cooled the gases which caused ‘plume-droop’ under certain atmospheric conditions, causing a fume nuisance at ground level.[25] Contaminated water from the flue-gas washing plant was treated in tanks through which air was bubbled; this oxidised the sulphite to sulphate, the water was diluted with water from the condensers before being returned to the river.[23] This pollution was insignificant in the 1950s but was detrimental to the recovery of the Thames after concerted efforts were made to clean up the river from the late 1960s.[24][26]
District heating
In 1971 the London Electricity Board gained legal powers to develop a district heating scheme at Bankside.[22] A boiler house was constructed on the north face of the building at the base of the chimney together with underground pipes in Tooley Street.[27] The scheme was abandoned following the fuel crisis of 1973–1974.
Generating capacity and output
The total output of Bankside B for selected years over its operational life was as follows.
On 8 October 1970 the station produced 6,004,364 kWh in a 24-hour period.[28]
Rising oil prices from 1973 made the station uneconomic compared to coal-fired power stations, resulting in it being used less often – principally during the winter and at peak times. One of the 60 MW units was decommissioned in 1976 and the two other 60 MW units in 1978.[29] The 120 MW unit was derated to 100 MW. Bankside B was closed on 31 October 1981.[1]
Following its closure there were several proposals to redevelop the redundant power station or its site. These included an industrial museum, an entertainment hall, a hotel, an opera house, and a conference and exhibition centre, but none were financially viable.[30][31][32][33][34] There were also campaigns for the building to be saved. The group Save Britain's Heritage visited Bankside in May 1980 and produced a report on possible uses.[35] Applications to list the building in 1987 and 1992 were refused.[36][37] The government wished to sell the site and listing would have constrained how developers could intervene in the fabric of the building.[33][38] Bankside was given a 'Certificate of immunity from listing' on 3 February 1993.[39]
At the privatisation of the British electricity industry in 1990 the power station was transferred to Nuclear Electric. The company prepared the building for sale by removing asbestos and the redundant machinery at a cost of £2.5 million.[40] An application was made to demolish the west wall of the building to enable this to be done,[41] but contractors were able to remove the plant through a hole in the west wall. The BBC television programme One Foot in the Past focused on the impending threat to the building; the reporter, Gavin Stamp, made an impassioned plea for the building to be saved.[42]
In April 1994 the Tate Gallery announced that Bankside would be the home for the new Tate Modern. The £134 million conversion started in June 1995 with the removal of the remaining redundant plant. The conversion work was carried out by Carillion[43] and completed in January 2000. Some of the internal structure remains, including the turbine hall. An electrical substation, taking up the southern part of the building, remained on-site and was owned by the French power company EDF Energy. In 2006, EDF announced that they would be releasing half this holding to the museum.[44] The oil tanks were redeveloped into a performance art space opened in July 2012.[45] A tower extension to the museum over the tanks was opened on 17 June 2016.[46]
Wilford power station was a coal-fired electricity generating station situated on the north bank of the River Trent, at Nottingham in the East Midlands.
Brunswick Wharf Power Station was a coal- and oil-fired power station on the River Thames at Blackwall in London. The station was planned from 1939 by Poplar Borough Council but construction only started in 1947 after the Second World War. It was decommissioned in 1984, and the site was redeveloped.
The Tilbury power stations were two thermal power stations on the north bank of the River Thames at Tilbury in Essex. The 360 MW dual coal- and oil-fired Tilbury A Power Station operated from 1956 until 1981 when it was mothballed, prior to demolition in 1999. The 1,428 MW Tilbury B Power Station operated between 1968 and 2013 and was fueled by coal, as well as co-firing with oil and, from 2011, biomass. Tilbury B was demolished in 2016–19. Since 2013 three other power stations have been proposed or constructed in Tilbury.
Stuart Street Power Station was a coal-fired power station in Bradford, Manchester, England.
Blackwall Point Power Station was a coal-fired power station on the east side of the Greenwich Peninsula, in London. An early station from the 1890s was replaced in 1951 by a new station, which itself ceased operation in 1984. The station was constructed on a three-acre site at the north-west end of River Way to the south-east of the South Metropolitan Gasworks, since redeveloped as East Parkside.
Woolwich Power Station was a coal-fired power station on the south bank of the Thames at Woolwich.
Kingston Power Station was a coal-fired generating station on the Thames in Kingston upon Thames, Surrey. It ceased generating in 1980 and was demolished in 1994.
Stepney Power Station was a small coal-fired power station situated by the Thames on the north side of Narrow Street, Limehouse, London.
Darlington power station refers to a series of two coal-fired power stations situated in Darlington in County Durham, North East England.
Poole Power Station was a coal-fired power station located in Hamworthy, Poole, in Dorset. Its 325 ft tall twin chimneys were prominent landmarks and it was the tallest building in Dorset until its partial demolition in 1993.
Watford Power Station was a coal-fired power station situated in Watford's Riverside area. The station was built by the Watford Corporation Electricity Department starting with the installation of cables in 1899 with completion around 1900, near the banks of the River Colne. A gas turbine power station was commissioned in 1980.
Southampton Power Station was a coal fired power station built by Southampton Corporation that operated between 1904 and 1977.
The Worcester Power Stations were a series of hydro-electric and coal-fired generating stations providing electricity to the City of Worcester.
Ribble Power Station was a coal-fired electricity generating station on the River Ribble in Penwortham near Preston, Lancashire, England. The station was built by the Corporation of Preston to replace a small privately-run generating station in the town. It supplied electricity to Preston and the surrounding area from 1923 until 1976. The station was expanded with new equipment in 1943–47 which remained in operation until the power station was closed in 1976 and was subsequently demolished.
Blackburn power stations are a series of electricity generating stations that have provided electric power to the town of Blackburn and the wider area from 1895 to the present. The first station in Jubilee Street, Blackburn began operating in 1895. A new larger station known as Blackburn East or Whitebirk power station was commissioned in 1921 and was rebuilt in stages over the period 1942 to 1955. Whitebirk station closed in 1976. The 60 MW Blackburn Mill Combined Cycle Gas Turbine (CCGT) power station has generated electricity since 2002. The Blackburn energy from waste (EfW) plant is currently (2020) being planned.
Carlisle power stations were two electricity generating stations that supplied electricity to Carlisle and the surrounding area from 1899 until 1980. The first power station (1899–1927) was in the centre of the city near Nelson Bridge, and the second larger station was at Willow Holme North-West of the city (1923–1980).
Stourport power stations were two electricity generating stations that supplied electricity to Stourport-on-Severn, Worcestershire and to the wider West Midlands area from 1927 to 1984. The two stations, A (1927–78) and B (1950–84), were collocated on a joint site adjacent to the River Severn south of Stourport-on-Severn.
Lombard Road power station supplied electricity to the Battersea area of South-East London from 1901 to 1972. It was owned and operated by the Borough of Battersea until the nationalisation of the electricity supply industry in 1948. The power station was redeveloped several times: including the incorporation of new plant in the 1910s and the 1930s. The station was decommissioned in 1972.
Gravesend power station was built by the Gravesend Corporation in 1902–03 to supply the local demand for electricity for lighting. It was built to the west of the municipal gas works, south east of the basin on the Thames and Medway canal. The power station operated until 1970 the buildings were reused but were demolished in 1995.
Wallasey power station supplied electricity to the town of Wallasey and the surrounding area from 1897. It was owned and operated by Wallasey Corporation until the nationalisation of the British electricity supply industry in 1948. The power station was redeveloped several times: including the incorporation of new plant in the 1920s and 1950. The station was decommissioned in the late 1960s.
↑ Murray, Stephen (2018). "Electrifying the City: power and profit at the City of London Electric Lighting Company Limited". London Journal. 43: 72–91. doi:10.1080/03058034.2017.1357939. S2CID158884197.
1 2 3 4 5 6 Parsons, R.H. (1939). The Early Days of the Power Station Industry. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp.114–19.
1 2 3 Bourne, R. (1996). "The Beginnings of Electric Street Lighting in the City of London". Engineering Science and Education Journal. 5 (2): 81–88. doi:10.1049/esej:19960207 (inactive 7 December 2024).{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of December 2024 (link)
↑ London County Council (1939). London Statistics 1936–38. London: LCC.
↑ London Metropolitan Archives, LMA/4278/01/589, CLELC, Board of Directors Minute Book, minutes dated 30 October 1901 f.33; and minutes dated 21 January 1903, f.133.
↑ Ashby, E.; Anderson, M. (1981). The Politics of Clean Air. Oxford: Clarendon. p.83.
↑ London Metropolitan Archives, LCC/PC/GEN/01/052, Bankside Generating Station LCC Committee reports and correspondence, Letter from CLELC to the Town Clerk Borough of Southwark dated 17 June 1910.
↑ Letter from the Clerk of the LCC to the Town Clerk of the Borough of Southwark dated 18 December 1950. London Metropolitan Archives LCC/PC/GEN/01/052.
↑ Garcke (1946). Manual of Electrical Undertakings (Vol.44). Garcke. p.228.
1 2 Murray, Stephen (2018). "The battle for Bankside: electricity, politics and the plans for post-war London". Urban History. 45 (4): 616–634. doi:10.1017/S0963926817000591.
↑ Brochure, BEA, Bankside Power Station, n.d. but c.1952
↑ Brochure 'Bankside' Foster Wheeler Limited, not dated
1 2 3 Brochure CEGB, Bankside Power Station (London, n.d. c.1969) and Brochure CEGB, Bankside Power Station (London, n.d. c.1972
↑ "A Station Worthy of London!". Electrical Times. 22 January: 147–48. 1953.
1 2 Murray, Stephen (2019). "The Politics and Economics of Technology: Bankside Power Station and the Environment, 1945–81". The London Journal. 44 (2): 113–132. doi:10.1080/03058034.2019.1583454. S2CID159395306.
1 2 3 Bettleheim; etal. "Fifty years experience of flue gas desulphurisation at power stations in the United Kingdom". The Chemical Engineer. 369 (275–584).
1 2 Health & Safety Executive (1982). Industrial Air Pollution 1981. London: HMSO. p.7.
↑ 'Children to survey pollution', The Times, 19 June 1972, p.14.
↑ Wood, Leslie B. (1982). The Restoration of the Tidal Thames. Bristol: Adam Hilger Ltd.
↑ 'Town's Heating', South London Press, 15 January 1974, p.1.
↑ Southwark Local History Library, Bankside File, CEGB, 'Power Output Records get a Double Smash', South Eastern Power, November 1970.
↑ Bettelheim, J.; Kyte, W. S. (1981). "Fifty Years Experience of Flue Gas Desulphurisation at Power Stations in the United Kingdom". The Chemical Engineer (369).
↑ M. Walker, ‘A Kick Up the Bankside’, Guardian, 30 August 1972, p.12
↑ P. Silva, ‘The Lights go down’, South London Press, 30 October 1981, pp.40-1.
↑ Anon, ‘Bankside to be Demolished’, Evening Standard, 5 September 1984, p.5.
1 2 H. Pearman, ‘Opera Plan for Power Station’, Sunday Times, 12 February 1989, p.9.
↑ London Metropolitan Archives, LMA/4441/01/4842, Letter from Location of Industry Bureaux to English Heritage dated 4 January 1993.
↑ Tate Archives, TG 12/1/1/7, Save Britain's Heritage Report, Bankside Power Station: The Possibility of Alternative Use, 1980.
↑ London Metropolitan Archives, LMA/4441/01/4842, English Heritage file note by Elain Harwood dated November 1989.
↑ London Metropolitan Archives, LMA/4441/01/4842, Letter from Department of National Heritage to Southwark Environmental Trust, dated 24 September 1992, quoted in a letter from Hillier Parker to Letter from Department of National Heritage, dated 2 October 1992.
↑ Stamp, G. (11 October 1989). "A Prayer for the Brick Cathedral Facing St Paul's". The Independent. p.19.
↑ Tate Archives TG 12/3/2/1 Department of National Heritage, 'Certificate that a building is not intended to be listed'
↑ London Metropolitan Archives, LMA/4441/01/4842, Letter from Nuclear Electric to D. Du Parc Braham, dated 10 July 1991.
↑ London Metropolitan Archives, LMA/4441/01/4842, Letter from Hillier Parker to Southwark Council dated 17 September 1992.
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