Type | Bread; pastry |
---|---|
Place of origin | Portugal |
Main ingredients | Flour, milk, sugar, eggs, yeast, sea salt, butter or olive oil |
Ingredients generally used | Cinnamon, lemon zest, port |
Variations | Pão doce, arrufadas, folares, massa sovada, bolos, fogaça, regueifa |
Similar dishes | Easter bread, challah, Hawaiian rolls/bread, vada pav |
Portuguese sweet bread (known as Hawaiian sweet bread in the Western US; see below) refers to an enriched sweet bread or yeasted cake originating from Portugal. [1] [2] [lower-alpha 1] Historically, these sweet breads were generally reserved for festive occasions such as Easter or Pentecost and were typically given as gifts. [6] However, in contemporary times, many varieties are made and consumed year round. [7] Outside of Portugal, Portuguese "sweet bread" translated as "pão doce" is often associated with Azorean "massa sovada" which are similar but traditionally prepared differently. [8] [9]
The pão doce is of Spanish origin derived from a Renaissance era sponge cake known as pão-de-ló. In French cuisine, it would later be known as génoise , after the city of Genoa, and in Italy pan di spagna (lit. 'Spanish bread'). The Portuguese would further develop this cake into what is now known today as pão doce. [10]
Many traditional Portuguese sweet breads are defined by the associated region or by the convents, artisan bakers or religious confraternities (similar to a guild) that historically made them. Since many have deep historical and cultural significance to the area which they originate from, these breads are as well as other foods and ingredients are inventoried by the Portuguese governmental office Directorate-General for Agriculture and Rural Development (DGARD), which collaborates with a collective of independent confraternities known as the Portuguese Federation of Gastronomic Confraternities (FPCG) throughout Portugal. [11] [12]
There are currently ninety-three confraternities that specializes in various gastronomies varying from specific dishes or ingredients to a particular region of Portugal. [13] [14] As an example, the Confraria Gastronómica As Sainhas de Vagos was given the responsibility of defining pão doce from Vagos, [9] while the similar pão doce das-24-horas from the same region is defined by the "Directorate-General for Regional Development" (DGRD), [15] while massa sovada from the Azores is defined by the Federação Portuguesa das Confrarias Gastronómicas. [16]
Portuguese sweet breads are common in areas with a large Portuguese diaspora population, such as New England, northern New Jersey, southern Florida, California, Ontario, and Toronto. They are also found in other former colonies including Brazil, Macau, India, Angola, Cape Verde, Guinea-Bissau, Mozambique, São Tomé and Príncipe, and the island of Timor. [69] [70]
Bolos lêvedos are popular in the Cape Cod area with a large Portuguese population, including Rhode Island where they are sometimes known as "Portuguese muffins" or "pops". [60] [71] They are eaten for breakfast with butter and jam or used for sandwiches. [72]
Massa sovada was brought to Hawaii by Portuguese immigrants from the Azores in the late 1800s and has since been adapted into Hawaiian cuisine. [73] It was frequently called "stone bread" because of its habit of turning hard as a rock within one day of baking. Robert Taira of King's Hawaiian tweaked the recipe to manufacture a mass-produced shelf-stable product known as "Hawaiian rolls". [74] [75] [76]
Brazilian cuisine is the set of cooking practices and traditions of Brazil, and is characterized by European, Amerindian, African, and Asian influences. It varies greatly by region, reflecting the country's mix of native and immigrant populations, and its continental size as well. This has created a national cuisine marked by the preservation of regional differences.
The oldest known book on Portuguese cuisine, entitled Livro de Cozinha da Infanta D. Maria de Portugal, from the 16th century, describes many popular dishes of meat, fish, poultry and others.
Folar or folar de Páscoa is a traditional Portuguese bread served at Easter. The recipe varies from region to region and it may be sweet or savory.
Malassada is a Portuguese fried pastry from the Azores. It is a type of doughnut, made of flattened rounds of yeasted dough, coated with sugar and cinnamon or accompanied with molasses.
Rosette are thin, cookie-like fritters made with iron molds that are found in many cultures. They are crispy and characterized by their lacy pattern.
The holiday of Easter is associated with various Easter customs and foodways. Preparing, coloring, and decorating Easter eggs is one such popular tradition. Lamb is eaten in many countries, mirroring the Jewish Passover meal.
Pão de Rala is an historical conventual dessert created by the Poor Clare nuns in the Convento de Santa Helena do Calvário in Évora. It is often accompanied by olives shaped out of marzipan and dusted with cocoa, per legend.
Pão de Mafra is an historical bread particular to Mafra, Portugal. It is derived from the pão saloio, a common staple bread made since the Middle Ages. Historically, pão de Mafra was a domestic bread made at home until the middle of the 20th century.
Doce de gila is a Portuguese fruit preserve made from the pulp of the Cucurbita ficifolia. It can be used as jam or as an ingredient in various desserts and pastries.
Azevias are traditional Portuguese fried pastries, turnovers filled with a sweet filling.
Areias are small traditional Portuguese pastries similar to cakes and biscuits. They are commonly coated with coarse-grain sugar, and sometimes cinnamon, which resemble sand for which areias are named after.
Pão de Ló is a Portuguese sponge cake made of eggs, sugar, and wheat flour. Unlike other cakes or breads, yeast or baking powder is generally not used. Rather, to provide volume, air is suspended into the cake batter during mixing.
Torta de Azeitão is a Portuguese roll cake filled with doces de ovos from the parish of Azeitão.
Toucinho do Céu is a Portuguese dessert made primarily of almonds, eggs, and sugar. While it is often described as a cake or tart, toucinho do céu remains largely free of flour and should not be mistaken for other Portuguese cakes and tarts containing almonds.
Sericaia is a Portuguese pudding similar to a soufflé, from Elvas, Alentejo. It is often accompanied with stewed Reine Claude plums grown in the region.
Fatias do Freixo is a traditional Portuguese sponge cake from Freixo, Marco de Canaveses originating from the convents in the 1600s. The cake is topped with doces de ovos with a caramelized pastry.
Torresmos is a pork dish from the Azores. While the dish is named after the pork cracklings, it also refers to the cooking method and meat preservation of the dish created prior to refrigeration.
Barriga de freira is a traditional Portuguese sweet egg yolk-based pudding. The name is an idiom on the ingredients typically found in conventual sweets made by the religious sisters at convents historically―egg yolks, sugar, and almonds. Another variation of barriga de freira is served as a turnover or empanada using the same pudding for a filling.