Bayan Shireh Formation

Last updated
Bayan Shireh Formation
Stratigraphic range: Albian-Santonian
~102–86  Ma
Type Geological formation
Sub-unitsUpper beds, lower beds
Underlies Javkhlant Formation
Overlies Baruunbayan Formation
ThicknessUp to 300 m (980 ft)
Lithology
Primary Claystone, sandstone
Other Conglomerate, mudstone
Location
Coordinates 44°18′N109°12′E / 44.3°N 109.2°E / 44.3; 109.2
Approximate paleocoordinates 46°30′N100°00′E / 46.5°N 100.0°E / 46.5; 100.0
Region Gobi Desert
CountryFlag of Mongolia.svg  Mongolia
Type section
Named forBayan Shireh
Named byVasiliev et al.
Year defined1959
Cretaceous-aged dinosaur fossil localities of Mongolia.PNG
Fossil localities in Mongolia. From C to D, mainly Bayan Shireh locations

The Bayan Shireh Formation (also known as Baynshiree/Baynshire, Baynshirenskaya Svita or Baysheen Shireh) is a geological formation in Mongolia, that dates to the Cretaceous period. It was first described and established by Vasiliev et al. 1959. [1]

Contents

Description

The Bayan Shireh Formation is primarily composed by varicoloured claystones and sandstones with calcareous concretions and characterized by grey mudstones and yellowish-brown medium grained sandstones. [1] [2] Up to 300 m (980 ft) thick, the most complete sections are found in the eastern Gobi Desert, consisting of fine-grained, often cross-stratified gray sandstone interbedded with claystone and concretionary, intraformational conglomerates with relatively thick units of red to brown mudstone in the upper part. [3] [4] The Baynshire and Burkhant localities are mainly composed by mudstone, siltstone, sandstone, and conglomerates, with most of their sedimentation being fluvial. [5] [6] [7] The environments that were present on the Bayan Shireh Formation consisted mainly on semi-arid climates with large water bodies, such as rivers or lakes. [8] [7] Although it is considered to be partially lacustrine, [9] largescale cross-stratification in many of the sandstone layers at the Baynshire locality seem to indicate that a large meandering fluvial system was present. It has been implied that during the late Bayan Shirehnian times, large rivers with direct connections to the sea drained a prominent part of the eastern Gobi region. [3] [6] [8]

Stratigraphy

According to Jerzykiewicz and Russell, the Bayan Shireh Formation can be divided into 2 informal units: upper and lower beds. [5] Danilov and colleagues have suggested that the lower beds are Cenomanian to early Turonian, and the upper beds are late Turonian to Santonian in age. [10] While the lower beds are composed by extensive conglomerate that indicates the ancient presence of very active rivers, the upper beds are mainly composed by mudstone and claystone that is interbedded by sandstone, indicating again, the presence of rivers but also lakes and other water bodies. [11]

Based on comparisons with other formations, Jerzykiewicz and Russell suggested that the Bayan Shireh paleofauna seems to correspond best with the Turonian through early Campanian stages of the Late Cretaceous, about 93 to 80 million years ago. [5] However, examination of the magnetostratigraphy of the formation indicates that the entire Bayan Shireh lies within the Cretaceous Long Normal, which lasted only until the end of the Santonian stage, giving a possible Cenomanian through Late Santonian age, between 98 and 83 million years ago. [6] In 2012, Averianov and Sues re-examined many formations from the Gobi Desert and using biostratigraphic occurrences and previous dating, the Bayan Shireh Formation was considered to be Cenomanian to Santonian in age. The lower beds dating to 98 million and 90 million years ago (early Cenomanian to late Turonian), and the upper beds dating to 90 million and 83 million years ago (late Turonian to late Santonian). [8] Calcite U–Pb measurements performed by Kurumada and colleagues in 2020 have estimated the exact age of the Bayan Shireh Formation from 102–86 Ma, based on dates obtained of 95.9 ± 6.0 Ma and 89.6 ± 4.0 Ma. [12]

Correlations

A potential correlation between the Iren Dabasu Formation has been long suggested by most authors, mainly based on the highly similar vertebrate assemblages. [5] [13] [14] [15] However, Van Itterbeeck et al. 2005 argued against this correlation concluding that instead, the Iren Dabasu Formation was coeval with the younger Nemegt Formation based on the charophyte and ostracode assemblages; therefore, these formations were dated to the Late Campanian-Early Maastrichtian. [16] Averianov and Sues instead proposed a correlation between the Bayan Shireh, Iren Dabasu and Bissekty formations. [8] In 2015, Tsuihiji and team found the Iren Dabasu-Nemegt correlation to be inconsistent since the microfossil assemblages used by Van Itterbeeck and colleagues were not restricted to the Maastrichtian period and the similarities between these assemblages were most probably due to a similar deposition and climate settings. [17]

Paleobiota of the Bayan Shireh Formation

In terms of biodiversity, therizinosaurs and turtles were the most abundant vertebrates across the formation, as evidenced on numerous remains. [10] [18] Nevertheless, hadrosauroids were fairly abundant too, particularly at the Baynshire locality with numerous remains unearthed from this area and a new unnamed hadrosauroid. In addition, most specimens of Gobihadros come from this locality. [7] [19] [11] Also, niche partitioning has been reported within the therizinosaurids Erlikosaurus and Segnosaurus , [20] and the ankylosaurs Talarurus and Tsagantegia . [21] Mammals however, are extremely uncommon; Tsagandelta is the only mammal described so far. [22] Besides vertebrate fossils, abundant fossil fruits have been collected from the Bor Guvé and Khara Khutul localities and they are especially abundant at Bor Guvé. Although they resemble Abelmoschus esculentus their taxonomic position remains unclear and further examination is required. [23]

Bayan Shireh Formation fauna Bayan Shireh Formation Fauna.png
Bayan Shireh Formation fauna
Color key
Taxon Reclassified taxonTaxon falsely reported as presentDubious taxon or junior synonym Ichnotaxon Ootaxon Morphotaxon
Notes
Uncertain or tentative taxa are in small text; crossed out taxa are discredited.

Crocodylomorphs

Crocodylomorphs reported from the Bayan Shireh Formation
GenusSpeciesLocationStratigraphic PositionMaterialNotesImages

Paralligator

P. gradilifronsSheeregeen Gashoon"Complete skull with fragmentary postcrania." [24] [25] A paralligatorid.
P. majorSheeregeen Gashoon"Fragmentary crania." [26] [25] A paralligatorid.
Unnamed crocodylomorph ichnotaxon IndeterminateShine Us Khuduk"Swim tracks." [18] Tracks made underwater by a swimming individual.

Fish

Sharks reported from the Bayan Shireh Formation
GenusSpeciesLocationStratigraphic PositionMaterialNotesImages
Hybodus H. kansaiensisBayshin Tsav"Teeth and postcrania." [8] A hybodontid.

Hybodus model.jpg

Osteichthyes spp.Indeterminate"Unspecified material." [8] Bony fish.

Flora

Flora reported from the Bayan Shireh Formation
GenusSpeciesLocationStratigraphic PositionMaterialNotesImages
Bothrocaryum B. gobienceKhara Khutul"Unspecified material." [27] A cornacean.
Nyssoidea N. mongolicaKhara Khutul"Unspecified material." [27] A cornacean.
Angiosperm spp.IndeterminateBor Guvé, Khara Khutul"Fossil fruits." [23] Very abundant at Bor Guvé.

Mammals

Deltatheroidans reported from the Bayan Shireh Formation
GenusSpeciesLocationStratigraphic PositionMaterialNotesImages
Tsagandelta T. dashzevegiTsagan Tsonj"Partial left dentary." [22] A deltatheroidan.

Pterosaurs

Pterosaurs reported from the Bayan Shireh Formation
GenusSpeciesLocationStratigraphic PositionMaterialNotesImages
Azhdarchidae indet.IndeterminateBayshin Tsav"Middle cervical vertebra." [28] An azhdarchid. Bayshin Tsav azhdarchid cervical vertebra.png
Azhdarchidae indet.IndeterminateBurkhant"Four cervical vertebrae." [28] An azhdarchid. Burkhant azhdarchid 3th cervical vertebra.png

Turtles

Turtles reported from the Bayan Shireh Formation
GenusSpeciesLocationStratigraphic PositionMaterialNotesImages
Charitonyx C. tajanikolaevaeKhara Khutul"Fragmented postcrania." [29] [30] A nanhsiungchelyid.
Gobiapalone G. orloviBaynshire, Burkhant, Khongil Tsav"Skull and postcrania." [10] A trionychid.
Hanbogdemys H. orientalisKhara Khutul"Fragmented cervical remains." [30] A nanhsiungchelyid.
Kharakhutulia K. kalandadzeiKhara KhutulLower beds"Fragmented postcrania from multiple specimens." [30] A nanhsiungchelyid. Kharakhutulia holotype side views.png
Kirgizemys sp.IndeterminateKhara Khutul"Fragmented postcrania." [30] A nanhsiungchelyid.
Kizylkumemys K. schultziKhara KhutulLower beds"Fragmented postcrania." [31] [30] A nanhsiungchelyid.
Lindholmemys L. martinsoniSheeregeen Gashoon, Usheen KhudukUpper beds"Fragmentary shell." [32] A lindholmemydid.
"Trionyx"T. baynshirensisBaynshire"Fragmentary shell." [10] A trionychine.

Dinosaurs

GenusSpeciesLocationStratigraphic PositionMaterialNotesImages
Deinonychosauria indet.IndeterminateShine Us Khuduk"Isolated remains including a pedal phalanx II-2." [33] The pedal phalanx II-2 is similar to Achillobator.
Theropoda indet.IndeterminateUlribe Khuduk"Nest with eggs." [7] Eggs probably laid by a theropod.

Ankylosaurids

Ankylosaurids reported from the Bayan Shireh Formation
GenusSpeciesLocationStratigraphic PositionMaterialNotesImages
Amtosaurus A. magnusAmtgai"Partial braincase."An ankylosaurid now regarded as nomen dubium. [34] Amtosaurus magnus.jpg
Maleevus M. disparoserratusSheeregeen GashoonUpper beds"Partial maxillae and a referred braincase."An ankylosaurid now regarded as nomen dubium. [35]
Talarurus T. plicatospineusBayshin Tsav, Baynshire, Shine Us Khuduk"Multiple specimens including partial to nearly complete skulls and postcranial remains." [36] [37] [38] [39] [21] An ankylosaurid. Talarurus.png
Tsagantegia T. longicranialisTsagan Teg"Skull lacking lower jaws." [40] [21] An ankylosaurid.

Ceratopsians

Ceratopsians reported from the Bayan Shireh Formation
GenusSpeciesLocationStratigraphic PositionMaterialNotesImages
Graciliceratops G. mongoliensisSheeregeen GashoonUpper beds"Fragmented skull and postcrania." [41] [42] A neoceratopsian originally identified as Microceratus . Graciliceratops BW.jpg
Unnamed neoceratopsian IndeterminateBayshin Tsav"Left maxilla and teeth." [43] A neoceratopsian.

Dromaeosaurids

Dromaeosaurids reported from the Bayan Shireh Formation
GenusSpeciesLocationStratigraphic PositionMaterialNotesImages
Achillobator A. giganticusBurkhant"Maxilla and fragmentary postcrania." [44] A giant dromaeosaurid. Achillobator reconstruction.png
Dromaeosauridae indet.IndeterminateBurkhant"Claw and large postcranial remains." [45] [46] A dromaeosaurid.
Unnamed velociraptorine IndeterminateShine Us Khuduk, Tel Ulan Chaltsai"Fragmentary crania and postcrania from two specimens." [47] [48] [49] A dromaeosaurid.

Hadrosaurs

Hadrosaurs reported from the Bayan Shireh Formation
GenusSpeciesLocationStratigraphic PositionMaterialNotesImages
Amblydactylus spp.IndeterminateBaynshire"Five three-toed footprints." [50] Ornithopod tracks.
Gobihadros G. mongoliensisBayshin Tsav, Baynshire, Char Teeg, Khongil Tsav, Khoorai TsavUpper beds"Multiple specimens with a virtually complete skull and postcranial remains". [19] [11] A hadrosauroid. Gobihadros skeleton.png
Hadrosauroidea indet.IndeterminateShine Us Khuduk"Isolated surangular". [33] A hadrosauroid.
Ovaloolithidae indet.IndeterminateMogoyn Ulagiyn Khaets"Eggs, shells and egg clutches." [51] Eggs probably laid by a hadrosaur.
Spheroolithus sp.IndeterminateSheeregeen Gashoon"Egg clutch." [52] Eggs probably laid by a hadrosaur.
Undescribed Hadrosauroidea IndeterminateAmtgai, Bayshin Tsav, Bayshin Tsav IV, Khoorai Tsav"Multiple postcranial remains including an articulated skeleton." [7] Hadrosauroid remains.
Undescribed hadrosauroids IndeterminateBaynshire"Remains of at least two juvenile hadrosauroids." [53] Juvenile hadrosauroids in a caenagnathoid nesting site.
Unnamed hadrosauroid IndeterminateBaynshire, Char TeegUpper beds"Partial right dentary and sparse postcranial remains." [11] A hadrosauroid slightly smaller than Gobihadros.
Unnamed hadrosauroid IndeterminateBayshin Tsav"Nearly complete skeleton from a juvenile individual." [54] A hadrosauroid distinct from Gobihadros. Juvenile hadrosaur.jpg

Ornithomimosaurs

Ornithomimosaurs reported from the Bayan Shireh Formation
GenusSpeciesLocationStratigraphic PositionMaterialNotesImages
"Gallimimus""G. mongoliensis"Bayshin Tsav"Complete skull with postcrania only lacking the caudal region." [55] An informally named ornithomimid that actually differs from Gallimimus . Gallimimus mongoliensis mount.jpg
Garudimimus G. brevipesBayshin Tsav"Skull with fragmented postcrania." [56] [57] [58] An ornithomimosaur. Garudimimus Restoration.png
Undescribed ornithomimosaur IndeterminateAmtgai"Nearly 1 m (3.3 ft) long ulna." [59] A large ornithomimosaur.
Undescribed ornithomimosaurs IndeterminateBaynshire, Bayshin Tsav, Khongil Tsav, Sheeregeen Gashoon, Shine Us Khuduk"More than five specimens and a bonebed containing mainly postcranial elements." [33] [60] [61] [62] [63] Multiple ornithomimosaurian taxa.

Oviraptorosaurs

Oviraptorosaurs reported from the Bayan Shireh Formation
GenusSpeciesLocationStratigraphic PositionMaterialNotesImages
Caenagnathoidea indet.IndeterminateBaynshire"Nests including elongatoolithid eggs and associated juveniles." [53] A large caenagnathoid nesting site.
Macroelongatoolithus indet.IndeterminateBaynshire"Eggs within a large nest." [64] Eggs probably laid by a large oviraptorosaur.
Unnamed caenagnathid IndeterminateTsagan Teg"Partial lower jaw similar to Gigantoraptor ." [17] A large caenagnathid. LH V0011 & MPC-D 107 17 lower jaws.png

Pachycephalosaurs

Pachycephalosaurs reported from the Bayan Shireh Formation
GenusSpeciesLocationStratigraphic PositionMaterialNotesImages
Amtocephale A. gobiensisAmtgai"Nearly complete frontoparietal dome." [65] A primitive pachycephalosaurid. Amtocephale LM.png

Sauropods

Sauropods reported from the Bayan Shireh Formation
GenusSpeciesLocationStratigraphic PositionMaterialNotesImages
Erketu E. ellisoniBor Guvé"Vertebrae and postcrania." [23] A somphospondylan. Erketu cervical vertebrae.png
Sauropoda indet.IndeterminateAmtgai"Partial vertebrae and pelvic elements." [33] A sauropod.
Unnamed sauropod IndeterminateShine Us Khuduk"Articulated skeleton." [33] A sauropod.
Unnamed sauropod ichnogenus IndeterminateKhavirgiin Dzo"Four consecutive hind footprints." [66] Sauropod tracks.
Unnamed titanosaur IndeterminateBor Guvé"Vertebrae." [67] A titanosaur.

Therizinosaurs

Therizinosaurs reported from the Bayan Shireh Formation
GenusSpeciesLocationStratigraphic PositionMaterialNotesImages
Dendroolithidae spp.IndeterminateBaynshire"Various nests and egg clutches." [68] [69] Eggs probably laid by a therizinosaur Segnosaurus nest 2.jpg
Enigmosaurus E. mongoliensisKhara Khutul"Incompletely preserved pelvis." [70] [71] [72] A therizinosauroid. Enigmosaurus Restoration.jpg
Erlikosaurus E. andrewsiBayshin TsavUpper beds"Skull, right pes, and left humerus." [71] [73] [72] A therizinosaurid. Erlikosaurus Restoration.png
Segnosaurus S. galbinensisAmtgai, Bayshin Tsav, Khara Khutul, Ulribe Khuduk"Multiple specimens including the lower jaws and partial postcrania." [74] [71] [72] A large therizinosaurid. Segnosaurus Restoration.jpg
Undescribed therizinosaurs IndeterminateBayshin Tsav, Khara Khutul, Shine Us Khuduk"Cranial and postcranial elements from multiple specimens." [75] [76] [45] [77] [78] [33] [72] Some elements may represent already named taxa.
Unnamed therizinosaur IndeterminateUlribe Khuduk"Forelimbs with two digits, partial pelvis and vertebrae." [79] A two-fingered therizinosaur.

Troodontids

Troodontids reported from the Bayan Shireh Formation
GenusSpeciesLocationStratigraphic PositionMaterialNotesImages
Undescribed troodontid IndeterminateBayshin Tsav"Partial vertebrae, forelimbs and hindlimbs." [80] [81] A troodontid.

Tyrannosaurs

Tyrannosaurs reported from the Bayan Shireh Formation
GenusSpeciesLocationStratigraphic PositionMaterialNotesImages
Alectrosaurus ?A. olseni?Bayshin Tsav"Two specimens, fragmentary skull and postcrania." [82] [83] A tyrannosauroid also present in the Iren Dabasu Formation Alectrosaurus.png
Tyrannosauroidea indet.IndeterminateTsagan Teg"An isolated nearly complete left frontal." [84] A tyrannosauroid.

See also

Related Research Articles

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References

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