Chloropyron palmatum

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Chloropyron palmatum
Cordylanthus palmatus.jpg
Scientific classification Red Pencil Icon.png
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Asterids
Order: Lamiales
Family: Orobanchaceae
Genus: Chloropyron
Species:
C. palmatum
Binomial name
Chloropyron palmatum
(Ferris) Tank & J.M.Egger
Synonyms [1] [2]
  • Adenostegia palmataFerris
  • Cordylanthus palmatus(Ferris) J.F.Macbr.

Chloropyron palmatum (formerly Cordylanthus palmatus) is an endangered species of salt-tolerant, flowering plant in the family Orobanchaceae. It is a low, highly branched herbaceous annual with each flower enclosed by a single, characteristically palmate bract. It is known by the common names of palmate salty bird's-beak [1] [3] and palmate-bract bird's-beak. [1]

Contents

Names

A 2016 list recorded the following vernacular names for this species:

palmate salty bird's-beak; palmate bird's-beak; palmate-bracted bird's-beak; palmate-bract bird's-beak; palm-bract bird's-beak; and Ferris's bird's-beak. [4]

Note: Variations in apostrophe & hyphen use are omitted here. Also, some names may have been taken from Wikipedia.

Taxonomy

The Californian botanist Roxana Stinchfield Ferris first described this species as Adenostegia palmata in 1918. [5] [6] Ferris had already mentioned that her usage of the respected English taxonomist George Bentham's junior synonym Adenostegia may have been incorrect. Bentham had first used the name Adenostegia in 1836 (for Cordylanthus rigidus ), but he then renamed his species using Thomas Nuttall's unpublished manuscript name Cordylanthus , because he liked the etymology of that name more. In three different 1891 publications three different botanical taxonomists, the American Edward Lee Greene, the Austrian Richard Wettstein and the German Otto Kuntze, had all pointed out that Bentham's name had priority, and as such Ferris classified the new taxon in Adenostegia, [6] but nonetheless James Francis Macbride moved the species to the genus Cordylanthus the following year. [7]

In 1947 the Scrophulariaceae expert (these plants were classified in that botanical family at the time) Francis W. Pennell described a neighbouring population as the new species C. carnosulus. [8] [9] In 1958 the Californian taxonomist Philip A. Munz subsumed this taxon as a subspecies of C. palmatus. [10] Curiously, this taxon seems to have been forgotten by the relevant authorities, as it has never been formally synonymised, nor does is appear to still be recognised. [1] [2] [3] [11]

In 2001 Olmstead et al. moved all Cordylanthus taxa from the family figwort family (Scrophulariaceae) to the broomrape family (Orobanchaceae). [12]

In 2009 Tank et al. split the genus Cordylanthus into three genera, moving Cordylanthus palmatus to the new genus Chloropyron . [11]

Description

Chloropyron palmatum is an annual herb [13] growing 10 to 30 centimeters tall. Its leaves are gray-green in color, up to 18 millimeters long, and usually irregularly toothed, although the lower leaves can be entire. [14]

The plant is glandular, and covered in short hairs. It is often encrusted with the salt crystals it has excreted. [14]

The sparse leaves are oblong. The bracts subtending the flowers are lobed along the margin. [14]

The inflorescence is a dense columnar spike of flowers up to 15 centimeters long. Each flower is up to 2 centimeters long and has a fuzzy white pouch, sometimes tinted purple, enclosed in darker sepals. It is subtended by a single palmate bract.

Bracts are 12–18 millimeters long, pale lavender, and deeply divided with 2–3 pairs of lobes, the middle lobe longer than the others (hence "palmate"). [14]

Distribution

San Joaquin River watershed in the Central Valley San Joaquin River watershed.png
San Joaquin River watershed in the Central Valley

The plant is endemic to the Central Valley of California, where it has been recorded in the counties of Colusa, Yolo, Alameda, San Joaquin, Madera and Fresno. [3] The species has been introduced to Glenn County. It has been extirpated from San Joaquin County. [13]

According to one source the plant is currently known from 21 locations [15] in seven metapopulations. [16] The California Native Plant Society, on the other hand, records 14 locations: Kerman*, Tranquillity, Firebaugh*, Poso Farm, Altamont, Livermore, Stockton West*, Grays Bend, Grimes*, Colusa, Arbuckle, Logandale, Maxwell and Moulton Weir. In these areas there are said to be 25 subpopulations, of which 17 are extant, 5 possibly extirpated, and 3 are presumably extirpated -possibly or presumably extirpated populations have an asterisk added to them. Note that the species may still be present in some areas, possibly returning from a seedbank when conditions are favorable. [13]

Ecology

Chloropyron palmatum has likely always been naturally rare because it occurs in a rare type of habitat: an alkali sink. [17] The plant is limited to seasonally-flooded flats with saline and alkaline soils, where it grows with other halophytes such as iodine bush ( Allenrolfea occidentalis ) and alkali heath ( Frankenia salina ). [16] It is a hemiparasite. It occurs from 5 to 155 meters in altitude. It flowers from May to October. [13]

Conservation

It has been federally listed as a endangered species since 1986, as well as by the state of California since 1984. [13] The main threat to its existence is the destruction of its already naturally limited habitat, for agriculture and development uses, with other adverse effects from alteration in hydrology, off-road vehicles, and grazing of livestock. [16]

Related Research Articles

Scrophulariaceae The figwort family of flowering plants

The Scrophulariaceae are a family of flowering plants, commonly known as the figwort family. The plants are annual and perennial herbs, as well as one genus of shrubs. Flowers have bilateral (zygomorphic) or rarely radial (actinomorphic) symmetry. The Scrophulariaceae have a cosmopolitan distribution, with the majority found in temperate areas, including tropical mountains. The family name is based on the name of the included genus Scrophularia L.

Orobanchaceae Family of flowering plants known as broomrapes

Orobanchaceae, the broomrapes, is a family of mostly parasitic plants of the order Lamiales, with about 90 genera and more than 2000 species. Many of these genera were formerly included in the family Scrophulariaceae sensu lato. With its new circumscription, Orobanchaceae forms a distinct, monophyletic family. From a phylogenetic perspective, it is defined as the largest crown clade containing Orobanche major and relatives, but neither Paulownia tomentosa nor Phryma leptostachya nor Mazus japonicus.

Cordylanthus capitatus, the Yakima bird's-beak or clustered bird's-beak, is an uncommon plant of the Western U.S.

<i>Cordylanthus</i> A genus of flowering plants belonging to the broomrape family

Cordylanthus, commonly known as bird's beaks, is a genus of parasitic plants in the broomrape family, Orobanchaceae. These western North American natives are sparse, weedy-looking annuals with long branching erect stems and little foliage, and many bear bird's-beak–shaped flowers. They are remarkable among the broomrapes for growing at searing temperatures in arid climates.

<i>Chloropyron maritimum</i> Species of flowering plant

Chloropyron maritimum is a rare species of flowering plant in the family Orobanchaceae known by the common names salt marsh bird's beak and Point Reyes bird's beak, depending on the specific subspecies. It was formerly classified as Cordylanthus maritimus.

<i>Cordylanthus rigidus</i> Species of flowering plant

Cordylanthus rigidus is a species of flowering plant in the family Orobanchaceae known by the common name stiffbranch bird's beak.

<i>Protea scolymocephala</i> Species of flowering plant in the family Proteaceae

Protea scolymocephala, also known as the thistle protea or thistle sugarbush, is a flowering plant from the genus Protea native to South Africa.

<i>Kopsiopsis hookeri</i> Species of flowering plant

Kopsiopsis hookeri is a species of parasitic plant in the family Orobanchaceae known by as Vancouver groundcone or small groundcone.

<i>Kopsiopsis strobilacea</i> Species of plant

Kopsiopsis strobilacea, the California groundcone, is a species of parasitic plant in the family Orobanchaceae. It is native to California and southern Oregon, where it grows in wooded areas and chaparral. It is a parasite of manzanitas and madrones, which it parasitizes by penetrating them with haustoria to tap nutrients. The groundcone is visible aboveground as a dark purplish or reddish to brown inflorescence up to 18 cm (7.1 in) long. Pale-margined purple flowers emerge from between the overlapping bracts.

Cordylanthus nevinii is a species of flowering plant in the family Orobanchaceae known by the common name Nevin's bird's beak. It is native to pine and oak forests and woodlands in southern California, western Arizona, and northern Baja California.

<i>Cordylanthus nidularius</i> Species of flowering plant

Cordylanthus nidularius is a rare species of flowering plant in the family Orobanchaceae known by the common name Mt. Diablo bird's beak.

Cordylanthus orcuttianus is a rare species of flowering plant in the family Orobanchaceae known by the common name Orcutt's bird's beak. It is native to Baja California and southern San Diego County, California, where few populations are known. It is a plant of coastal scrub habitat. This annual herb grows to a maximum of half a meter in height and is green to reddish-green in color and coated in stiff hairs. The leaves are up to 8 centimeters long and dissected into narrow segments. The inflorescence is a very dense cluster of flowers surrounded by bracts which are divided into narrow segments like the leaves. Each flower is up to 2.5 centimeters long and is made up of a yellow-tipped white fibrous pouch enclosed by a calyx of sepals.

<i>Cordylanthus parviflorus</i> Species of flowering plant

Cordylanthus parviflorus is a species of flowering plant in the family Orobanchaceae known by the common name purple bird's beak. It is native to the western United States where it grows in several types of habitat, including the sagebrush steppe of the Great Basin. It is an annual herb, red-tinted gray-green in color, and hairy, glandular, and sticky in texture. It grows 20 to 60 centimeters tall. The inflorescence bears flowers accompanied by hairy, lobed red-green bracts. The flower is up to 2 centimeters long, made up of a dark-veined pink pouch enveloped in darker sepals.

Cordylanthus pilosus is a species of flowering plant in the family Orobanchaceae known by the common name hairy bird's beak. It is endemic to the mountain ranges and foothills of northern California, where it grows in woodland and chaparral habitat, often on serpentine soils. There are three subspecies, each mainly limited to a different section of mountains. In general this annual herb is erect and branching, reaching a maximum height anywhere between 20 centimeters and 1.2 meters. It is purple-tinted gray-green in color and usually quite hairy in texture, the hairs sometimes associated with sticky glands. The branches have sparse tufts of small linear leaves. The flowers of the inflorescence have bracts which may be linear in shape or lobed, each lobe knobby or notched. The flower is up to 2 centimeters long and has a whitish pouch marked with yellow and purple enclosed in hairy sepals.

<i>Cordylanthus ramosus</i> Species of flowering plant

Cordylanthus ramosus is a species of flowering plant in the family Orobanchaceae known by the common name bushy bird's beak. It is native to the western United States where it grows in mountains and plateau, including the sagebrush of the Great Basin. It is an annual herb producing an erect, branching gray-green form, often tinted with red, becoming bushy at its most robust and appearing not unlike a sagebrush. The small leaves are narrow and linear or divided into several narrow, thready lobes. The inflorescence is a small spike of a few flowers surrounded by bracts which are linear or divided into narrow, thready lobes like the leaves. The bracts are faintly woolly and occasionally bristly in texture. The flower is one to two centimeters long with a hairy yellow pouch enclosed in darker, tougher reddish sepals. This plant had a number of historical medicinal uses for the Navajo people, who used it as an emetic.

Delevan National Wildlife Refuge

The Delevan National Wildlife Refuge is one of six refuges in the Sacramento National Wildlife Refuge Complex in the Sacramento Valley of central northern California.

Castilleja beldingii is a species of hemiparasitic plant in the broomrape family, formerly the only species in the genus Clevelandia, it was moved to the genus Castilleja, the 'indian paintbrushes', in 2009.

Protea pudens, also known as the bashful sugarbush, is a low-growing, groundcover-like, flowering shrub in the genus Protea. It is only found growing in the wild in a small area in the Western Cape province of South Africa.

<i>Protea burchellii</i>

Protea burchellii, also known as Burchell's sugarbush, is a flowering shrub in the genus Protea, which is endemic to the southwestern Cape Region of South Africa.

<i>Chloropyron</i> Genus of plants

Chloropyron is a genus of plants in the botanical family Orobanchaceae. The plants of this group were formerly classified in the subgenus Hemistegia of the genus Cordylanthus, but were elevated to genus level by David C. Tank, John Mark Egger and Richard G. Olmstead in 2009 after molecular phylogenetic work.

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 "Chloropyron palmatum". Germplasm Resources Information Network . United States Department of Agriculture . Retrieved 19 January 2018.
  2. 1 2 "Chloropyron palmatum (Ferris) Tank & J.M.Egger". Plants of the World Online . Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 2017. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  3. 1 2 3 Wetherwax, Margriet; Tank, David C. (2012). "Chloropyron palmatum". Jepson eFlora (JM2). Jepson Flora Project, Regents of the University of California. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  4. ↑ Painter, Elizabeth (1 May 2016). "Chloropyron palmatum". Common (vernacular) names applied to California vascular plants. Regents of the University of California. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  5. ↑ "Adenostegia palmata". International Plant Names Index . The Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Harvard University Herbaria & Libraries and Australian National Botanic Gardens. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  6. 1 2 Stinchfield Ferris, Roxana (1918). "Taxonomy and distribution of Adenostegia". Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club. 45: 399–423. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  7. ↑ "Cordylanthus palmatus". International Plant Names Index . The Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Harvard University Herbaria & Libraries and Australian National Botanic Gardens. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  8. ↑ "Cordylanthus carnosulus". International Plant Names Index . The Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Harvard University Herbaria & Libraries and Australian National Botanic Gardens. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  9. ↑ Pennell, Francis W. (1947). "Some Hitherto Undescribed Scrophulariaceae of the Pacific States". Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. 99: 155–199. Retrieved 13 November 2020.
  10. ↑ "Cordylanthus palmatus subsp. carnosulus". International Plant Names Index . The Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Harvard University Herbaria & Libraries and Australian National Botanic Gardens. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  11. 1 2 Tank, David C.; Egger, John Mark; Olmstead, Richard G. (March 2009). "Phylogenetic classification of subtribe Castillejinae (Orobanchaceae)". Systematic Botany. 34 (1): 182–197. doi:10.1600/036364409787602357 . Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  12. ↑ Olmstead, Richard G.; Depamphilis, Claude W.; Wolfe, Andrea D.; Young, Nelson D.; Elisons, Wayne J.; Reeves, Patrick A. (February 2001). "Disintegration of the Scrophulariaceae". American Journal of Botany. 88 (2): 348–361. doi: 10.2307/2657024 . Retrieved 20 Apr 2021.
  13. 1 2 3 4 5 "Chloropyron palmatum". Inventory of Rare and Endangered Plants of California (online edition, v8-03). California Native Plant Society. 2018. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  14. 1 2 3 4 Coats, Robert; Showers, Mary Ann; Pavlik, Bruce (1988), A management plan for the Springtown alkali sink wetlands and the endangered plant Cordylanthus palmatus, California Department of Fish and Game, p. 92, retrieved 10 Apr 2021
  15. ↑ Sacramento Fish & Wildlife
  16. 1 2 3 CSU Stanislaus Endangered Species Recovery Program
  17. ↑ Coats, Robert; Showers, Mary Ann; Pavlik, Bruce (January 1993). "Management plan for an alkali sink and its endangered plant Cordylanthus palmatus". Environmental Management. 17 (1): 115–127. doi:10.1007/BF02393800.

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