Batkoa

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Batkoa
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Fungi
Division:
Entomophthoromycota
Class:
Entomophthoromycetes
Order:
Entomophthorales
Family:
Entomophthoraceae
Genus:
Batkoa

R. A. Humber, 1989 [1]

Batkoa is a genus of fungi within the family of Entomophthoraceae and order Entomophthorales of the Zygomycota. [2] This has been supported by molecular phylogenetic analysis (Gryganskyi et al. 2012). [3]

Contents

The genus name of Batkoa is named by the American mycologist Richard A. Humber in 1989 to honor the Polish mycologist Andrzej Batko (1933–1997). [1]

The presence of rhizoids and having globose (rounded) rather than pear-shaped conidia helps identify Batkoa species from Entomophaga species. [4]

Description

The Hyphal bodies are elongated and walled (but not proto-plastic). The condiphores are simple with narrow 'neck' between the condium and condiogenous cell. The primary condia are globose and round, multi-nucleate, discharged by papillar eversion. The rhizoids (if present) are thicker than the vegetative hypae, with terminal discoid holdfast. The resting spores bud laterally from the parental cell. Unfixed nuclei have granular contents stained by aceto-orcein. [5]

Infection

Generally, when an insect (or host) comes in contact with Batkoa spores, they enter its body through leg joints or other chinks in its armor or through gaps in the 'skin'. The spores then start to multiply. As the fungi begin to overwhelm the insect, it stops eating, mating and crawls (or flies short distances) to a high, exposed place like on the side of a tree trunk or at the tip of a tall grass blade. There the fungus sends out threadlike hyphae from within the bug and attaching the insect to its perch, securely. The Batkoa fungus somehow triggers the host insect to open its wings fully, exposing its soft abdomen completely. That is the last time the host moves. Finally, the very small spores are expelled out from the insect's belly, showering everything below with spores and potentially, 'powdered death'. [6]

Hosts

Batkoa major is known to infect the invasive spotted lanternfly (Lycorma delicatula) in north-eastern North America, [7] including Pennsylvania. [8] No other recorded insects have been killed by Batkoa major in the Pennsylvania area. [9] Batkoa major is also a host on the ptilodactylid beetle ( Ptilodactyla serricollis in Maine and North Carolina. [4] The pine beauty moth (Panolis flammea) in Scotland. [10] It was also found on aphid, Myzodium modestrum in Sweden (Gustafsson, 1965).

In June 2007, an epizootic was observed in a crane fly ( Tipula sp.) population in an area between Galugah to Bishehband in Mazandaran province of Iran. The fungus was identified as Batkoa apiculata(Thaxter) Humber. [11] Batkoa apiculata has also been reported discovered on 3 species of aphid in France (Thoizon, 1970) and while in Poland, it was found on a wide range of insects (Balazy, 1993). [4] Baktoa apiculata has also been found on moth, Mentaxya muscosa (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae) in Africa. [12]

Various Batkoa species and also Furia species are being studied for the control of the (spittlebugs) cercopids Mahanarva fimbriolata and Deois schach which are known pests of sugarcane and pastures in Brazil. [13] [14]

Batkoa amrascaeS. Keller & Villac. (1997) infects the cotton leafhopper, Amrasca biguttula (Homoptera: Cicadellidae) in the Philippines. [15]

In Spain, Batkoa apiculata was found on Diptera Nematocera and Batkoa limoniae was found on Diptera Limoniidae. [16]

Distribution

It has been recorded being found mainly in North America and Great Britain, [17] with a few other recordings elsewhere. Such as parts of Europe; France, Poland, Sweden, [4] Spain, [16] Iran, [11] the Philippines, [15] and Brazil. [13] [14] Batkoa hydrophila, [18] and Batkoa gigantea has been recorded found in Switzerland. [19]

Species

As accepted by Species Fungorum; [20]

Related Research Articles

An entomopathogenic fungus is a fungus that can kill or seriously disable insects. They do not need to enter an insect's body through oral ingestion or intake; rather, they directly penetrate though the exoskeleton.

Metarhizium robertsii is a fungus that grows naturally in soils throughout the world and causes disease in various insects by acting as a parasitoid. It is a mitosporic fungus with asexual reproduction, which was formerly classified in the form class Hyphomycetes of the phylum Deuteromycota.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Entomophthorales</span> Order of fungi

The Entomophthorales are an order of fungi that were previously classified in the class Zygomycetes. A new subdivision, Entomophthoromycotina, in 2007, was circumscribed for them.

<i>Entomophthora</i> Genus of fungi

Entomophthora is a fungal genus in the family Entomophthoraceae. Species in this genus are parasitic on flies and other two-winged insects. The genus was circumscribed by German physician Johann Baptist Georg Wolfgang Fresenius (1808–1866) in 1856.

<i>Entomophaga</i> (fungus) Genus of fungi

Entomophaga is a genus of entomopathogenic fungi in the Entomophthoraceae family and also the order Entomophthorales. This has been supported by molecular phylogenetic analysis.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Entomophthoromycota</span> Division of fungi

Entomophthoromycota is a division of kingdom fungi. In 2007, it was placed at the taxonomic rank of subphylum in the most recent revision of the entire fungus kingdom. In 2012, it was raised to the rank of phylum as "Entomophthoromycota" in a scientific paper by Richard A. Humber 2012. Divided into three classes and six families, it contains over 250 species that are mostly arthropod pathogens or soil- and litter-borne saprobes.

<i>Pandora</i> (fungus) Genus of fungi

Pandora is a genus of fungi within the order Entomophthorales. This has been supported by molecular phylogenetic analysis.

Zoophthora is a genus of fungi in the family Entomophthoraceae. Like other taxa in this family, Zoophthora species cause disease in insects and as such are considered entomopathogenic fungi.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Spotted lanternfly</span> Species of planthopper indigenous to Southeast Asia

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Ann E. Hajek is an American entomologist with a focus in insect-microbe interactions. She was a professor of entomology at Cornell University from 1994 to 2024.

<i>Massospora</i> Genus of fungi

Massospora is a genus of fungi in the Entomophthoraceae family, within the order Entomophthorales of the Zygomycota. This has been supported by molecular phylogenetic analysis.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Entomophthoraceae</span> Family of fungi

Entomophthoraceae is a family of fungi in the order Entomophthorales. This has been supported by molecular phylogenetic analysis. Most species in the family are obligately entomopathogenic. There are two subfamilies, Erynioideae and Entomophthoroideae, which were proposed in 2005.

Batkoa major is a naturally occurring fungus that infects insects.

Strongwellsea is a genus of fungi within the order Entomophthorales of the Zygomycota. They are known to infect insects. Infected adult dipteran hosts develop a large hole in their abdomens, through which conidia (spores) are then actively discharged while the hosts are still alive.

Tarichium is a genus of fungi within the order Entomophthorales of the Zygomycota. This has been supported by molecular phylogenetic analysis.

<i>Furia</i> (fungus) Genus of fungi

Furia is a genus of fungi within the family of Entomophthoraceae. This has been supported by molecular phylogenetic analysis.

Eryniopsis is a genus of fungi within the family of Entomophthoraceae and order Entomophthorales. This has been supported by molecular phylogenetic analysis.

Meristacrum is a fungal genus in the monotypic family Meristacraceae, of the order Entomophthorales. They are parasites of soil invertebrates, they typically infect nematodes, and tardigrades.

Neozygites is a genus of fungi in the family Neozygitaceae, which is in the order Entomophthorales. Commonly used as a pest controller for mites, aphids, and thrips, the genus was described in 1885 by E. Witlaczil.

References

  1. 1 2 Humber, R. A. 1989. Mycotaxon 34, 441-460.
  2. ↑ Elya, Carolyn; De Fine Licht, Henrik H. (12 November 2021). "The genus Entomophthora: bringing the insect destroyers into the twenty-first century &". IMA Fungus. 12 (34): 34. doi: 10.1186/s43008-021-00084-w . PMC   8588673 . PMID   34763728.
  3. ↑ Gryganskyi AP, Humber RA, Smith ME et al (2012) Molecular phylogeny of the Entomophthoromycota. Mol Phylogenet Evol 65:682–694. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2012.07.026
  4. 1 2 3 4 N. Amaresan, M. Senthil Kumar, K. Annapurna, Krishna Kumar and N. Sankaranaryanan (Editors) Beneficial Microbes in Agro-Ecology: Bacteria and Fungi (2020) , p. 762, at Google Books
  5. ↑ Lawrence A. Lacey (Editor) Manual of Techniques in Invertebrate Pathology (2012) , p. 162, at Google Books
  6. ↑ Hetzler, Paul (3 August 2019). "Think again: your microbiome (or your cat) might have made you do it". NCPR. Canton, New York. Retrieved 30 December 2022.
  7. ↑ Hajek, Ann E.; Clifton, Eric H.; Stefanik, Sarah E.; Harris, David C. (October 2022). "Batkoa major infecting the invasive planthopper Lycorma delicatula". Journal of Invertebrate Pathology. 194: 107821. doi:10.1016/j.jip.2022.107821. PMID   36030881.
  8. ↑ McDevitt, Rachel (8 May 2019). "Native fungi found to be deadly to invasive pest in Pa". WHYY. Retrieved 30 December 2022.
  9. ↑ Ramanujan, Krishna (29 April 2019). "Destructive plant pest thwarted by two native fungi". Cornell Chronicle. Retrieved 30 December 2022.
  10. ↑ (Barry), Hicks, B. J. (2001). The history and control of the pine beauty moth, Panolis flammea (D. & S.), (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in Scotland from 1976 to 2000. OCLC   704106173.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  11. 1 2 3 Ghazavi, Mehran; Zangeneh, S.; Hywel-Jones, Nigel; Zare, Rasoul (January 2008). "Batkoa apiculata, a new species of Entomophthorales for Iran". Rostaniha. 30: 130–132.
  12. ↑ African Plant Protection African Plant Protection, Volumes 4-7 (1998) , p. 48, at Google Books
  13. 1 2 Leite, L.G.; Alves, S.B.; Filho, A. Batista; Almeida, J.E.M.; Roberts, D.W. (July 2002). "PRESERVATION OF BATKOA SP. AND FURIA SP. (ENTOMOPHTHORALES) DRY MYCELIUM WITH COMBINATIONS OF DESICCANTS AND OXYGEN REDUCERS". Arq. Inst. Biol. 69 (3). São Paulo: 117–122.
  14. 1 2 Leite, Luis G.; Alves, Sérgio B.; Batista Filho, Antonio; Roberts, Donald W. (July 2003). "Effect of salts, vitamins, sugars and nitrogen sources on the growth of three genera of Entomophthorales: Batkoa, Furia, and Neozygites". Mycol. Res. 107 (7): 872–8. doi:10.1017/s0953756203007974. PMID   12967215.
  15. 1 2 3 Philippine Association of Entomologists Philippine Entomologist, Volumes 11-12 (1997) , p. 81, at Google Books
  16. 1 2 3 H.R. Engelmann (J. Cramer, Editor) Nova Hedwigia, Volume 73; Volume 73 (2001) , p. 167, at Google Books
  17. ↑ "Batkoa Humber". gbif.org. Retrieved 30 December 2022.
  18. ↑ F. Berger Sydowia, Volumes 58-59 (2006) , p. 75, at Google Books
  19. ↑ Kirk PM (2019). Zygomycetes (version Oct 2017). In: Species 2000 & ITIS Catalog of Life, 2019 Annual Checklist (Roskov Y., Ower G., Orrell T., Nicolson D., Bailly N., Kirk PM, Bourgoin T., DeWalt RE, Decock W., Nieukerken E van, Zarucchi J., Penev L., eds.). Digital resource at www.catalogueoflife.org/annual-checklist/2019. Species 2000: Naturalis, Leiden, the Netherlands. ISSN 2405-884X.
  20. ↑ "Batkoa – Search Page". speciesfungorum.org. Species Fungorum. Retrieved 30 December 2022.
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