Birthday cake

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Birthday cake with 18 candles for the celebrant's 18th birthday Delicious Birthday Cake (14346969741).jpg
Birthday cake with 18 candles for the celebrant's 18th birthday

A birthday cake is a cake eaten as part of a birthday celebration. While there is no standard for birthday cakes, they are typically highly decorated layer cakes covered in frosting, often featuring birthday wishes ("Happy birthdays") and the celebrant's name. In many cultures, it is also customary to serve the birthday cake with small lit candles on top, especially in the case of a child's birthday. The cake often accompanies the singing of "Happy Birthday to You". Variations include cupcakes, cake pops, pastries, and tarts.

Contents

History

The Birthday Cake by 19th-century German genre painter Pancraz Korle. Pancraz Korle Die Geburtstagstorte.jpg
The Birthday Cake by 19th-century German genre painter Pancraz Körle.

Birthday cakes have been a part of birthday celebrations in Western European countries since the middle of the 19th century. [1] However, the link between cakes and birthday celebrations may date back to ancient Roman times; in classical Roman culture, cakes were occasionally served at special birthdays and at weddings. These were circles made from flour and nuts, leavened with yeast, and sweetened with honey. [2]

In Germany by the 18th century, the tradition of celebrating birthdays with a birthday cake and candles began. One of the most notable occasions where using a birthday cake with candles took form was during Count Ludwig von Zinzendorf of Marienborn's birthday party in 1746 in Germany. [3] His cake was said to be as big as an oven could make it, with candles stuck in it, marking the years of his age. [3] From the 18th century, elaborate cakes continued to take form, having many aspects of the contemporary birthday cake, like multiple layers, icing, and decorations. However, these cakes were only available to the very wealthy. Birthday cakes became accessible to the lower class as a result of the industrial revolution and the spread of more materials and goods.

Birthday candles and contemporary rites

Modern celebration candles spelling out "Happy birthday" Birthday candles.jpg
Modern celebration candles spelling out "Happy birthday"
Child with a birthday cake, c. 1930-1940 Child with Snow White cake 1910-1940.jpg
Child with a birthday cake, c.1930–1940

The practice of serving cake on birthdays is commonplace in many cultures. In contemporary Western cultures, birthday cakes for children are often topped with candles, secured with special holders or simply pressed down into the outer frosting. In the Anglosphere, the number of candles often corresponds to the age of the individual being celebrated, occasionally with one extra for luck. [4] An increasingly popular alternative is to use candles shaped as the numeral digits of the celebrant's age. Sparklers may also be used alongside or instead of the traditional wax candles.

The cake is usually presented with all the candles lit, at which point it is customary for the guests to sing Happy Birthday to You in unison, or an equivalent birthday song appropriate to the country. Upon the conclusion of the song, the celebrant is traditionally prompted to blow out the candles and make a wish, which is thought to come true if all the candles are extinguished in a single breath. Another common superstition holds that the wish must be made in silence, not to be shared with anyone else, or else it will not come true. [5] [6] [7]

Theories of origin

Though the exact origin of the birthday candle ritual is unknown, there are multiple theories which try to explain this tradition.

One theory explaining the tradition of placing candles on birthday cakes is attributed to the early Greeks, who used candles to honor the goddess Artemis' birth on the sixth day of every lunar month. The link between her oversight of fertility and the birthday tradition of candles on cakes, however, has not been established. [8]

Kinder Fest. Ludwig Knaus - Ein Kinderfest (1868).jpg
Kinder Fest.

In 18th century Germany, the history of candles on cakes can be traced back to Kinderfest, a birthday celebration for children. [9] This tradition also makes use of candles and cakes. German children were taken to an auditorium-like space. There, they were free to celebrate another year in a place where Germans believed that adults protected children from the evil spirits attempting to steal their souls. In those times there was no tradition of bringing gifts to a birthday; guests would merely bring good wishes for the birthday person. However, if a guest did bring gifts it was considered to be a good sign for the person whose birthday it was. Later, flowers became quite popular as a birthday gift. [10]

A reference to the tradition of blowing out the candles was documented in Switzerland in 1881. Researchers for the Folk-Lore Journal recorded various "superstitions" among the Swiss middle class. One statement depicted a birthday cake as having lighted candles which correspond to each year of life. These candles were required to be blown out, individually, by the person who is being celebrated. [13]

Bacteriology

In June 2017 researchers at Clemson University reported that some individuals deposit a large number of bacteria onto the cake frosting when blowing out the candles. [6] [7] [14] They found that on average, the act increased the amount of bacteria by 14 times, but one of the researchers described this as "not a big health concern". [5]

By culture

There are many variations of sweets which are eaten around the world on birthdays. Different cultures have different unique birthday cake traditions.

Chinese

The Chinese birthday pastry is the shòu bāo (simplified Chinese :寿包; traditional Chinese :壽包) or shòu táo bāo (simplified Chinese:寿桃包; traditional Chinese:壽桃包), a lotus-paste-filled bun made of wheat flour and shaped and colored to resemble a peach. Rather than serving one large pastry, each guest is served their own small shòu bāo.

Russian and Lithuanian

In Western Russia, birthday children are served fruit pies with a birthday greeting carved into the crusts. As well in Russia and Lithuania, rather than a birthday cake, Russian adolescents receive a pie with a sweet birthday message that is illustrated with icing on top of the birthday pie. [15]

Swedish

The Swedish birthday cake is made like a pound cake that is often topped with marzipan and decorated with the national flag. Dutch birthday pastries are fruit tarts topped with whipped cream.

English

Traditionally an English birthday cake is infused with artifacts that signify importance and good luck when baking the cake. To illustrate, adding a coin into the baking of the cake can represent financial success for the birthday individual. [16] Different artifacts within cake can be used to symbolize a wish for the birthday girl or boy.

Egyptian

Birthday parties in Egypt consist of two different birthday cakes for the birthday girl or boy. Often only one birthday cake has a set of birthday candles while the other is left untouched. While two birthday cakes are significant in Egyptian culture, other sweet treats can be seen at birthday parties such as cakes known as “ghettos”. [17]

Israeli

In Israel, individuals celebrate their birthdays with candles on their birthday cakes that align with the number of years the birthday individual was born. As well an additional candle is added to the birthday cake to represent a candle for the following year. [18]

American

In the United States, lighting a birthday candle in correlation to the age of the birthday recipient is mirrored off of German customs. [19] As well, singing happy birthday songs has become engraved in American birthday culture while the candles on the birthday are lit. In the 20th century a birthday trend became evident in American culture where a birthday want or desire would only be achieved if the birthday recipient blew the candle in one exhale. [19]

See also

Related Research Articles

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Doughnut</span> Sweet food made from deep-fried dough

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Wedding cake</span> Cake for a wedding

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">King cake</span> Type of cake associated with Epiphany

A king cake, also known as a three kings cake, is a cake associated in many countries with Epiphany, the celebration of the Twelfth Night after Christmas. Its form and ingredients are variable, but in most cases a fève such as a figurine, often said to represent the Christ Child, is hidden inside. After the cake is cut, whoever gets the fève wins a prize. Modern fèves can be made of other materials, and can represent various objects and people.

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cupcake</span> Small single-serving cake, often frosted

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Ang ku kueh, also known as red tortoise cake, is a small round or oval-shaped Chinese sweet dumpling with soft, sticky glutinous rice flour skin wrapped around a sweet central filling. It is molded to resemble a tortoise shell and is presented resting on a square piece of banana leaf. As suggested by its name, red tortoise cakes are traditionally red in color and has a sticky, chewy texture when eaten. Red tortoise cakes are shaped like tortoise shells because the Chinese traditionally believed that eating tortoises would bring longevity to those who are eating it and bring about good fortune and prosperity. Considered to be auspicious items, these sweet pastries are especially prepared during important festivals such as Chinese New Year as offerings to the Chinese deities.

References

  1. "Birthday Cakes: History & Recipes – Online article with an extensive bibliography".
  2. Humble, Nicola (2010-05-15). Cake: A Global History. Reaktion Books. ISBN   978-1-86189-730-5.
  3. 1 2 Gage, Mary (2012). "Birthday Cakes: History & Recipes" (PDF). New England Recipes: 1.
  4. Marcus, Ivan G. (1 March 2012). The Jewish Life Cycle: Rites of Passage from Biblical to Modern Times. University of Washington Press. p. 120. ISBN   978-0-295-80392-0.
  5. 1 2 Sarah Zhang (2017-07-27). "Blowing Out Birthday Candles Increases Cake Bacteria by 1,400 Percent: But it's okay, really!". Atlantic magazine . Retrieved 2017-12-03. On average, blowing out the candles increased the amount of bacteria on the frosting by 14 times. But in one case, it increased the amount of bacteria by more than 120 times. "Some people blow on the cake and they don't transfer any bacteria. Whereas you have one or two people who really for whatever reason ... transfer a lot of bacteria." says Dawson."
  6. 1 2 Sarah Young (2017-07-31). "Blowing out birthday candles increases bacteria on cake by 1,400%, study reveals". The Independent . Retrieved 2017-12-03. They then lit the candles and blew them out before diluting the frosting with sterilised water and spreading it out on agar plates for the bacteria to grow.
  7. 1 2 Elizabeth Sherman (2017-07-28). "Blowing Out Birthday Candles Could Ruin the Cake". Food & Wine . Retrieved 2017-12-03.
  8. Rusinek, Marietta (2012). "Cake:The Centrepiece of Celebrations". Celebration: Proceedings of the Oxford Symposium on Food and Cookery 2011. Oxford: Prospect Books. pp. 308–315.
  9. "Keeping the Legacy". German Hausbarn. Archived from the original on 2016-10-05. Retrieved 2015-08-12.
  10. "History of Birthdays". Archived from the original on 2020-01-30. Retrieved 2013-11-04.
  11. Frey, Andreas (1753-01-01). A true and authentic account of Andrew Frey. Containing the occasion of his coming among the ... Moravians [&c.]. Transl.
  12. Shirley Cherkasky: Birthday Cakes and Candles, p. 220 books.google. Goethe's Tag- und Jahreshefte 1801 http://www.zeno.org/nid/20004859979
  13. The Folk-lore Journal. Folk-lore Society. 1883-01-01. p.  380.
  14. Paul Dawson, Inyee Han, Danielle Lynn, Jenevieve Lackey, Johnson Baker, Rose Martinez-Dawson (2017). "Bacterial Transfer Associated with Blowing Out Candles on a Birthday Cake". Journal of Food Research . Vol. 6, no. 4. Retrieved 2017-12-03.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  15. Redlich, Orly (2020). "The Concept of Birthday: A Theoretical, Historical, and Social Overview, in Judaism and Other Cultures". World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology International Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences. 14 (14): 791–800 via International Scholarly and Scientific Research & Innovation.
  16. Redlich, Orly (2020). "The Concept of Birthday: A Theoretical, Historical, and Social Overview, in Judaism and Other Cultures". World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology International Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences. 14: 791–800 via International Scholarly and Scientific Research & Innovation.
  17. Redlich, Orly (2020). "The Concept of Birthday: A Theoretical, Historical, and Social Overview, in Judaism and Other Cultures". World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology International Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences. 14: 791–800 via International Scholarly and Scientific Research & Innovation 14(9) 2020.
  18. Redlich, Orly (2020). "The Concept of Birthday: A Theoretical, Historical, and Social Overview, in Judaism and Other Cultures". World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology International Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences. 14: 791–800.
  19. 1 2 Gage, Mary and James (2012). "Birthday Cakes: History & Recipes" (PDF). New England Recipes: 1–16.
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