Canella

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Canella
Canella winterana Guadeloupe.JPG
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Magnoliids
Order: Canellales
Family: Canellaceae
Genus: Canella
P. Browne, 1756
Species:
C. winterana
Binomial name
Canella winterana
(L.) Gaertn., 1788 [2]
Synonyms

Canella alba Murray [3]
Laurus winterana L. [4]

Canella is a monospecific genus containing the species Canella winterana, a tree native to the Caribbean from the Florida Keys to Barbados. Its bark is used as a spice similar to cinnamon, giving rise to the common names cinnamon bark, wild cinnamon, and white cinnamon. [5]

Contents

Description

Flowers perfect, regular; sepals 3, imbricated, persistent; petals 5, imbricated; stamens monadelphous. Fruit baccate, indehiscent, 2 to 4-seeded. [6]

A tree, with scaly aromatic bark, stout ashy gray branchlets conspicuously marked with large orbicular leaf-scars. Leaves petiolate, alternate, destitute of stipules, penniveined, entire, pellucid-punctate, coriaceous. Flowers arranged in a many-flowered subcorymbose terminal or subterminal panicle composed of several dichotomously branched cymes from the axis of the upper leaves or of minute caducous bracts. Sepals suborbiculate, concave, coriaceous, erect, their margins ciliate. Petals hypogynous, in a single row on the slightly convex receptacle, oblong, concave, rounded at the extremity, fleshy, twice the length of the sepals, white or rose-colored. Stamens about twenty, hypogynous, the filaments connate into a tube crenulate at the summit, and slightly extended above the linear anthers, which are adnate to its outer face, and longitudinally two-valved. Ovary free, included in the androecium, cylindrical or oblong-conical, one-celled, with two parietal placentas, few-ovuled; style short, fleshy, the summit two or three-lobed, stigmatic; ovules arcuate, horizontal or descending, imperfectly anatropous, attached by a short funiculus. Fruit globular or slightly ovate, fleshy, minutely pointed with the base of the persistent style. Seeds reniform, suspended; testa thick, crustaceous, shining black; tegmen soft, membranaceous. Embryo curved, near the summit of the copious oleo-fleshy albumen, its radicle next the hilum; cotyledons oblong. [6]

The wood of Canella is very heavy and exceedingly hard, strong, and close-grained, with numerous thin, inconspicuous medullary rays; it is dark red-brown, and the thick sapwood consists of 25 to 30 layers of annual growth, light brown or yellow in color. The specific gravity of the absolutely dry wood grown in Florida is 0.9893; a cubic foot of the dry wood weighs 61.65 pounds. [6]

Canella attains in Florida a height of 25 to 30 feet, with a straight trunk eight to 10 inches in diameter. On the mountains of Jamaica, it is said to grow sometimes to the height of 50 feet. The principal branches are slender, horizontal, and spreading, forming a compact round-headed top. The light gray bark of the trunk is an eighth of an inch thick, the surface is broken into many short thick scales rarely more than 2-3 in long, and about twice the thickness of the pale yellow, aromatic inner bark. The leaves are obovate, round or slightly emarginate at the apex, and contracted into a short, stout, grooved petiole; they are 3.5-5.0 in long, 1.5-2.0 in broad, bright deep green, and lustrous. The flowers open in the autumn, and the fruit ripens in March and April, when it is bright crimson, soft, and fleshy, and is eaten by many birds. [6]

Name

Canella, the diminutive of the Latin canna , a cane or reed, was first applied to the bark of the Old World tree cassia, Cinnamomum aromaticum , from the form of a roll or quill which it assumed in drying, and was later transferred to the West Indian tree. [6] The genus Canella was erected in 1756 by Patrick Browne. [7] [8] The species epithet winterana is an artifact from a period when this plant was confused with Winter's bark, Drimys winteri , which is itself named for William Winter. [9]

Distribution

Canella is widely distributed, and not uncommon on the Florida Keys, where it was first discovered by J. L. Blodgett. It generally grows under the shade of larger trees in dense forests composed of Sideroxylon , Lysiloma , Swietenia , Bursera , Hypelate , Dipholis , and Nectandra . [6]

Canella was one of the first American trees to attract the attention of Europeans, and it is mentioned in the accounts of many of the early voyages to America: [6]

We found there a tree whose leaf had the finest smell of cloves that I have ever met with; it was like a laurel leaf, but not so large: but I think it was a species of laurel.

—  Diego Álvarez Chanca, January 1494 [10]

The white bark, the brilliant deep green foliage, and crimson fruit make the Canella one of the most ornamental of the smaller south Florida trees. It was introduced into England in 1738, and was first cultivated in Europe by Philip Miller. [6]

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References

  1. ↑ IUCN SSC Global Tree Specialist Group; Botanic Gardens Conservation International (BGCI) (2020). "Canella winterana". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2020: e.T181217390A181464875. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T181217390A181464875.en . Retrieved 7 December 2022.
  2. ↑ "Canella winterana (L.) Gaertn". Germplasm Resources Information Network . Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture . Retrieved 2009-10-10.
  3. ↑ Linnaeus, Carl; Murray, Johan Andreas (1784). Systema Vegetabilium (14th ed.). Typis et impensis Jo. Christ. Dieterich. pp.  443–444. Retrieved 2009-10-10.
  4. ↑ Linnaeus, Carl (1753). "Laurus foliis enerviis obovatis obtusis". Species Plantarum. p. 371.
  5. ↑ Austin, Daniel F.; Honychurch, P. Narodny (2004). Florida ethnobotany. CRC Press. pp. 162–164. ISBN   978-0-8493-2332-4.
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Sargent, Charles Sprague; Faxon, Charles Edward (1891). The silva of North America. Vol. 1. Boston, New York: Houghton, Mifflin and company. pp. 35–38. Retrieved 2009-10-11. This article incorporates text from Sargent, which is in the public domain.
  7. ↑ Canella in International Plant Names Index. (see External links below).
  8. ↑ Patrick Browne. 1756. The Civil and Natural History of Jamaica:275. T.Osborne & J. Shipton: London, UK. (See External links below).
  9. ↑ Woodville, William (1792). Medical botany. Vol. 2. London: James Phillips. p. 320.
  10. ↑ Major, Richard Henry, ed. (1847). "A Letter addressed to the Chapter of Seville by Dr. Chanca, native of that city, and physician to the fleet of Columbus, in his second voyage to the West Indies, describing the principal events which occurred during that voyage". Select letters of Christopher Columbus. Vol. 2. p. 23.
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