Berlandiera lyrata | |
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Scientific classification | |
Kingdom: | Plantae |
Clade: | Tracheophytes |
Clade: | Angiosperms |
Clade: | Eudicots |
Clade: | Asterids |
Order: | Asterales |
Family: | Asteraceae |
Genus: | Berlandiera |
Species: | B. lyrata |
Binomial name | |
Berlandiera lyrata | |
Synonyms [2] | |
Berlandiera incisaTorr. & A.Gray |
Berlandiera lyrata, with the common names chocolate flower, chocolate daisy, or lyreleaf greeneyes, is a North American species of flowering plant in the family Asteraceae. [3] The common name lyreleaf greeneyes is a reference to the shape of the leaf, which is curved like a lyre and the green disc which is left behind when the ray florets drop off which is thought to look like an eye. [4]
The plant grows to about 30–60 centimetres (1–2 feet) in height and width, [4] less commonly 120 cm (4 ft). [5] When the plant freezes, the roots will preserve its life. [6] The velvety leaves are pinnately lobed or scalloped. [6] [5] The flower head is approximately 4 cm (1+1⁄2 inches) in diameter, with 5–12 (most commonly 8) yellow ray florets, which are 1.5 cm (5⁄8 in) long. [5] In areas that freeze, the flowers bloom at night from spring until frost. [4] In frost-free areas, it will bloom year-round (typically April to October). [4] [5] Around mid-morning, the flowers close or drop. [4] As it gets hotter, the flower begins to turn white and the ray florets begin to drop, leaving the green disc shape. [6] The seed-like fruit is scaleless and hairless at the tip. [5]
In the United States, the species is native to Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, Arizona, New Mexico, Texas, and Arkansas. In Mexico, it is native to Chihuahua, Coahuila, Nuevo León, San Luis Potosí, Durango, Sonora, Zacatecas, Aguascalientes and Jalisco. [7] [8] [9] It prefers the U.S. Department of Agriculture's hardiness zones of 4 to 9, and can be grown in elevations as high as 2,100 m (7,000 ft). [6] It can usually be found in grassy areas and rocky soil. [5]
B. lyrata is a hardy perennial, cultivated as an ornamental plant. It is grown in gardens for the chocolate-like scent of its flowers. [10] The chocolate odor can also be produced by plucking the ray florets from the flower head. [11] To ensure that it will continue to bloom as long as possible, spent flowers should be removed. [11]
It grows best in full sun locations. It is native to soil types that are dry, shallow and rocky such as sandy loams and limestone soils. [4] It is known to grow along roadsides and in grasslands in the southwest US. [4] It is drought-tolerant. [4] In heavy, wet soils, B. lyrata is subject to root rot. [11] B. lyrata can be planted in areas that are mowed frequently and can be mowed itself. [11]
The plant is propagated through seeds which can be collected from the plant itself and germinated outdoors from spring to fall. [11]
The flower head is known to attract beneficial insects to the garden. [10]
The stamens have a chocolate flavor and are edible. [10] [11] The plant was also used by Native Americans to alleviate symptoms of stomach problems. [6] Some Native American cultures would burn the dried roots of the plant in order to treat nervous conditions or to inspire courage. [6]
Leucanthemum vulgare, commonly known as the ox-eye daisy, oxeye daisy, dog daisy, marguerite and other common names, is a widespread flowering plant native to Europe and the temperate regions of Asia, and an introduced plant to North America, Australia and New Zealand.
Rudbeckia hirta, commonly called black-eyed Susan, is a North American flowering plant in the family Asteraceae, native to Eastern and Central North America and naturalized in the Western part of the continent as well as in China. It has now been found in all 10 Canadian Provinces and all 48 of the states in the contiguous United States.
Bellis perennis, the daisy, is a European species of the family Asteraceae, often considered the archetypal species of the name daisy. To distinguish this species from other plants known as daisies, it is sometimes qualified as common daisy, lawn daisy or English daisy.
Gaillardia pulchella is a North American species of short-lived perennial or annual flowering plants in the sunflower family.
Coreopsis lanceolata, commonly known as lanceleaf coreopsis, lanceleaf tickseed, lance-leaved coreopsis, or sand coreopsis, is a North American species of tickseed in the family Asteraceae.
Packera obovata, commonly known as roundleaf ragwort, spoon-leaved ragwort, roundleaf groundsel, or squaw-weed, is an erect perennial herb in the Asteraceae (aster) family native to eastern North America. It was previously called Senecio obovatus. Basal and lower leaves are obovate with toothed margins, while upper leaves are pinnately divided. The ray flowers are yellow and the disk flowers orange-yellow, the inflorescences being held well above the foliage.
Salvia lyrata, is a herbaceous perennial in the family Lamiaceae that is native to the United States, from Connecticut west to Missouri, and in the south from Florida west to Texas. It was described and named by Carl Linnaeus in 1753.
Rudbeckia triloba, the browneyed or brown-eyed susan, thin-leaved coneflower or three-leaved coneflower, is a species of flowering plant in the family Asteraceae with numerous, yellow, daisy-like flowers. It is native to the central and eastern United States and is often seen in old fields or along roadsides. It is also cultivated as an ornamental.
Berlandiera is a genus of flowering plants in the family Asteraceae.
Eupatorium altissimum, with the common names tall thoroughwort and tall boneset, is a perennial herbaceous plant in the Asteraceae family with a native range including much of the eastern and central United States and Canada. It is a tall plant found in open woods, prairies, fields, and waste areas, with white flowers that bloom in the late summer and fall.
Erigeron annuus, the annual fleabane, daisy fleabane, or eastern daisy fleabane, is a species of herbaceous, annual or biennial flowering plant in the family Asteraceae.
Erigeron glaucus is a species of flowering plant in the family Asteraceae known by the common name seaside fleabane, beach aster, or seaside daisy. It is native to the West Coast of the United States.
Gazania rigens, sometimes called treasure flower, is a species of flowering plant in the family Asteraceae, native to coastal areas of southern Africa. It is naturalised elsewhere and is widely cultivated as an ornamental plant.
Hulsea algida is a species of flowering plant in the daisy family, known by the common name Pacific hulsea or alpine gold. It is native to the western United States.
Argyranthemum frutescens, known as Paris daisy, marguerite or marguerite daisy, is a perennial plant known for its flowers. It is native to the Canary Islands. Hybrids derived from this species are widely cultivated as ornamental plants in private gardens and public parks in many countries, and have naturalized in Italy and southern California. There are many cultivars, but the most common has white petals.
Engelmannia peristenia, called Engelmann daisy or cutleaf daisy, is a North American species of flowering plants in the family Asteraceae. It is native to the south-central United States, primarily from Texas, New Mexico, Oklahoma, and southeastern Colorado, but with more isolated populations in Arizona, Louisiana, Arkansas, Missouri, Nebraska, and South Dakota.
Verbesina virginica, known by the common names white crownbeard, or frostweed is a species of flowering plant in the family Asteraceae. It is native to the Southeastern United States, where it is found in calcareous soil, often in bottomland thickets and edges of woods.
Berlandiera monocephala is a North American species of flowering plant in the family Asteraceae. It is native to the southwestern United States and northern Mexico, in the states of Arizona, New Mexico, Chihuahua, and Sonora. Most of the Mexican populations are found in the Sierra Madre Occidental along the Chihuahua/Sonora line.
Berlandiera pumila, the soft greeneyes, is a North American species of flowering plant in the family Asteraceae. It is native to the southeastern and south-central United States.
Lactuca floridana, commonly known as woodland lettuce, Florida lettuce, or false lettuce is a North American species of wild lettuce. It is native across much of central Canada and the eastern and central United States.