Iren Dabasu Formation

Last updated
Iren Dabasu Formation
Stratigraphic range: Late Cretaceous
Type Geological formation
Overlies Arshanto Formation
Area Erenhot (Erlian) city
ThicknessUp to 500 m (1,600 ft)
Lithology
Primary Sandstone, claystone, siltstone
Other Glutenite
Location
Coordinates 43°48′N112°24′E / 43.8°N 112.4°E / 43.8; 112.4
Approximate paleocoordinates 43°06′N101°00′E / 43.1°N 101.0°E / 43.1; 101.0
Region Inner Mongolia
Country China
Extent Erlian Basin
Type section
Named forIren Dabasu
Named by Osborn
Year defined 1922
China edcp relief location map.jpg
Lightgreen pog.svg
Iren Dabasu Formation (China)
China Inner Mongolia relief location map.png
Lightgreen pog.svg
Iren Dabasu Formation (Inner Mongolia)

The Iren Dabasu Formation (also known as Erlian Formation) is a Late Cretaceous geologic formation in the Iren Nor region of Inner Mongolia. Dinosaur remains diagnostic to the genus level are among the fossils that have been recovered from the formation. The formation was first described and defined by Henry Fairfield Osborn in 1922 and it is located in the Iren Nor region of China. [1]

Contents

Geology

It comprises continental clastic sediments consisting of light grey fine sandstones, coarse sandstones and glutenites as well as mottled claystones and siltstones. The fine-grained floodplain sediments and the coarse-grained sediments of the point bar formed a series of repeated frequently binary sedimentary rhythms. The “binary structure” of the sedimentary rhythms strongly indicates meandering stream deposits rather than braided river deposits as previously thought. [2] [3] As indicated by the fluvial and lacustrine sedimentation, the Iren Dabasu Formation was a large floodplain terrain with braided rivers and meanders that supported extensive vegetation, evidenced on the prominent palaeosol development and the numerous remains from herbivorous dinosaurs. [3] [2] Egg nests, caliche and paleosols seem to indicate periodic subaerial intervals, in addition, the presence of plesiosaur and hybodont shark remains (which are also known in the Bayan Shireh Formation) are indicatives of a river system with connections to the ocean. [4]

Correlations

Based on the ostracod and charophyte assemblages of the Iren Dabasu Formation, Itterbeeck et al. 2005 suggested a potential correlation with those of the Nemegt Formation, making its age Late Campanian to Early Maastrichtian. [3] However, vertebrates point to an older date than the Campanian-Maastrichtian ages, the supposed deposition of ostracods were likely due to climatic conditions rather than age. [5] The turtle Khunnuchelys is known from both Iren Dabasu and Bayan Shireh equivalent units such as the Bostobe and Bissekty. [2] In addition, a giant caenagnathid similar to Gigantoraptor is now known from the Bayan Shireh Formation at the locality of Tsagan Teg. [5] Like the coeval Bayan Shireh Formation (and possibly Javkhlant Formation) in the Gobi Desert, the dinosaur fauna of the Iren Dabasu Formation includes tyrannosauroids, ornithomimids, therizinosaurs and oviraptorosaurs. [6]

However, strong evidence coming from biostratigraphic occurrences seems to support a correlation with the Bayan Shireh Formation, at least, with the upper boundary. For instance, both formations bear similar dinosaur taxa, such as therizinosaurs ( Erlikosaurus , Segnosaurus , Erliansaurus or Neimongosaurus ) and ornithomimosaurs ( Garudimimus or Archaeornithomimus ), these similarities are even more intensified by the discovery of Gigantoraptor and the giant unnamed caenagnathid from Bayan Shireh. In addition, the potential discovery of Alectrosaurus in both formations seems to be another indicative of a correlation. [7] [2] [5] Consequently, Averianov and Sues estimated the formation to be Santonian in age, roughly about 86 million and 83 million years ago. [2] However, palynological correlations suggest a Maastrichtian age. [8] Guo et al. 2018 supported a Late Cretaceous age based on U–Pb and paleomagnetic analyses, with a maximum depositional age of around 95.8 ± 6.2 million years ago. [9] A 2022 study describing new ornithomimosaurian material, however, suggested that while the vertebrate faunal assemblage indicates that the age of the formation is likely Turonian based on its similarity to the Bissekty Formation of Uzbekistan, the invertebrate faunal assemblage indicates a much later age (Campanian-Maastrichtian). [10]

Fossil content

Dinosaurs of Iren Dabasu Formation Gigantoraptor and Alectrosaurus.jpg
Dinosaurs of Iren Dabasu Formation

The Iren Dabasu Formation is rich on dinosaur fauna, with multiple species described, in the other hand, mammals seem to be extremely absent. Compared, the fossil taxa between Iren Dabasu and Bayan Shireh are very similar, most notably therizinosaurs, tyrannosauroids, oviraptorosaurs and turtles. [11] [2] Although Gigantoraptor is the only described oviraptorosaur from the formation, Funston et al. 2019 described a new avimimid bonebed containing numerous individuals at different growth stages. Nevertheless, the fossils lacked enough diagnosis to be confined to a separate genus and species. [4] Deinonychosaurs are not very common across the formation, however an indeterminate troodontid about the size of Saurornithoides is known from three isolated specimens. [12] An isolated humerus of a pterosaur has also been found in this formation. [11]

Color key
Taxon Reclassified taxonTaxon falsely reported as presentDubious taxon or junior synonym Ichnotaxon Ootaxon Morphotaxon
Notes
Uncertain or tentative taxa are in small text; crossed out taxa are discredited.

Dinosaurs


Ornithopods

Ornithopods reported from the Iren Dabasu Formation
GenusSpeciesLocationStratigraphic PositionMaterialNotesImages

Bactrosaurus

B. johnsoni

"Cranial and postcranial material represented by more than eight specimens." [13] [14] [15]

A hadrosauroid.

Bactrosaurus.JPG

Gilmoreosaurus

G. mongoliensis

"Partial cranial and postcranial elements represented by more than ten specimens". [13] [16] [15]

A hadrosauroid originally identified as Mandschurosaurus .

Dans l'ombre des dinosaures - Gilmareasaurus - 001.jpg

Spheroolithus

S. irenensis

"Egg fossils." [17]

Eggs shells attributed to Spheroolithus. Spheroolithidae cropped.jpg

Sauropods

Sauropods reported from the Iren Dabasu Formation
GenusSpeciesLocationStratigraphic PositionMaterialNotesImages

Sonidosaurus

S. saihangaobiensis

"Numerous cervical, dorsal and caudal vertebrae and some postcranial elements." [18]

A titanosaur.

Sonidosaurus.jpg

Theropods

Ornithomimids
Ornithomimids reported from the Iren Dabasu Formation
TaxonSpeciesLocationStratigraphic PositionMaterialNotesImages

Archaeornithomimus

A. asiaticus

"Partial manus, metatarsus, vertebrae, limb elements." [13]

An ornithomimosaur originally identified as Ornithomimus .

Archaeornithomimus.png
Ornithomimosauria Indeterminate"A pelvis and sacrum." [10] Likely distinct from Archaeornithomimus asiaticus, probably representing an early-diverging group within Ornithomimosauria.
Oviraptorosaurs
Oviraptorosaurs reported from the Iren Dabasu Formation
TaxonSpeciesLocationStratigraphic PositionMaterialNotesImages

Avimimidae spp.

Indeterminate

"Vertebrae and postcranial elements represented by at least six individuals." [4]

Avimimids at different growth stages.

Iren Dabasu avimimid skeleton.png

Caenagnathasia

Indeterminate

"Beak from lower jaws." [19]

An oviraptorosaur.

Caenagnathasia.jpg

Gigantoraptor

G. erlianensis

"Lower jaws and much of the postcranial elements with very elongated hindlimbs." [20]

A giant oviraptorosaur.

Gigantoraptor Restoration.png
Therizinosaurs
Therizinosaurs reported from the Iren Dabasu Formation
TaxonSpeciesLocationStratigraphic PositionMaterialNotesImages

Erliansaurus

E. bellamanus

"Cervical vertebrae and postcranial elements." [21]

A therizinosauroid.

Erliansaurus bellamanus.jpg

Neimongosaurus

N. yangi

"Two specimens with most of the axial column, many limb and girdle elements, and a partial dentary." [22]

A therizinosauroid.

Neimongosaurus.jpg

Therizinosauridae

Indeterminate

"Right humerus with a phalanx and ungual." [13] [23]

A therizinosaurid similar to Segnosaurus and initially attributed to Alectrosaurus olseni .

AMNH 6368 Therizinosaur.png
Troodonts
Troodonts reported from the Iren Dabasu Formation
TaxonSpeciesLocationStratigraphic PositionMaterialNotesImages

Troodontidae

Indeterminate

"Right and left metatarsals represented by three specimens similar in size to Saurornithoides ." [12]

A troodontid.

Urbacodon norelli Urbacodon norelli.png
Urbacodon norelli
Urbacodon U. norelliA partial right dentary and associated teeth [24] A troodontid.
Tyrannosaurs
Tyrannosaurs reported from the Iren Dabasu Formation
TaxonSpeciesLocationStratigraphic PositionMaterialNotesImages
Alectrosaurus A. olseni"Virtually complete right hindlimb and left metatarsals." [25] A tyrannosauroid. Alectrosaurus.png
Tyrannosauridae Indeterminate"75 fragments, which include premaxillary and lateral teeth, a fragmentary lacrimal, jugal, pterygoid, and ectopterygoid." [26] A juvenile tyrannosaurid that may be related to Timurlengia based on phylogenetic analysis, [27] but detailed comparisons suggest it may be related to tyrannosaurines. [26]
Iren Dabasu tyrannosaur skull.png

Flora

Angiosperms

Angiosperms reported from the Iren Dabasu Formation
GenusSpeciesLocationStratigraphic PositionMaterialNotesImages

Aquillapollenites sp.

Indeterminate"Pollen grain." [28]

Angiosperm pollen.

Buttinia sp.

Indeterminate"Spores and pollen." [28]

Angiosperm pollen.

Cranwellia sp.

Indeterminate"Pollen grain." [28]

Angiosperm pollen.

Momipites sp.

Indeterminate"Pollen grain." [28]

Angiosperm pollen.

Normapolles sp.

Indeterminate"Pollen grain." [28]

Angiosperm pollen.

Sabalpollenites sp.

Indeterminate"Pollen grain." [28]

Angiosperm pollen.

Tricolpate -morph

Indeterminate"Pollen grain." [28]

Angiosperm palynomorph.

Triporate -morph

Indeterminate"Pollen grain." [28]

Angiosperm palynomorph.

Ulmideipites sp.

Indeterminate"Pollen grain." [28]

Angiosperm pollen.

Ulmipollenites sp.

Indeterminate"Spores and pollen." [28]

Angiosperm pollen.

Gymnosperms

Gymnosperms reported from the Iren Dabasu Formation
GenusSpeciesLocationStratigraphic PositionMaterialNotesImages

Bisaccate -morph

Indeterminate"Spores and pollen." [28]

Gymnosperm palynomorph.

Cerebropollenites sp.

Indeterminate"Pollen grain." [28]

Gymnosperm pollen.

Cheirolepidiacean -morph

Indeterminate"Pollen grain." [28]

Gymnosperm palynomorph.

Ephedripites sp.

Indeterminate"Spores and pollen." [28]

Gymnosperm pollen.

Exesipollenites sp.

Indeterminate"Spores and pollen." [28]

Gymnosperm pollen.

Monosulcate -morph

Indeterminate"Pollen grain." [28]

Gymnosperm pollen.

Taxodiaceaepollenites sp.

Indeterminate"Pollen grain." [28]

Gymnosperm pollen.

Spores

Spores reported from the Iren Dabasu Formation
GenusSpeciesLocationStratigraphic PositionMaterialNotesImages

Cyathidites sp.

Indeterminate"Spores and pollen grain." [28]

Spore palynomorph.

Ischyosporites sp.

Indeterminate"Spores." [28]

Spore palynomorph.

Leptolepidites sp.

Indeterminate"Spores." [28]

Spore palynomorph.

Triplanosporites sp.

Indeterminate"Spores." [28]

Spore palynomorph.

See also

References

  1. Osborn, H. F. (1922). "Discovery of Cretaceous and older Tertiary strata in Mongolia". Science. 56 (1446): 291–293. Bibcode:1922Sci....56..291F. doi:10.1126/science.56.1446.291. PMID   17842026.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Averianov, A.; Sues, H. (2012). "Correlation of Late Cretaceous continental vertebrate assemblages in Middle and Central Asia" (PDF). Journal of Stratigraphy. 36 (2): 462–485. S2CID   54210424. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-03-07.
  3. 1 2 3 Van Itterbeeck, J.; Horne, D. J.; Bultynck, P.; Vandenberghe, N. (2005). "Stratigraphy and palaeoenvironment of the dinosaur-bearing Upper Cretaceous Iren Dabasu Formation, Inner Mongolia, People's Republic of China". Cretaceous Research. 26 (4): 699–725. Bibcode:2005CrRes..26..699V. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2005.03.004.
  4. 1 2 3 Funston, G. F.; Currie, P. J.; Ryan, M. J.; Dong, Z.-M. (2019). "Birdlike growth and mixed-age flocks in avimimids (Theropoda, Oviraptorosauria)". Scientific Reports. 9 (18816): 18816. Bibcode:2019NatSR...918816F. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-55038-5 . PMC   6906459 . PMID   31827127.
  5. 1 2 3 Tsuihiji, T.; Watabe, M.; Barsbold, R.; Tsogtbaatar, K. (2015). "A gigantic caenagnathid oviraptorosaurian (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Upper Cretaceous of the Gobi Desert, Mongolia". Cretaceous Research. 56: 60–65. Bibcode:2015CrRes..56...60T. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2015.03.007.
  6. Xing, H.; He, Y.; Li, L.; Xi, D. (2012). "A review on the study of the stratigraphy, sedimentology, and paleontology of the Iren Dabasu Formation, Inner Mongolia". In Wei, D. (ed.). Proceedings of the Thirteenth Annual Meeting of the Chinese Society of Vertebrate Paleontology (in Chinese). Beijing: China Ocean Press. pp. 1–44.
  7. Perle, A. (1977). "O pervoy nakhodke Alektrozavra (Tyrannosauridae, Theropoda) iz pozdnego Mela Mongolii" [On the first discovery of Alectrosaurus (Tyrannosauridae, Theropoda) in the Late Cretaceous of Mongolia]. Shinzhlekh Ukhaany Akademi Geologiin Khureelen (in Russian). 3 (3): 104–113.
  8. Bonnetti, Christophe; Malartre, Fabrice; Huault, Vincent; Cuney, Michel; Bourlange, Sylvain; Liu, Xiaodong; Peng, Yunbiao (March 2014). "Sedimentology, stratigraphy and palynological occurrences of the late Cretaceous Erlian Formation, Erlian Basin, Inner Mongolia, People's Republic of China". Cretaceous Research. 48: 177–192. Bibcode:2014CrRes..48..177B. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2013.09.013. ISSN   0195-6671.
  9. Guo, Z. X.; Shi, Y. P.; Yang, Y. T.; Jiang, S. Q.; Li, L. B.; Zhao, Z. G. (2018). "Inversion of the Erlian Basin (NE China) in the early Late Cretaceous: Implications for the collision of the Okhotomorsk Block with East Asia" (PDF). Journal of Asian Earth Sciences. 154: 49–66. Bibcode:2018JAESc.154...49G. doi:10.1016/j.jseaes.2017.12.007. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2020-09-19. Retrieved 2020-04-28.
  10. 1 2 Yao, X.; Sullivan, C.; Tan, Q.; Xu, X. (2022). "New ornithomimosaurian (Dinosauria: Theropoda) pelvis from the Upper Cretaceous Erlian Formation of Nei Mongol, North China". Cretaceous Research. 137. 105234. Bibcode:2022CrRes.13705234Y. doi: 10.1016/j.cretres.2022.105234 . S2CID   248351038.
  11. 1 2 Currie, P. J.; Eberth, D. A. (1993). "Palaeontology, sedimentology and palaeoecology of the Iren Dabasu Formation (Upper Cretaceous), Inner Mongolia, People's Republic of China" (PDF). Cretaceous Research. 14 (2): 127−144. Bibcode:1993CrRes..14..127C. doi:10.1006/cres.1993.1011.
  12. 1 2 Currie, P. J.; Zhiming, D. (2001). "New information on Cretaceous troodontids (Dinosauria, Theropoda) from the People's Republic of China" (PDF). Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences. 38 (12): 1753–1766. Bibcode:2001CaJES..38.1753C. doi:10.1139/e01-065.
  13. 1 2 3 4 Gilmore, C. W. (1933). "On the dinosaurian fauna of the Iren Dabasu Formation". Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. 67 (2): 23–78. hdl:2246/355.
  14. Godefroit, P.; Dong, Z. M.; Bultynck, P.; Li., H.; Feng, L. (1998). "New Bactrosaurus (Dinosauria: Hadrosauroidea) material from Iren Dabasu (Inner Mongolia, P.R. China)". Bulletin de l'Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique, Sciences de la Terre. 68: 3–70.
  15. 1 2 Rothschild, B. M.; Tanke, D. H.; Helbling II, M.; Martin, L. D. (2003). "Epidemiologic study of tumors in dinosaurs" (PDF). Naturwissenschaften. 90 (11): 495–500. Bibcode:2003NW.....90..495R. doi:10.1007/s00114-003-0473-9. PMID   14610645. S2CID   13247222.
  16. Prieto-Márquez, A.; Norell, M. A. (2010). "Anatomy and relationships of Gilmoreosaurus mongoliensis (Dinosauria, Hadrosauroidea) from the late Cretaceous of Central Asia". American Museum Novitates (3694): 1–49. doi:10.1206/3694.2. hdl:2246/6080. S2CID   56372891.
  17. Chao, T. K.; Chiang, T. K. (1974). "Microscopic studies on the dinosaurian egg-shells from Laiyang, Shanting province". Scientia Sinica. 17 (11): 73−90. doi:10.1360/ya1974-17-1-73 (inactive 1 November 2024).{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (link)
  18. Xu, X.; Zhang, X.; Tan, Q.; Zhao, X.; Tan, L. (2010). "A new titanosaurian sauropod from Late Cretaceous of Nei Mongol, China". Acta Geologica Sinica. 80 (1): 20–26. doi:10.1111/j.1755-6724.2006.tb00790.x. S2CID   129970315.
  19. Yao, X.; Wang, X. L.; Sullivan, C.; Wang, S.; Stidham, T.; Xu, X. (2015). "Caenagnathasia sp. (Theropoda: Oviraptorosauria) from the Iren Dabasu Formation (Upper Cretaceous: Campanian) of Erenhot, Nei Mongol, China" (PDF). Vertebrata PalAsiatica. 53 (4): 291–298.
  20. Xing, X.; Tan, Q.; Wang, J.; Zhao, X.; Tan, L. (2007). "A gigantic bird-like dinosaur from the Late Cretaceous of China". Nature. 447 (7146): 844–847. Bibcode:2007Natur.447..844X. doi:10.1038/nature05849. PMID   17565365. S2CID   6649123. Supplementary Information
  21. Xu, X.; Zhang, Z. H.; Sereno, P. C.; Zhao, X. J.; Kuang, X. W.; Han, J.; Tan, L. (2002). "A new therizinosauroid (Dinosauria, Theropoda) from the Upper Cretaceous Iren Dabasu Formation of Nei Mongol" (PDF). Vertebrata PalAsiatica. 40: 228–240.
  22. Zhang, X. H.; Xu, X.; Zhao, Z. J.; Sereno, P. C.; Kuang, X. W.; Tan, L. (2001). "A long-necked therizinosauroid dinosaur from the Upper Cretaceous Iren Dabasu Formation of Nei Mongol, People's Republic of China" (PDF). Vertebrata PalAsiatica. 39 (4): 282–290.
  23. Mader, B. J.; Bradley, R. L. (1989). "A redescription and revised diagnosis of the syntypes of the Mongolian tyrannosaur Alectrosaurus olseni". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 9 (1): 41–55. Bibcode:1989JVPal...9...41M. doi:10.1080/02724634.1989.10011737.
  24. Wang, Shuo; Ding, Nuo; Tan, Qingwei; Yang, Rui; Zhang, Qiyue; Tan, Lin (2024-07-17). "A new Urbacodon (Theropoda, Troodontidae) from the Upper Cretaceous Iren Dabasu Formation, China: Implications for troodontid phylogeny and tooth biology". Cladistics. doi:10.1111/cla.12592. ISSN   0748-3007.
  25. Gilmore, C. W. (1933). "On the dinosaurian fauna of the Iren Dabasu Formation". Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. 67 (2): 23–78. hdl:2246/355.
  26. 1 2 Carr, Thomas D. (2022-11-25). "A reappraisal of tyrannosauroid fossils from the Iren Dabasu Formation (Coniacian–Campanian), Inner Mongolia, People's Republic of China". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 42 (5). Bibcode:2022JVPal..42E9817C. doi: 10.1080/02724634.2023.2199817 . ISSN   0272-4634.
  27. Carr, Thomas D.; Varricchio, David J.; Sedlmayr, Jayc C.; Roberts, Eric M.; Moore, Jason R. (2017-03-30). "A new tyrannosaur with evidence for anagenesis and crocodile-like facial sensory system". Scientific Reports. 7 (1): 44942. Bibcode:2017NatSR...744942C. doi: 10.1038/srep44942 . ISSN   2045-2322. PMC   5372470 . PMID   28358353.
  28. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 Bonnetti, C.; Malartre, F.; Huault, V.; Cuney, M.; Bourlange, S.; Liu, X.; Peng, Y. (2014). "Sedimentology, stratigraphy and palynological occurrences of the late Cretaceous Erlian Formation, Erlian Basin, Inner Mongolia, People's Republic of China". Cretaceous Research. 48: 177–192. Bibcode:2014CrRes..48..177B. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2013.09.013.