Citizens for Constitutional Freedom

Citizens for Constitutional Freedom

Citizens for Constitutional Freedom logo
Owner	Ammon Bundy
URL	People for Constitutional Freedom: c4cf.com citizens4constitutionalfreedom.com p4cf.com
Current status	Online

Citizens for Constitutional Freedom (C4CF), later also known as People for Constitutional Freedom (P4CF), was the name taken on January 4, 2016, by an armed private U.S. militia that occupied the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service's Malheur National Wildlife Refuge headquarters in the U.S. state of Oregon from January 2 to February 11, 2016. ^{[1] [2]} The leader of the organization was Ammon Bundy, ^{[1] [3]} son of Cliven D. Bundy, who engaged in a standoff with the federal government over grazing rights on federal land. ^{[4] [5]}

Eight of its members, including Ammon Bundy, were arrested on January 26, 2016 ^[6] while a ninth member, Robert "LaVoy" Finicum, was shot and killed by law enforcement officers. ^{[7] [8]} This was followed by a number of other arrests that eventually culminated in the end of the occupation. ^[2] A total of 27 people were charged under federal law with a variety of offenses, including a single count of felony conspiracy. ^{[9] [10] [11]} Their trials were scheduled to start on September 7, 2016, and February 14, 2017. ^{[12] [13]}

During the occupation, the militia group claimed that the United States Constitution allows the federal government of the United States to own only a small amount of land, and that the government can acquire land in states only with the state's consent. ^[14] Such claims have been repeatedly rejected by federal courts, including the United States Supreme Court; the property clause of the United States Constitution grants plenary authority to Congress to manage federal property, including land. ^{[15] [16]}

Known members

Main articles: Occupation of the Malheur National Wildlife Refuge and Timeline of the occupation of the Malheur National Wildlife Refuge

A total of at least 34 people from 13 states are known to have served roles in the group during the occupation. Some have had a history of criminal activity and prior involvement in right-wing activism. ^[17] They are:

Indicted

• Dylan Wade Anderson, 34, of Provo, Utah, identified himself as "Captain Moroni" in reference to a figure in the Book of Mormon who rescues his people by raising a flag called a "title of liberty" against an evil force. ^[18] He was arrested by the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) on January 27 at a checkpoint outside the refuge. ^[19]
• Sandra Lynn Anderson, 48, of Riggins, Idaho, surrendered to the FBI on February 11 and was arrested. ^[20] She was a former barber and cosmetologist who recently moved from Wisconsin to Idaho. ^[21]
• Sean Larry Anderson, 47, of Riggins, Idaho (husband of Sandra Anderson), surrendered to the FBI on February 11 and was arrested. ^[20] Prior to the occupation, he owned an outdoor supplies store in Riggins. ^[21] Anderson had an outstanding bench warrant related to an August 2014 arrest and had been charged with resisting an officer, possession of THC, and drug paraphernalia, all misdemeanors. He was previously convicted of misdemeanor disorderly conduct in 1998, 2008, and 2009, and of criminal trespassing in 2002, all in Wisconsin. He was one of the last four remaining holdouts and unsuccessfully tried to bargain to get the warrant dropped prior to his arrest. ^[22] He and Jake Ryan were responsible for digging a large trench on an archaeological site at the refuge, which was considered sacred to the Burns Paiute Tribe. ^[23]
• Jeff Wayne Banta, 46, of Yerington, Nevada, surrendered to the FBI on February 11 and was arrested. ^[20] He was a carpenter who reportedly went to the refuge to assist in the occupation after seeing an online video about the Bureau of Land Management (BLM). ^[24]
• Jason Charles Blomgren, also known as "Joker J," 41, of Murphy, North Carolina, was arrested on February 11 in Bunkerville, Nevada, after being named in an indictment. ^{[17] [25] [26]}
• Ammon Edward Bundy, 40, of Emmett, Idaho, is a car fleet manager and was the leader of the occupation until his arrest on January 26 during a traffic stop on U.S. Route 395 in Harney County, Oregon. ^{[27] [28]} On April 10, 2014, he was videotaped being tasered by federal agents when protesters surrounded a civilian driving a BLM-owned truck. ^[29] According to Bundy, he began leading the occupation after receiving a divine message ordering him to do so. ^{[30] [31]}
• Ryan C. Bundy, 43, of Mesquite, Nevada, ^[28] is the brother of Ammon Bundy. ^[32] As he was being arrested in January 2015 in Cedar City, Utah, on a warrant for interfering with an animal control officer, Bundy allegedly resisted arrest and was given additional charges. ^{[33] [34]} In 2014, Ryan organized and conducted an illegal ATV ride to protest ATV restrictions on federal property which were meant to protect the archaeological sites there. ^[35] In March 2015, Ryan harassed and threatened BLM employees during a city hall presentation regarding a BLM Land Management Plan related to Gold Butte, Nevada. ^[36] Ryan was lightly wounded while being arrested on January 26 during a traffic stop on U.S. Route 395 in Harney County, Oregon. ^[7] Ryan is believed to have planned and organized actions taken during the occupation, and recruited other supporters. ^[17] Awaiting trial on charges stemming from the occupation, Ryan, who is representing himself, filed a motion with the court claiming he was incompetent. According to Oregon Public Broadcasting, Bundy wrote to the court: "I, ryan c, man, am an idiot of the ‘Legal Society’; and; am an idiot (layman, outsider) of the ‘Bar Association’; and; i am incompetent; and; am not required by any law to be competent. [ sic ]" His motion was denied. ^[37]
• Brian D. Cavalier, also known as "Booda" or "Booda Bear," ^[28] 44, of Bunkerville, Nevada, ^[38] was involved in the 2014 Bundy standoff in Nevada and had described himself as a "personal bodyguard" to Cliven Bundy during that time. After leaving the refuge on January 5, Cavalier was arrested in Maricopa County, Arizona, on an outstanding warrant and later released. ^{[17] [39]} According to prosecutors, his access to firearms is restricted due to his criminal record, but he has nonetheless consistently possessed weapons. ^[40] Cavalier was convicted in Arizona of misdemeanor theft in 2014, and misdemeanor extreme DUI in 2005. Cavalier has claimed to have served in the U.S. Marine Corps, but the Corps has stated it has no record of Cavalier. ^{[39] [41]} He was arrested on January 26 during a traffic stop on U.S. Route 395 in Harney County, Oregon. ^[7]

Blaine Cooper, 2014

• Blaine Cooper, also known as Stanley Blaine Hicks, 36, of Dewey-Humboldt, Arizona, ^{[42] [43]} was arrested in Utah on February 11 for his role in the occupation, after traveling there in an "armed convoy" to attend a memorial for fellow militant LaVoy Finicum. ^{[25] [44]} He enlisted in the U.S. Marine Corps through the Delayed Entry Program, but according to service records, he never reported for Marine recruit training. ^{[45] [46]} He had been convicted in Arizona of felony aggravated assault in 2009. ^[42] In 2013, during a town hall meeting hosted by U.S. Senator John McCain, Cooper called for McCain to be arrested for treason. ^{[45] [46] [47]}
• Shawna Cox, 59, of Kanab, Utah, ^[48] was arrested on January 26 during a traffic stop on U.S. Route 395 in Harney County, Oregon. ^[7] A friend of the Bundy family, ^{[17] [49]} she, along with her husband, owned and operated small, local businesses and rental properties. ^[50]
• Travis Levi Cox, 21, of Redmond, Oregon, the youngest of the militants, ^[51] was on the run from federal authorities after being named in an indictment. He was arrested in Utah on April 12 and held in a county jail in Cedar City, Utah. ^{[52] [53] [54] [55]}
• Duane Leo Ehmer, 45, of Irrigon, Oregon, was arrested by the FBI at a checkpoint outside the refuge on January 27. ^{[19] [17]} He was frequently photographed with his horse at the refuge. He is a convicted felon banned from possessing firearms, but he, too, was carrying a pistol when he was arrested in January, according to the records. Prosecutors said he also recently posted a photo on Facebook with the threatening caption: "The only way to win a war is to kill enough of the enemy that they do not want to fight anymore." ^{[19] [40]}
• Eric Lee Flores, 22, of Tulalip Bay, Washington, was arrested in his hometown on February 11 after being named in an indictment. ^{[17] [25] [26]} A member of the Tulalip Tribes, he had been living on the reservation with his fiancée and their six-month-old daughter before the occupation, and also had plans of joining the U.S. Army. During the occupation, Flores traveled back and forth between Burns, Oregon, and Tulalip Bay, Washington, and intermittently served as part of the group's "security detail." ^[56]
• David Lee Fry, 27, of Blanchester, Ohio, was the last militant to be arrested at the refuge, surrendering to the FBI on February 11. ^[20] Prior to the occupation, he maintained a social media account and made posts mentioning ISIS and Adolf Hitler, and calling for U.S. President Barack Obama to be found guilty of treason and executed. He had a criminal record that included convictions for possession of drugs and related paraphernalia. ^[21]
• Wesley Kjar, 32, of Manti, Utah, was arrested on February 11 after being named in an indictment. ^{[25] [26]} At the time of his arrest, he had been hauling a trailer containing firearms and magazines. During the occupation, Kjar was quoted in news reports as saying he "wouldn't hesitate to stand between a bullet and Ammon Bundy." ^[57]
• Corey Lequieu, 44, of Fallon, Nevada, left the refuge immediately after Finicum's death on January 26, ^{[17] [58]} though he was arrested on February 11 after being named in an indictment. ^{[25] [26]} He served six years in the U.S. Army and had been working for a Fallon trash-haul company prior to the occupation. According to prosecutors, Lequieu made violent threats against the BLM and the FBI, and had been openly declaring his intentions to kill police officers in Harney County, Oregon. ^[52]
• Kenneth Medenbach, 62, of Crescent, Oregon, was apprehended by the Oregon State Police in Burns on January 15, while driving a government vehicle stolen from the refuge facility; a second vehicle stolen from the wildlife refuge was also recovered at the scene. Both vehicles bore altered markings of "Harney County Resource Center" on the doors, the unofficial name the militants have used for the refuge since shortly after the takeover. ^{[59] [60]} Medenbach previously had a history of troubles with the law, including a prior conviction for illegal occupation of government land that included setting up a makeshift shelter with booby traps and a stockpile of explosives, and was on bail awaiting trial for a similar charge from 2015. ^[61] Medenbach reportedly used many legal quirks and filed legal documents in a way consistent with the anti-government sovereign citizen movement. Medenbach had previously told news reporters that "the Lord's telling me to possess the land, and I can legally do it, because the U.S. Constitution says the government does not own the land." ^[62]
• Joseph Donald O'Shaughnessy, 43, of Cottonwood, Arizona, ^[38] was arrested by the FBI on January 26 in Burns. He has previously been arrested for disorderly conduct, domestic violence and drug offenses, according to court records. O'Shaughnessy has argued that he was not a member of the group, being a member of an unrelated militia, ^[17] but was trying to keep the peace at the refuge. ^{[48] [40]}
• Jason Patrick, 43, of Bonaire, Georgia, a roofing contractor, ^[42] was arrested by the FBI on January 27 at a checkpoint outside the refuge. ^[19] Patrick, one of the last holdouts at the refuge, faced charges in August 2014 of "making terrorist threats" after he "threatened to kill everyone" inside a Georgia municipal court building, according to prosecutors. Patrick posted bond in that case and was released, but agreed not to possess weapons—a condition that he has since violated. He was photographed with guns during the occupation, prosecutors noted. ^{[19] [40]} Initially offering guided tours for journalists during the start of the occupation, ^[63] Patrick seemed to become the group's new leader following Ammon Bundy's arrest on January 26. ^[17]
• Ryan Waylen Payne, 32, of Anaconda, Montana, ^{[28] [64]} is an electrician and a U.S. Army veteran who served in Iraq. He is a founding member of the West Mountain Rangers, a militia group from Montana. ^{[42] [65] [66] [67]} During the Bundy standoff in 2014, Payne claimed to have organized a team of militia sharpshooters. ^[46] During the occupation, Payne commented that they would "be here for as long as it takes." However, he further remarked that his group was not violent, but it was possible that the standoff could turn violent. ^[68] Payne was arrested and taken into custody on January 26 during a traffic stop on U.S. Route 395 in Harney County, Oregon. ^{[69] [70] [71] [72]} He helped coordinate community meetings outside the refuge during the occupation. ^[17]

Jon Ritzheimer, pictured here in May 2015, was identified as one of the leaders of the militant occupation.

• Jon Eric Ritzheimer, 32, of Peoria, Arizona, ^[28] is an anti-government and anti-Islam militant affiliated with the 3 Percenters ^[73] and formerly associated with the controversial Oath Keepers group. ^{[74] [75]} He voluntarily surrendered to the FBI on January 26 in his hometown of Peoria, Arizona. ^{[7] [76] [77]}
• Jake Edward Ryan, 27, of Plains, Montana, was named in an indictment on February 11. He was arrested on April 6 after spending two weeks on the run from authorities. ^[11] Ryan was found hiding in a shed armed with a loaded .45-caliber handgun and several knives. He and Sean Anderson were responsible for digging a large trench on an archaeological site at the refuge, which was considered sacred to the Burns Paiute Tribe. ^[23]
• Peter Santilli, 50, of Cincinnati, Ohio, is a conservative media host who live-streamed the occupation until his arrest by the FBI on January 26 in Burns. He was the first person to report Finicum's shooting and the arrests on U.S. Route 395. Santilli previously bragged on YouTube about refusing to turn in his guns in violation of a restraining order filed against him. Santilli, who is a vocal supporter of the Bundys, argued that he was a journalist covering the protests. ^{[17] [7] [40] [78]} He has also been charged with 16 federal felonies, each attracting sentences of between 5 and 20 years and fines of up to US$250,000 per count, relating to the earlier standoff in Nevada. ^[79] His arrest prompted an outcry from civil liberties advocates, including the American Civil Liberties Union, who stood by his assertion that he was simply covering the occupation. ^{[17] [80]}
• Geoffrey Alan Stanek, 26, of Lafayette, Oregon, was arrested in Forest Grove, Oregon, on February 11 after being named in an indictment the previous day. ^{[17] [25] [26] [53] [81]} He served in the U.S. Army for three years before being honorably discharged. ^[82]
• Darryl William Thorn, 31, of Marysville, Washington, was arrested in Bend, Oregon, on February 11 after being named in an indictment. ^{[17] [25] [26]} A worker in Bremerton, Washington, he was a friend of fellow militant Eric Lee Flores, who he met in their shared association with the 3 Percenters. ^[56]
• Neil Sigurd Wampler, 68, of Los Osos, California, is a camp cook and a retired woodworker. He was convicted in 1977 of second-degree murder for killing his father and as a result is prohibited from possessing firearms, which Wampler has frequently protested. ^{[17] [83]} He was arrested on February 11 after being named in an indictment. ^{[25] [26]}
• Scott Alan Willingham, 49, an unemployed musician who had been part of a "security detail" during the occupation, was arrested on March 17 by a Grant County, Oregon, sheriff's deputy in Mount Vernon, Oregon, and charged with weapons offenses after threatening to shoot federal law enforcement officers unless he was arrested for his role in the occupation. ^[84] On March 23, he was transferred into federal custody after being indicted on two federal charges of stealing government property in relation to his stealing of a camera and related equipment worth more than US$1,000 from a utility pole at a transformer station. ^{[85] [86]}

Others

The following militants were reported as avoiding arrest and prosecution related to the occupation:

• Melvin D. Bundy, 41, of Round Mountain, Nevada, is the brother of Ammon and Ryan Bundy. Like his brothers, he opposed the BLM, signing a Change.org petition that opposed restrictions imposed on public lands located in St. George, Utah. He reportedly left the refuge early on in the occupation and is currently not charged for his role. ^{[17] [42]} However, he was arrested by federal agents on March 3 following his indictment in connection with the 2014 Bundy standoff in Nevada.
• Melissa Cooper of Dewey-Humboldt, Arizona, is the wife of Blaine Cooper and an employee of a warehouse. She was a cook at the refuge during the occupation. ^{[17] [87]}
• Gerald A. DeLemus, 61, of Rochester, New Hampshire, the co-chair of Veterans for Trump in New Hampshire, made headlines in January when he traveled to Malheur to meet with the militants. DeLemus said at the time he was acting on his own and not as a representative of the Donald Trump presidential campaign. ^[88] He was arrested on March 3 following his indictment in connection with the 2014 Bundy standoff in Nevada. DeLemus is facing nine federal charges based on an indictment brought in Nevada, including conspiracy to commit an offense against the United States, threatening a federal law enforcement officer, assault on a federal officer, obstruction of justice, attempting to impede or injure a federal law enforcement officer, interference with interstate commerce by extortion, and several firearms charges, according to court records. ^[89]
• Brandon Dowd, 31, of Pine Bluff, Arkansas, one of only two known militants of non-Caucasian heritage, was observed by The Guardian conducting armed security duty at the refuge during the occupation. He encouraged people to visit the refuge and be educated about constitutional rights, and stated that he had been inspired by the 2014 Bundy standoff. Dowd was not among those named in an indictment. He was, however, arrested on February 8 in Harney County, Oregon, for an unrelated May 2015 firearm theft case in Kansas. ^{[17] [90] [91]}
• Michael Ray Emry, 54, of Boise, Idaho, was taken into custody by the FBI on May 6 in John Day, Oregon, on federal weapons charges, though he was not charged for his activities at the refuge. ^[92] He had been found to be in possession of a stolen fully automatic .50-caliber M2 Browning heavy machine gun. The serial number on the weapon was found to have been removed. Before the occupation, Emry had a history of bomb-making and assisted people in airing their anti-government views. ^{[92] [93] [94] [95] [96]} According to fellow militant Scott Alan Willingham, Emry spent time at the refuge for media purposes and to share his expertise with weapons, and supplied another militant at the refuge with a semi-automatic AK-47 rifle. ^[97]
• Robert "LaVoy" Finicum (January 27, 1961 – January 26, 2016), ^[28] was a Northern Arizona rancher whose cattle grazed on BLM land, maintained that he owned grazing rights on that land through natural law as his friend Cliven Bundy had also maintained. ^[98] He was shot dead by Oregon State Police officers on January 26 while resisting arrest on U.S. Route 395 in Harney County, Oregon. ^{[7] [99] [100]}
• Debra Carter Pope, also known as Debra Bass, 61, of Fallon, Nevada, is the fiancée of Corey Lequieu. She was a former sheriff's deputy and is a U.S. Air Force veteran. Alongside Melissa Cooper, she was a cook at the refuge. ^{[17] [87] [101]}

Motives for the occupation

See also: Occupation of the Malheur National Wildlife Refuge § Background

The motivation for the occupation was the control and use of federal lands, which the militants wanted transferred to private ownership or to Harney County, Oregon, control. ^{[102] [103] [104] [105]} There is a long history of conflicting interests between different citizens on federal lands, specifically in this case between ranchers and environmentalists. Ranchers have a long history of using federal lands to graze livestock, which was unregulated until the enactment of the Taylor Grazing Act of 1934. ^[106] Overgrazing can damage or destroy habitats for the livestock themselves and for wildlife. Environmental restrictions like the National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 and the Endangered Species Act of 1973, intended to protect wildlife and the environment, have been increasing over time, placing a burden on ranchers or even putting them out of business. A specific, relevant example was the case of Cliven Bundy, the father of militant Ammon Bundy. In that case, the government determined that Bundy's cattle were damaging the habitat of the desert tortoise, an endangered species. He was subsequently ordered to greatly reduce the number of cattle on federal rangeland on which he had grazing rights, but Bundy refused and also stopped paying grazing fees. The government began removing the trespass cattle, resulting in the 2014 Bundy standoff. Similarities were drawn between the occupation and the Sagebrush Rebellion and wise use movements. ^[107]

Ammon and Ryan Bundy are members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). ^{[31] [108]} They and some of the other militants have cited the Mormon scripture as justification for defying government authority. After the occupation began, the LDS Church issued a statement, strongly condemning the seizure and that the armed occupation can in no way be justified on a scriptural basis. ^{[108] [109] [110] [111]} Alex Beam describes the Bundys as "Mormon religious fanatics." ^[112]

Cliven Bundy has frequently made references to the Book of Mormon in his conflicts with the United States government for years. According to Oregon Public Broadcasting (OPB), during the family's 2014 standoff, Bundy used banners quoting Captain Moroni: "In memory of our God, our religion, and freedom, and our peace, our wives, and our children." ^[113] Ammon Bundy used much of the same language as his father, "mixing Mormon religious symbolism with a disgust of the federal government," according to OPB reporter John Sepulvado. One member of Ammon's militant group refused to give any other name to the press than "Captain Moroni, from Utah" ^[114] and was quoted as saying, "I didn't come here to shoot I came here to die." ^[115]

In an op-ed, Chris Zinda of The Independent, published in St. George, Utah, references a relevant work:

Many people do not know that Cliven Bundy, along with his former neighbor Keith Nay, self-published a book titled 'Nay Book' that is a combination of LDS theology and Skousen constitutional theory. Written in the late 1990s, it is the revelatory playbook that Cliven used in 2014 in Bunkerville and that his sons used in Malheur in 2016. It is a vivid example of how his 1950s–80s John Birch Society/Skousen indoctrination formulated his adulthood opinions that have since been passed on to his posterity and beyond. ^[116]

Before, during, or after the occupation, several militants and a few reported visitors to the refuge espoused connections or used language commonly used by the sovereign citizen movement. Also during the occupation, one visitor, a self-proclaimed judge from Colorado named Bruce Doucette, announced that a "citizens grand jury" would be convened, a common tactic of sovereign citizen groups. ^{[117] [118] [119]} Ryan Bundy's court filings have been noted to contain sovereign citizen rhetoric, ^[37] while Shawna Cox explicitly claimed to be a "sovereign citizen" in a filed countersuit. ^[120]

Criminal charges against militants

As of March 23,2016 ^[update] , 27 people involved in the occupation have been charged under federal law; of those, 26 have been indicted for a single federal felony count of conspiracy to impede officers of the U.S. from discharging their official duties through the use of force, intimidation, or threats. ^[10] A number of those under indictment on the conspiracy charge are also charged with a variety of other counts, some of which incur sentences up to life imprisonment, including possession of firearms and dangerous weapons in federal facilities, use and carry of firearms in relation to a crime of violence, depredation of government property (relating to damaging the site "by means of excavation and the use of heavy equipment"), and theft of government property. ^{[121] [122]} In addition, several of those under indictment in Oregon have also been indicted separately for their roles in the 2014 Bundy standoff in Nevada. ^[123]

The indictees and their initial charges were:

Name	Trial date (Oregon)	Sentence (prison in years / probation or supervised release in years / restitution in US$)	Conspiracy to impede officers of the U.S.	Possession of firearms and dangerous weapons in federal facilities	Use and carry of firearm in relation to a crime of violence	Depredation of government property	Theft of government property	Separate charges related to Bundy standoff
Dylan Wade Anderson	2/14/17	1 year probation [124]	X	X
Sandra Lynn Anderson	2/14/17	1 year probation [124]	X	X
Sean Larry Anderson	2/14/17	1 year probation [124]	X	X	X(1)	X
Jeff Wayne Banta	9/7/16		X(9)	X(9)
Jason Charles Blomgren	PG	TBD	X	X(3)
Ammon Edward Bundy	9/7/16		X(9)	X(9)	X(1)			X
Ryan C. Bundy	9/7/16		X(9)	X(9)	X(1)		X(10)	X
Brian D. Cavalier	PG	TS (9 months) / 3 / TBD [125] [126]	X	X	X(1)			X
Blaine Cooper	PG	TBD	X					X
Shawna Cox	9/7/16		X(9)	X(8)
Travis Levi Cox	PG	2 years probation. [124]	X	X(4)
Duane Ehmer	2/14/17	366 days [127]	X(11)
Eric Lee Flores	PG	2 years probation [124]	X	X(4)
David Lee Fry	9/7/16		X(9)	X(9)	X(1)
Wesley Kjar	PG	TBD	X	X(3)
Corey Lequieu	PG	2½ / 3 / TBD [128]	X	X(2)	X(2)
Kenneth Medenbach	9/7/16		X(9)				X(9)
Joseph Donald O'Shaughnessy	PG	TBD	X					X
Jason Patrick	2/14/17		X	X	X(1)
Ryan Waylen Payne	PG	TBD	X	X(5)	X(1)			X
Jon Eric Ritzheimer	PG	TBD	X	X(6)	X(1)		X(6)
Jake Edward Ryan	2/14/17	366 days plus 60 days [129]	X	X		X
Peter Santilli	9/7/16		X(7)					X
Geoffrey Alan Stanek	PG	Two years probation [130]	X	X(3)
Darryl William Thorn	2/14/17	1.5 years n/a $5000 [131]	X	X
Neil Sigurd Wampler	9/7/16		X(9)
Scott Alan Willingham	PG	TS (190 days) / 2 / TBD [132] [133]					X

Notes:

• (1). Charge dismissed on June 10. ^{[134] [135]}
• (2). Charge will be dismissed at August sentencing. ^[136]
• (3). Charge will be dismissed at October sentencing. ^{[137] [138] [139]}
• (4). Charge will be dismissed at December sentencing. ^{[140] [141]}
• (5). Charge will be dismissed at February 2017 sentencing. ^{[142] [143]}
• (6). Charge will be dismissed at May 2017 sentencing. ^[144]
• (7). Charge dismissed on September 6; no Oregon trial. ^[145]
• (8). Charge dismissed on October 3. ^[146]
• (9). Not guilty verdict declared for charge on October 27. ^[147]
• (10). Hung jury declared for charge on October 27. ^[147]
• (11). Acquitted of the initial conspiracy charge, but found guilty of digging ditches. ^[148]
• PG. Pleaded guilty.
• TBD. To be determined.
• TS. Time served.

Penalties for the offenses are as follows:

• Conspiracy to impede or injure officer of the U.S.—fine or up to six years' imprisonment ^[149]
• Possession of firearms and dangerous weapons in federal facilities—fine or up to five years' imprisonment if used in the commission of a crime ^[150]
• Use and carry of firearm in relation to a crime of violence—imprisonment for minimum five years to life (dependent on type of firearm used), consecutive to any other sentences passed ^[151]
• Depredation of government property of value greater than US$1,000—fine or up to ten years' imprisonment ^[152]
• Theft of government property of value greater than US$1,000—fine or up to ten years' imprisonment ^[153]

Other arrests and charges

• Cliven D. Bundy, 74, of Bunkerville, Nevada, was arrested on the night of February 10 by the FBI at the Portland International Airport while he was on his way to support the standoff at the refuge. He faces federal charges related to his own standoff with the BLM in 2014. ^[154]
• Joseph Stetson, 54, of Woodburn, Oregon, was arrested on January 25 by the Oregon State Police in Burns for driving under the influence while en route to the refuge. He was drunk and threatened to kill police as he was being arrested. ^[155]

Legal proceedings

Pretrial court appearances

January–February 2016

Ammon Bundy, Ryan Bundy, Ryan Payne, Dylan Anderson, and Jason Patrick all appeared in court on January 29. Ammon Bundy stood in court and explained the motives of the occupation to U.S. Magistrate Judge Stacie F. Beckerman, saying that "[his] only goal from the beginning was to protect freedom for the people." However, he and the other militants were denied bail, with the judge saying she would not release them while the occupation continues. ^{[156] [157] [158]}

Shawna Cox was released on bail on January 29 and ordered to home detention with extensive conditions. ^[159] Nineteen days later, she filed a countersuit against the U.S. government in the U.S. District Court for the District of Oregon. In it, she claimed to be a "sovereign citizen" instead of "a subject of corporate United States of America" and accused any judge who is a member of a state bar association or the Federal Bar Association of being "Foreign Agents operating subversively within United States." ^[120] Her suit demanded "damages from the works of the devil in excess $666,666,666,666.66." ^[160] The document was quickly dismissed by a judge, saying that her claims were "not cognizable in this criminal proceeding and will not be addressed in this case." ^[161] During her home detention, she made online statements about the case and urged people to travel to Montana and provide shelter for militant Jake Edward Ryan, who had been on the run from federal authorities at the time. ^[50]

Duane Ehmer was released on home detention on February 4 and is being monitored via GPS. ^[162] He was released from jail on February 5 after it was ruled that his connections to Irrigon were strong and that he did not pose a flight risk. ^[162]

David Fry, Sean and Sandra Anderson, and Jeff Banta, the last four militants to surrender in the occupation, appeared in court on February 12, a day after their surrender. Also appearing were militants Darryl William Thorn and Geoffrey Stanek. They were all charged with several offenses, with all six pleading not guilty. Stanek claimed that he had gone to the refuge to act as a medic and that he had been cooperating with the investigation, though U.S. District Judge John V. Acosta expressed concerns about him being armed during the occupation and the fact that he had been armed during his arrest. ^[82]

Also on February 12, Wesley Kjar appeared in federal court in Salt Lake City, Utah, while Blaine Cooper made a separate court appearance in St. George, Utah. ^[163] Kjar was denied release from jail with conditions on February 16 after being judged as a flight risk and a danger to the community. ^[57]

Sandra Anderson was released from jail on February 19 under the conditions that she remain in her home state of Idaho unless she needed to make court appearances in Oregon; would not make any contact with the other militants, including her husband; and not possess any firearms. She was also ordered to undergo a mental health evaluation. ^[164] She was released after U.S. Magistrate Judge Janice M. Stewart ruled that she is not a flight risk because she has no criminal history and has held a steady job. ^[165]

Ten of the jailed militants, including Ammon Bundy, appeared in court on February 24, when U.S. District Judge Anna J. Brown stated that she would push to try them on the federal conspiracy charges as soon as possible. During the hearing, several of the militants challenged her assertions; and two of them, Ryan Bundy and Kenneth Medenbach, expressed their wishes to represent themselves. ^[166] Bundy and Medenbach's requests were later granted by Judge Brown. ^[167]

Jeff Banta was released from jail on February 26 under the conditions that he would not make any contact with the other militants and not make any statements in support of illegal activity. ^[168]

March–May 2016

On March 29, a federal judge lifted Shawna Cox's home detention and replaced it with a curfew under the condition that she not make any public comments regarding the case. ^[50]

On April 19, Kenneth Medenbach was convicted by a federal court in Eugene, Oregon, of unlawfully occupying and camping on federal public land managed by the BLM in Josephine County, Oregon, in 2015. ^[169]

On April 28, some of the lawyers of the militants began urging the court to dismiss certain counts specified in the February indictment. They claimed that the federal conspiracy charge was "unconstitutionally vague" and that the firearm charge is inadmissible because a violent crime wasn't committed during the course of the occupation. ^[170]

The militants' lawyers began expressing concerns about an impartial jury during the actual trial on May 4. One lawyer "suggested the possibility of change of venue, and asked a federal judge to approve funding for an analysis of the media attention the case received and, possibly, a survey of community attitudes." U.S. District Judge Anna J. Brown did not respond to the suggestion, but it was reported that she was "more agreeable" to have jurors originate from different areas throughout Oregon rather than just Portland, which was the original plan. ^[171]

On May 11, Jason Patrick was allowed by Judge Brown to represent himself in his case, though his request to not have standby counsel was denied. ^[167]

On May 12, Scott Willingham pleaded guilty to one of two counts of theft of government property filed against him, being the first of the militants to submit a guilty plea. Under a plea bargain, Willingham will face six months in prison, followed by two years of supervised release, and he also agreed to undergo a mental health evaluation and pay an unspecified amount of restitution to the U.S. government. ^{[86] [132] [133]}

On May 19, Corey Lequieu pleaded guilty to conspiracy to impede federal officers as part of a plea bargain deal reached by his attorneys and federal prosecutors, being the first militant to do so. His sentencing was set for August 25, with prosecutors intending to recommend a sentence of two and a half years in prison along with a required payment of restitution to the government. In exchange for the guilty plea, prosecutors agreed to drop the weapons charges as well as charges relating to the 2014 Bundy standoff. ^{[136] [128]}

On May 25, Ammon Bundy's defense team filed a "notice of substitution of counsel" in the U.S. District Court for the District of Oregon, replacing attorneys Lissa Casey and Michael Arnold for Utah attorney J. Morgan Philpot. ^{[172] [173]}

June–August 2016

On June 2, Jake Ryan and Travis Cox were released on bail to family members pending trial. Both men were released under the conditions that their parents report any bail violations; and that the men find employment, obey curfews and travel restrictions, and refrain from contact with militias or participation in other protests or public comment on the case. Prosecutors opposed the motion on the basis of previous attempts by the men to avoid arrest, and commented on the recent ejection of Darryl Thorn from a Donald Trump rally while on similar terms of release. ^[55]

On June 7, Ammon Bundy's lawyer J. Morgan Philpot filed a pro hac vice special admission in the U.S. District Court for the District of Oregon to allow Utah attorney Marcus Mumford to assist him. ^{[173] [174]}

On June 9, Eric Lee Flores pleaded guilty to a federal conspiracy charge as part of a plea bargain deal. ^[140]

On June 10, U.S. District Judge Anna J. Brown dismissed one of two firearms charges against the Bundy brothers, David Fry, Jon Ritzheimer, Ryan Payne, Brian Cavalier, Jason Patrick, and Sean Anderson. She cited that the underlying conspiracy charge does not meet the legal definition of a "crime of violence" as defined by Ninth Circuit case law. ^{[134] [135]}

From June 14 to June 23, Geoffrey Alan Stanek, Jason Blomgren, and Wesley Kjar all pleaded guilty to a federal conspiracy charge as part of plea bargain deals. ^{[137] [138] [139]} On June 29, Brian Cavalier also pleaded guilty to a federal conspiracy charge, as well as a firearms possession charge, as part of a plea bargain deal. Cavalier's plea deal does not affect federal charges pending against him in Nevada. ^{[175] [176] [177]}

On June 30, Ammon Bundy's defense team filed a motion asking for a delay for their client's September 7 trial, explaining they needed more time to prepare for the defense. In the motion, the defense team argued that several pretrial motions were not resolved and Bundy's detention "has rendered it virtually impossible for him to participate meaningfully in his defense." The lawyers also asked the court to "allow Bundy another two months to argue for his release pending trial and to help prepare his defense to challenge the federal charges." ^{[178] [179]} This latest action prompted Bundy's brother Ryan and other militants, on July 1, to file similar motions asking for delays in their trials. ^{[178] [180]} On July 6, U.S. District Judge Anna J. Brown denied Ammon Bundy's defense request for a delay in trial. ^{[181] [182] [183]}

On July 7, Blaine Cooper pleaded guilty to a federal conspiracy charge. ^[184]

On July 19, Ryan Payne pleaded guilty to a federal conspiracy charge for his role in the occupation, as well as three federal charges related to the 2014 Bundy standoff, as part of a plea bargain deal. ^[143]

On July 20, Travis Cox pleaded guilty to a federal conspiracy charge as part of a plea bargain deal. ^[141]

On August 1, Joseph O'Shaughnessy pleaded guilty to a federal conspiracy charge and is expected to do the same to federal charges related to the Bundy standoff. ^[185] That same day, Kenneth Medenbach was sentenced to five years' probation for unlawfully occupying and camping on federal public land in Josephine County, Oregon, in 2015. ^[186]

On August 15, Jon Ritzheimer pleaded guilty to a federal conspiracy charge as part of a plea bargain deal. ^[144]

On August 22, U.S. District Judge Robert E. Jones admonished Duane Ehmer for writing a threatening post against liberal Democrats on Facebook, which has since been deleted. As a result, Jones added a new condition for Ehmer's release, to "not engage in conduct or speech that will incite others to trespass on or destroy federal property, or engage in violence." ^[187]

On August 30, Judge Brown granted Ryan Bundy and Kenneth Medenbach the right to represent themselves, despite Bundy and Medenbach's repeated defiance of her rulings and willingness to violate court orders. Medenbach subsequently agreed to follow Brown's rulings and instructions in exchange. Bundy remained more defiant with this requirement and asserted he would follow rulings only as long as "they are in accordance with the law"; Brown later said she believed that he was "reserving" his right to follow rulings based on his own interpretation of the law, but decided to give him "the benefit of the doubt". ^[188]

Also on August 30, David Fry's lawyer announced his intention to argue that his client suffers from schizotypal personality disorder, claiming that he had been quiet and mostly kept to himself at the refuge during the occupation until the shooting death of LaVoy Finicum. Fry's lawyer also claimed that after Finicum's shooting, Fry became paranoid that federal agents were going to come after him and escalated his actions as a result. ^[189]

September 2016

On September 6, Judge Brown approved federal prosecutors' request to dismiss the federal conspiracy charge against Peter Santilli, the only charge he faced for his role in the occupation. ^[145] He later said that he was not angry over his eight-month ordeal. ^[190]

On September 7, Ammon and Ryan Bundy (through Ammon's lawyers, Philpot and Marcus Mumford), filed a motion seeking to permit his client to wear "cowboy" attire in court. The U.S. Marshals Service has barred the defendants from wearing ties, boots, and belts, citing safety concerns. Denying the motion on grounds that the Bundys not showing their attire would prejudice their case, Judge Brown said Ammon was "dressed better than most people in the building, period." ^{[191] [192] [193]}

Trials

Preparation

The trials for Bundy and six other co-defendants was scheduled to start on September 7, 2016; while a further seven co-defendants were set for trial beginning February 14, 2017. ^{[12] [13] [145]} On August 3, about 1,500 potential jurors were summoned and asked to complete questionnaires that would be reviewed by the attorneys and parties involved in the September 7, 2016, trials. ^[194] Judge Brown previously said the case would require an unusually large jury pool. ^[12]

September 2016

Jury selection for the first set of trials began on September 7, 2016. On that day, eleven of 31 potential jurors were excused for a variety of reasons, such as opinions regarding the occupation and also personal hardships. ^[195] By September 9, 2016, 62 people were identified as potential jurors. ^[196] Twelve jurors (consisting of eight women and four men) and eight alternates were selected by the end of the day. Opening statements were scheduled for September 13, 2016. ^[197]

On September 12, Jeff Banta, one of the defendants for the first set of trials, had to correct Judge Brown's accidental error in leaving out firearms charges while recounting the charges against him. He also said he traveled to the refuge on January 25 to help bring attention to the Hammond arson case, an issue raised by the militants during the occupation's first days. He added that he also wanted to work on the Hammond ranch while Dwight and Steven Hammond were still imprisoned. ^[198]

On September 13, opening statements were given, with a line of about a dozen people present outside the courthouse. ^{[199] [200]} The prosecution argued that Ammon Bundy and the other militants were leading an armed occupation of the refuge and not a political protest. The defense argued that the militants were not intending to interfere with refuge activities, but to restore local control of lands in the Western United States, as they were frustrated by the federal government's grazing and water rights restrictions on public land. ^[199]

On September 14, Sheriff David Ward, who was the lead local law enforcement official during the occupation, was the first to testify against the militants. ^{[199] [201]}

Sentencing

On August 16, Corey Lequieu became the first defendant to be sentenced in the federal conspiracy case against the militants. Judge Brown sentenced him to two-and-a-half years in prison, followed by three years of supervised release, and also ordered him to pay restitution. Though the conspiracy charge carried a maximum of six years' imprisonment, his sentencing was recommended by prosecutors as part of the plea bargain deal he reached, and decided after the government considered the fact that Lequieu was the first militant to take responsibility. ^[128]

References

1. Moore, Wanda; Lerten, Barney (January 4, 2016) [1st pub. January 3, 2016]. "Militia leader explains takeover, says group has name". Bend, OR: KTVZ. Archived from the original on January 4, 2016. Retrieved June 7, 2016.
2. "Oregon standoff: 4 holdouts all in FBI custody as occupation ends (live updates)". The Oregonian/OregonLive.com . February 23, 2016 [1st pub. February 11, 2016]. ISSN   8750-1317 . Retrieved June 7, 2016.
3. Casey, Lissa; Arnold, Michael (April 27, 2016). "Defendant Ammon Bundy's Motion (and Incorporated Memorandum of Law and Authority) to Continue the April 27, 2016 Deadline, or Alternatively to Sever and Set an Immediate Trial Date" (PDF). Retrieved July 6, 2016. Mr. Bundy was the leader of the Malheur protest because of his commitment to certain basic Constitutional principles.
4. Kliegman, Julie (January 4, 2016). "The armed Oregon protesters are now calling themselves Citizens for Constitutional Freedom". The Week . New York: The Week Publications, Inc. ISSN   1533-8304. Archived from the original on January 8, 2016. Retrieved June 7, 2016.
5. "Oregon militia in standoff with feds names themselves". CBS News . New York: CBS. Associated Press. January 4, 2016. Archived from the original on January 5, 2016. Retrieved June 7, 2016.
6. Smith, Emily (January 28, 2016). "Malheur refuge occupation arrests: What happened and what happens next?". CNN . Retrieved February 5, 2016.
7. Zaitz, Les (February 22, 2016) [1st pub. January 26, 2016]. "Oregon standoff spokesman Robert 'LaVoy' Finicum killed, Bundys in custody after shooting near Burns". The Oregonian/OregonLive.com. Advance Publications. ISSN   8750-1317 . Retrieved June 7, 2016.
8. Perez, Evan (January 28, 2016). "Oregon occupiers: What officials say happened at traffic stop". CNN. Atlanta, GA. Retrieved January 27, 2016.
9. Berman, Mark; Sottile, Leah (February 24, 2016). "Oregon refuge occupiers plead not guilty as prosecutors say more people could be charged". The Washington Post . Arlington, VA. ISSN   0190-8286 . Retrieved February 25, 2016.
10. Bernstein, Maxine (March 10, 2016) [1st pub. March 9, 2016]. "New six-count indictment unsealed in Malheur refuge occupation case". The Oregonian/OregonLive.com. Advance Publications. ISSN   8750-1317 . Retrieved March 11, 2016.
11. "FBI Arrests Another Defendant in Oregon Standoff". Portland, OR: Oregon Public Broadcasting. Associated Press. April 6, 2016. Archived from the original on 12 April 2016. Retrieved April 18, 2016.
12. Wilson, Conrad (April 6, 2016). "Malheur Refuge Occupiers' Trial Date Set For Sept. 7". Portland, OR: Oregon Public Broadcasting. Retrieved April 18, 2016.
13. Bernstein, Maxine (July 26, 2016). "Second trial in Oregon standoff case set to start on Oregon's birthday, Valentine's Day". The Oregonian/OregonLive.com. Advance Publications. ISSN   8750-1317 . Retrieved July 29, 2016.
14. Johnson, Kirk; Pérez-Peña, Richard; Eckholm, Erik (January 4, 2016). "Cautious Response to Armed Oregon Protest". The New York Times . ISSN   0362-4331. Archived from the original on January 4, 2016. Retrieved June 10, 2016. "A version of this article appears in print on January 5, 2016, on page A12 of the New York edition with the headline: Occupying Federal Land, to Little Response."
15. No, federal land transfers are not in the Constitution. Gray, Bryce. High Country News , 4 February 2016. Although challenged periodically in court, federal application of the Property Clause has been consistently supported in a chain of legal precedent that extends back to 1840.
16. Public Land Transfer Laws: Not Constitutional Then, Not Constitutional Now Archived 2017-10-08 at the Wayback Machine . Graybill, Raph. American Constitution Society, 11 March 2015
17. Levin, Sam (February 15, 2016). "Meet the 23 men and two women facing felony charges for the Oregon standoff". The Raw Story . Washington, D.C.: Raw Story Media, Inc. Retrieved April 19, 2016.
18. Mesh, Aaron (January 28, 2016). "Captain Moroni Arraigned in Portland". Willamette Week . Portland, OR: City of Roses Newspapers. Archived from the original on February 1, 2016. Retrieved March 11, 2016.
19. Friedman, Gordon; Bacon, John (January 28, 2016). "Armed Oregon standoff continues despite arrests". USA Today. Tysons Corner, VA Company. Retrieved January 28, 2016.
20. "FBI says refuge 'crime scene' to be closed for weeks". Bend, OR: KTVZ. February 12, 2016 [1st pub. February 11, 2016]. Archived from the original on February 12, 2016. Retrieved February 11, 2016.
21. Meunier, Andre (February 23, 2016) [1st pub. February 10, 2016]. "Oregon standoff: Who are remaining occupiers Sean Anderson, Sandy Anderson, David Fry and Jeff Banta?". The Oregonian/OregonLive.com. Advance Publications. ISSN   8750-1317 . Retrieved April 18, 2016.
22. Zaitz, Les (January 28, 2016). "Four holdouts want charge dropped for one to end occupation". The Oregonian/OregonLive.com. Advance Publications. ISSN   8750-1317 . Retrieved February 12, 2016.
23. Bernstein, Maxine (April 7, 2016) [1st pub. April 6, 2016]. "Oregon standoff figure Jake Ryan found hiding in shed in Clark County". The Oregonian/OregonLive.com. Advance Publications. ISSN   8750-1317 . Retrieved April 18, 2016.
24. Bernstein, Maxine (February 26, 2016). "Judge allows for pretrial release of Jeff Banta, one of 4 Malheur refuge holdouts". The Oregonian/OregonLive.com. Advance Publications. ISSN   8750-1317 . Retrieved September 11, 2017.
25. Brosseau, Carli (February 23, 2016) [1st pub. February 11, 2016]. "7 more named in new indictment linked to Oregon refuge occupation". The Oregonian/OregonLive.com. Advance Publications. ISSN   8750-1317 . Retrieved February 23, 2016.
26. "7 More Militants Charged In Connection With Malheur Occupation". Portland, OR: Oregon Public Broadcasting. February 15, 2016 [1st pub. Feb. 11, 2016]. Retrieved February 23, 2016.
27. Nagourney, Adam (April 23, 2014). "A Defiant Rancher Savors the Audience That Rallied to His Side". The New York Times. New York. p. A1. ISSN   0362-4331 . Retrieved January 19, 2016.
28. "United States District Court for the District of Oregon Criminal Complaint". United States District Court for the District of Oregon. January 27, 2016. Retrieved January 29, 2016.
29. Brean, Henry (April 10, 2014). "Bundy vs. BLM: Interest in cattle dispute widens". Las Vegas Review-Journal . Las Vagas, NV. ISSN   1097-1645 . Retrieved January 22, 2016.
30. Binder, Melissa (February 22, 2016) [1st pub. January 4, 2016]. "Oregon militants: Why the Bundys' Mormonism matters". The Oregonian/OregonLive.com. Advance Publications. ISSN   8750-1317 . Retrieved June 14, 2016.
31. Sepulvado, John (January 4, 2016). "Mormon Faith Serves As Powerful Symbol For Oregon Protesters". All Things Considered (Interview). Interviewed by Audie Cornish. NPR . Retrieved January 8, 2016.
32. Siemaszko, Corky (January 4, 2016). "Meet Ammon and Ryan Bundy, the Activists Leading the Oregon Standoff". NBC News . New York: NBC . Retrieved January 5, 2016.
33. Green, Mark (January 28, 2015). "Ryan Bundy arrested after allegedly resisting arrest in Cedar City". Salt Lake City, UT: KSTU . Retrieved February 21, 2016.
34. Miller, Carin (January 30, 2015). "Cliven Bundy's granddaughter left behind during father's overnight jail stay". St George News. St. George, UT. Retrieved March 8, 2016.
35. Trenbeath, Eric (May 14, 2014). "Illegal ATV ride goes ahead". Moab Sun News. Archived from the original on May 25, 2014. Retrieved September 4, 2016.
36. McGreer, Mike (March 9, 2015). "Bundys Harass, Threaten BLM Personnel". Let's Talk Nevada. Archived from the original on September 7, 2016. Retrieved September 4, 2016.
37. Haas, Ryan (July 29, 2016) [1st pub. July 28, 2016]. "Ryan Bundy Declares Himself An 'Idiot' Not Subject To US Courts". Portland, OR: Oregon Public Broadcasting. Retrieved August 6, 2016.
38. Zaitz, Les (March 3, 2016). "Oregon standoff: Three refuge militants face fresh charges in Nevada confrontation". The Oregonian/OregonLive.com. Advance Publications. ISSN   8750-1317 . Retrieved April 18, 2016.
39. Taylor, Phil (January 15, 2016). "Bundy bodyguard – aka 'Fluffy Unicorn' – arrested in Ariz". Greenwire. Washington, D.C.: Environment & Energy Publishing . Retrieved January 23, 2016.
40. Levin, Sid (February 2, 2016). "Arrested Oregon militiamen have had extensive previous run-ins with the law". The Guardian . London Limited. ISSN   0261-3077 . Retrieved February 3, 2016.
41. "Faces of the Malheur occupation: Meet the militants and their visitors". The Oregonian/OregonLive.com. Advance Publications. February 22, 2016 [1st pub. January 22, 2016]. ISSN   8750-1317 . Retrieved June 15, 2016.
42. Brosseau, Carli (February 22, 2016) [1st pub. January 5, 2016]. "Who are the Oregon wildlife refuge occupiers?". The Oregonian/OregonLive.com. Advance Publications. ISSN   8750-1317 . Retrieved February 22, 2016.
43. Smith, Brandon (January 3, 2016). "Oregon Standoff a Terrible Plan That We Might Be Stuck With". Alt-Market.com. Pittsburgh, PA: Neither Corporation. Retrieved January 8, 2016.
44. Brosseau, Carli (February 23, 2016) [1st pub. February 11, 2016]. "Occupier Blaine Cooper arrested in Utah". The Oregonian/OregonLive.com. Advance Publications. ISSN   8750-1317 . Retrieved February 23, 2016.
45. Gibbons-Neff, Thomas (January 4, 2016). "Meet the veterans who have joined the Oregon militiamen". The Washington Post. Arlington, VA. ISSN   0190-8286 . Retrieved January 5, 2016.
46. Zaitz, Les (February 22, 2016) [1st pub. January 2, 2016]. "Militia takes over Malheur National Wildlife Refuge headquarters". The Oregonian/OregonLive.com. Advance Publications. ISSN   8750-1317. Archived from the original on January 3, 2016. Retrieved June 16, 2016.
47. Altman, Alex (January 4, 2016). "Why the Feds Have Not Ended the Oregon Militia Standoff". Time . New York. ISSN   0040-781X . Retrieved January 18, 2016.
48. Jamieson, Alastair; Johnson, Alex; Calabrese, Erin; Lamarre, Gisele; Williams, Pete; Blankstein, Andrew; Walters, Shamar (January 27, 2016). "Oregon Occupation Leaders Ammon and Ryan Bundy Arrested, One Dead". NBC News. New York: NBC. Retrieved February 2, 2016.
49. Siegler, Kirk (April 14, 2015). "Year After Denying Federal Control, Bundy Still Runs His Bit Of Nevada". Washington, D.C.: NPR. Retrieved April 19, 2016.
50. Bernstein, Maxine (March 29, 2016). "Federal judge admonished Shawna Cox she's not to speak publicly about Oregon standoff case". The Oregonian/OregonLive.com. Advance Publications. ISSN   8750-1317 . Retrieved April 18, 2016.
51. Scott, Haven (April 19, 2016). "Oregon standoff suspect arrested in Cedar City". The Spectrum. Tysons Corner, VA Company. Retrieved June 28, 2016.
52. Bernstein, Maxine (April 19, 2016). "Feds argue that Oregon standoff figure Corey Lequieu helped plan refuge takeover". The Oregonian/OregonLive.com. Advance Publications. ISSN   8750-1317 . Retrieved April 20, 2016.
53. Brosseau, Carli (February 23, 2016) [1st pub. February 12, 2016]. "2 more named in indictment linked to Oregon standoff". The Oregonian/OregonLive.com. Advance Publications. ISSN   8750-1317 . Retrieved February 29, 2016.
54. Levin, Sam (February 15, 2016). "Oregon militia standoff: the 23 men and two women facing felony charges". The Guardian. London Limited. ISSN   0261-3077 . Retrieved February 26, 2016.
55. Bernstein, Maxine (June 2, 2016). "Federal judge allows release of Oregon standoff defendants Jake Ryan, Travis Cox". The Oregonian/OregonLive.com. Advance Publications. ISSN   8750-1317 . Retrieved June 2, 2016.
56. Lacitis, Erik (March 7, 2016) [1st pub. March 4, 2016]. "For Tulalip 22-year-old, a life gone haywire after Oregon standoff". The Seattle Times . Seattle, WA. ISSN   0745-9696 . Retrieved April 20, 2016.
57. Flores, Cristina (February 16, 2016). "Utahn called 'danger to community' after role in Oregon standoff". Salt Lake City, UT: KUTV . Retrieved April 20, 2016.
58. Williams, Carol J.; Dake, Lauren; Levin, Sam (January 27, 2016). "Remaining members of Oregon militia standoff debating whether to surrender". The Guardian. London Limited. ISSN   0261-3077 . Retrieved April 19, 2016.
59. Helsel, Phil; Dokoupil, Tony (January 15, 2016). "Oregon Police Arrest Man Over Federal Vehicles Stolen From Refuge". NBC News. New York: NBC. Retrieved January 15, 2016.
60. "Authorities make first arrest in Bundy standoff by nabbing militant driving a federal vehicle to grocery store". The Raw Story. Washington, D.C.: Raw Story Media, Inc. January 15, 2016. Retrieved January 15, 2016.
61. Levin, Sam; Woolf, Nicky (January 15, 2016). "Oregon militia standoff: man arrested driving stolen government vehicle". The Guardian. London Limited. ISSN   0261-3077 . Retrieved January 15, 2016.
62. Moore, Wanda (January 17, 2016) [1st pub. January 14, 2016]. "Takeover Day 15: Clash with environmentalists, arrest update". Bend, OR: KTVZ. Archived from the original on May 7, 2016. Retrieved January 16, 2016.
63. Wilson, Jason; Levin, Sam (January 6, 2016). "The Bundy bunch: who are the armed militia in the Oregon standoff?". The Guardian. London Limited. ISSN   0261-3077 . Retrieved April 19, 2016.
64. "Booking Information: Ryan W. Payne". Online Inmate Data. Portland, OR: Multnomah County Sheriff's Office . Retrieved June 19, 2016. Booking date: April 25, 2016.
65. McDermott, Ted (June 12, 2015). "Freedom Fighter". Missoula Independent . Missoula, MT. Archived from the original on September 10, 2015. Retrieved February 21, 2016.
66. Peacher, Amanda; Sepulvado, John (January 4, 2016) [1st pub. January 1, 2016]. "Who Wants A Burns Standoff? Not The Sheriff, The Ranchers, Or Even Cliven Bundy". Portland, OR: Oregon Public Broadcasting. Archived from the original on January 6, 2016. Retrieved February 21, 2016.
67. Botkin, Ben; Brean, Henry (April 9, 2014). "Militias 'mobilizing' to support embattled Clark County rancher in clash with federal rangers". Las Vegas Review-Journal. Las Vagas, NV. ISSN   1097-1645. Archived from the original on April 13, 2014. Retrieved February 22, 2016.
68. Johnson, Kirk; Healy, Jack; Turkewitz, Julie; Stack, Liam; Padnani, Amisha; Fandos, Nicholas (January 3, 2016). "Armed Group Vows to Continue Occupation at Oregon Refuge". The New York Times. New York. Retrieved February 9, 2016. "A version of this article appears in print on January 4, 2016, on page A1 of the New York edition with the headline: Armed Protesters Vow to Stay on Oregon Refuge Indefinitely."
69. Ford, Dana; Perez, Evan; Criss, Doug; Burnside, Tina (January 26, 2016). "Oregon protest leader Ammon Bundy is arrested, says source". CNN. Atlanta, GA. Archived from the original on January 27, 2016. Retrieved January 26, 2016.
70. Garcia, Arturo (January 26, 2016). "Friend and officials confirm Oregon militant Ammon Bundy's capture". The Raw Story. Washington, D.C.: Raw Story Media, Inc. Retrieved January 26, 2016.
71. Woolington, Rebecca (January 27, 2016) [1st pub. January 26, 2016]. "Pete Santilli: Militants supporter says Ammon Bundy in custody". The Oregonian/OregonLive.com. Advance Publications. ISSN   8750-1317 . Retrieved February 22, 2016.
72. "1 dead, 8 arrested after leaders of armed group occupying refuge clash with FBI". Portland, OR: KATU. January 26, 2016. Retrieved January 26, 2016.
73. Bird, Anna; Briquelet, Kate (January 3, 2016). "Ammon Bundy Starts Wingnut Woodstock in Oregon". The Daily Beast . New York: IAC . Retrieved January 17, 2016.
74. Barr, Max (January 27, 2016). "Eight Oregon protesters arrested, one killed during confrontation with police". Portland, OR: KGW. Archived from the original on May 23, 2016. Retrieved January 27, 2016.
75. Merda, Chad (September 24, 2015). "Militia will arrest senators for treason, vows anti-Islam rally organizer". Sun Times National. Chicago, IL. Archived from the original on February 11, 2016. Retrieved January 27, 2015.
76. Mitchell, Garrett (January 27, 2016). "Oregon standoff suspect Jon Ritzheimer makes Arizona court appearance". The Arizona Republic . Tysons Corner, VA Company. ISSN   0892-8711 . Retrieved June 20, 2016.
77. Logan, Bryan (January 27, 2016). "Self-avowed anti-Islam activist arrested in connection with the Oregon 'militia' investigation". Yahoo! Finance . Sunnyvale, CA: Yahoo!. Business Insider . Retrieved February 23, 2016.
78. Woolington, Rebecca (February 23, 2016) [1st pub. January 26, 2016]. "Pete Santilli, self-styled journalist and militants supporter, among those arrested by FBI". The Oregonian/OregonLive.com. Advance Publications. ISSN   8750-1317 . Retrieved January 26, 2016.
79. Bernstein, Maxine (February 23, 2016) [1st pub. February 17, 2016]. "Cliven Bundy, 4 others face federal indictment in Nevada". The Oregonian/OregonLive.com. Advance Publications. ISSN   8750-1317 . Retrieved February 23, 2016.
80. Levin, Sam (February 10, 2016). "Oregon militia standoff: arrest of shock jock sparks outcry over free speech". The Guardian. London Limited. ISSN   0261-3077 . Retrieved April 19, 2016.
81. Townsley, Nancy (February 24, 2016). "Malheur occupier had loaded gun when arrested in Forest Grove". Portland Tribune . Portland, OR: Pamplin Media Group . Retrieved February 26, 2016.
82. Bernstein, Maxine (February 23, 2016) [1st pub. February 12, 2016]. "Final four holdouts in refuge takeover make first federal court appearance". The Oregonian/OregonLive.com. Advance Publications. ISSN   8750-1317 . Retrieved April 18, 2016.
83. Fountain, Matt (January 22, 2016). "Convicted murderer from Los Osos is holed up with Oregon militia". The San Luis Obispo Tribune . Sacramento, CA. Retrieved January 25, 2016.
84. Zaitz, Les (March 18, 2016) [1st pub. March 17, 2016]. "Oregon standoff figure arrested after threatening to shoot federal officers, DA says". The Oregonian/OregonLive.com. Advance Publications. ISSN   8750-1317 . Retrieved March 19, 2016.
85. Hart, Sean (March 24, 2016). "Refuge occupier arrested in Mt. Vernon taken into federal custody". Blue Mountain Eagle. John Day, OR. Retrieved May 9, 2016.
86. Bernstein, Maxine (May 13, 2016) [1st pub. May 12, 2016]. "First Oregon standoff defendant pleads guilty". The Oregonian/OregonLive.com. Advance Publications. ISSN   8750-1317 . Retrieved June 20, 2016.
87. Levin, Sam (January 9, 2016). "Oregon militia stand their ground but local residents want 'these thugs' gone". The Guardian. London Limited. ISSN   0261-3077 . Retrieved April 19, 2016.
88. Ax, Joseph; Whitcomb, Dan (March 3, 2016). "Fourteen more charged in armed 2014 standoff at Nevada ranch". Reuters . Retrieved March 3, 2016.
89. Tuohy, Dan; Feely, Paul (March 3, 2016). "DeLemus supporters sing 'God Bless America' at NH court appearance". New Hampshire Union Leader . Manchester, NH: Union Leader Corp. ISSN   0745-5798. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved March 3, 2016.
90. Levin, Sam (January 17, 2016). "Black Oregon militiaman: Black Lives Matter can learn from occupiers". The Guardian. London Limited. ISSN   0261-3077 . Retrieved April 19, 2016.
91. Zarkhin, Fedor (February 23, 2016) [1st pub. February 9, 2016]. "Former Malheur refuge occupier arrested on Kansas warrant". The Oregonian/OregonLive.com. Advance Publications. ISSN   8750-1317 . Retrieved April 19, 2016.
92. Anderson, Rick (May 11, 2016). "Oregon wildlife refuge occupier arrested on weapons charge". Los Angeles Times . Chicago, IL. ISSN   0458-3035 . Retrieved May 11, 2016.
93. Zaitz, Les (May 7, 2016) [1st pub. May 6, 2016]. "'Embedded' reporter tied to militia arrested in John Day on weapons charges". The Oregonian/OregonLive.com. Advance Publications. ISSN   8750-1317 . Retrieved May 7, 2016.
94. Zaitz, Les (May 7, 2016). "Oregon occupation 'reporter' has history of bomb making, illegal weapons". The Oregonian/OregonLive.com. Advance Publications. ISSN   8750-1317 . Retrieved May 8, 2016.
95. Freda, Kimberley (May 8, 2016) [1st pub. May 7, 2016]. "Boise Gun Dealer Shocked After Machine Gun Stolen By Bundy Sympathizer". Portland, OR: Oregon Public Broadcasting. Retrieved May 8, 2016.
96. Hart, Sean (May 6, 2016). "FBI arrests Idaho man in John Day on weapons charges". Blue Mountain Eagle. John Day, OR. Retrieved May 7, 2016.
97. Zaitz, Les (May 28, 2016). "'Weapon of war' destined for occupied refuge, prosecutor says". The Oregonian/OregonLive.com. Advance Publications. ISSN   8750-1317 . Retrieved May 31, 2016.
98. Sepulvado, John; Templeton, Amelia (January 26, 2016) [1st pub. January 16, 2016]. "Militant Says Foster Children Were Pulled From His Home". Portland, OR: Oregon Public Broadcasting. Retrieved February 20, 2016.
99. Perez, Evan; Yan, Holly (January 27, 2016). "Oregon: Ammon Bundy, others arrested; LaVoy Finicum killed". CNN. Atlanta, GA. Retrieved January 27, 2016.
100. "Oregon standoff: Occupation winding down; 7 occupiers in court in Portland (live updates)". The Oregonian/OregonLive.com. Advance Publications. February 23, 2016 [1st pub. January 27, 2016]. ISSN   8750-1317 . Retrieved February 20, 2016.
101. Peacher, Amanda (January 25, 2016) [1st pub. January 22, 2016]. "Meet The Women Of The Occupied Refuge". Portland, OR: Oregon Public Broadcasting. Retrieved April 19, 2016.
102. Wolf, Carissa; Holley, Peter; Lowery, Wesley (January 3, 2016). "Armed activists in Oregon touch off unpredictable chapter in land-use feud". The Washington Post. Arlington, VA. ISSN   0190-8286 . Retrieved February 20, 2016.
103. Petty, Terrence; DuBois, Steven (January 29, 2016). "Prosecutors use refuge occupiers' own words against them". The Seattle Times. Seattle, WA. ISSN   0745-9696 . Retrieved January 29, 2016.
104. Zaitz, Les (February 23, 2016) [1st pub. January 30, 2016]. "Oregon standoff: Bundy occupation leaves scars behind". The Oregonian/OregonLive.com. Advance Publications. ISSN   8750-1317 . Retrieved March 17, 2016.
105. "Militants at Malheur Refuge announce vague 2-point plan". Portland, OR: KOIN. January 5, 2016. Retrieved April 11, 2016.
106. Regan, Shawn (January 8, 2016). "Managing Conflicts Over US Rangelands". Property and Environmental Research Center. Bozeman, MT. Archived from the original on January 25, 2016. Retrieved February 4, 2016.
107. Feuer, Alan (January 9, 2016). "The Ideological Roots of the Oregon Standoff". The New York Times. New York. ISSN   0362-4331 . Retrieved February 4, 2016. "A version of this news analysis appears in print on January 10, 2016, on page SR3 of the New York edition with the headline: The Ideological Roots of the Oregon Standoff."
108. Boorstein, Michelle (January 4, 2016). "Arrested in Oregon, Ammon Bundy and others in standoff cited their Mormon faith as inspiration". The Washington Post. Arlington, VA. ISSN   0190-8286 . Retrieved January 5, 2016. Story originally titled, "Why the Oregon occupiers are citing the Book of Mormon's 'military stud muffin'".
109. Weber, Peter (January 5, 2016). "The Bundy militia cites Mormon scripture for Oregon standoff. The Mormon Church disagree". The Week. New York: The Week Publications, Inc. ISSN   1533-8304 . Retrieved January 5, 2016.
110. Dalrymple, Jim II (January 4, 2016). "You Need To Understand Mormonism If You Want To Understand the Oregon Standoff". BuzzFeed News . New York. Retrieved January 5, 2016.
111. "Church Responds to Inquiries Regarding Oregon Armed Occupation" (Press release). Salt Lake City, UT: The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Newsroom. January 4, 2016. Retrieved January 28, 2016. While the disagreement occurring in Oregon about the use of federal lands is not a Church matter, Church leaders strongly condemn the armed seizure of the facility and are deeply troubled by the reports that those who have seized the facility suggest that they are doing so based on scriptural principles. This armed occupation can in no way be justified on a scriptural basis. We are privileged to live in a nation where conflicts with government or private groups can—and should—be settled using peaceful means, according to the laws of the land.
112. Beam, Alex (January 5, 2016). "Oregon standoff has roots in Mormon fanaticism". The Boston Globe . Boston, MA. ISSN   0743-1791 . Retrieved January 5, 2016.
113. Krule, Miriam (January 5, 2016). "The Mormon Warrior the Bundys Revere Actually Wanted the Government to Do More". Slate . New York; Washington, D.C. ISSN   1091-2339 . Retrieved January 27, 2016.
114. Sepulvado, John (January 4, 2016). "Why the Bundy militia mixes Mormon symbolism with anti-government sentiment". PBS NewsHour . Arlington, VA: PBS . Retrieved January 27, 2016.
115. Ricci, Kimberly (January 4, 2016). "The Oregon Standoff Turned From Frustration To Humor With The #YallQaeda And #VanillaISIS Hashtags". Uproxx . Culver City, CA: Woven Digital . Retrieved January 27, 2016.
116. Zinda, Chris (April 25, 2016). "The 50-year leap, part two: Of echo chambers and sagebrush rebels". The Independent. St. George, UT: Independent Publishing Company, Inc. Archived from the original on April 29, 2016. Retrieved May 2, 2016.
117. Norcross, Geoff; Sepulvado, John (January 26, 2016) [1st pub. January 22, 2016]. "How Militants May 'Indict' Non-Believers". Portland, OR: Oregon Public Broadcasting. Retrieved August 6, 2016.
118. Hammond, Betsy (January 12, 2016). "Self-appointed 'judge' arrives in Burns to ask local residents to charge government officials with crimes". The Oregonian/OregonLive.com. Advance Publications. ISSN   8750-1317 . Retrieved August 8, 2016.
119. Morlin, Bill (April 7, 2016). "Federal Judge Blocks Sovereign-Styled 'Lawyers' From Oregon Occupation Case". Montgomery, AL: Southern Poverty Law Center . Retrieved August 8, 2016.
120. "Oregon occupier counter-sues federal government for $666B". Portland, OR: KPTV. February 17, 2016. Retrieved August 6, 2016.
121. "New charges added for Bundys, other militia". Portland, OR: KOIN. March 9, 2016. Archived from the original on March 12, 2016. Retrieved March 10, 2016.
122. Steven, DuBois (March 9, 2016). "Ammon Bundy, others face new charges in Oregon standoff". Statesman Journal. Tysons Corner, VA Company. Associated Press. Retrieved March 14, 2016.
123. Haas, Ryan; Wilson, Conrad (February 18, 2016) [1st pub. February 17, 2016]. "Bundy Family, Supporters Face 16 Federal Felonies For 2014 Standoff". Portland, OR: Oregon Public Broadcasting. Archived from the original on March 11, 2016. Retrieved March 11, 2016.
124. Travis Cox called his refuge occupation hasty decision by an 'arrogant and ignorant young man', Oregon Live , Maxine Bernstein, August 7, 2017. Retrieved August 12, 2017.
125. Bernstein, Maxine (October 25, 2016). "Ammon Bundy's personal bodyguard sentenced to time served, 9 months, in refuge takeover case". The Oregonian/OregonLive.com. Advance Publications. ISSN   8750-1317 . Retrieved October 26, 2016.
126. Bernstein, Maxine (October 25, 2016). "One juror questions impartiality of another juror during deliberations in Oregon standoff case". The Oregonian/OregonLive.com. Advance Publications. ISSN   8750-1317 . Retrieved October 25, 2016.
127. "Refuge occupier Duane Ehmer sentenced to one year and a day in federal prison". OregonLive.com. Retrieved 2018-01-12.
128. Woolington, Rebecca (August 17, 2016) [1st pub. August 16, 2016]. "Corey Lequieu becomes first Oregon standoff defendant sent to prison in conspiracy case". The Oregonian/OregonLive.com. Advance Publications. ISSN   8750-1317 . Retrieved August 17, 2016.
129. Lo K (2018-01-24), Jake Ryan, Bundy Defendant, Sentenced To 1 Year & 1 Day Plus 60 days in Portland, OR - 1/24/18 , retrieved 2018-01-25
130. Latest: Malheur occupiers sentenced, High Country News , Tay Wiles, August 11, 2017. Retrieved August 12, 2017.
131. "Judge sentenced Oregon refuge occupier Darryl Thorn to year and a half in prison". OregonLive.com. Retrieved 2018-01-13.
132. Hanrahan, Kieran (September 23, 2016). "First Malheur Occupier Sentenced To Probation". Portland, OR: Oregon Public Broadcasting. Retrieved September 24, 2016.
133. Bernstein, Maxine (September 23, 2016). "Oregon standoff defendant Scott Willingham sentenced for theft of government cameras". The Oregonian/OregonLive.com. Advance Publications. ISSN   8750-1317 . Retrieved September 24, 2016.
134. Bernstein, Maxine (June 10, 2016). "Judge dismisses one of the gun charges against Ammon Bundy, 7 co-defendants". The Oregonian/OregonLive.com. Advance Publications. ISSN   8750-1317 . Retrieved June 10, 2016.
135. "Order Granting Motion (#465) to Dismiss and Dismissing Count Three of the Superseding Indictment" (PDF). United States District Court for the District of Oregon. The Oregonian/OregonLive.com. June 10, 2016. Retrieved June 10, 2016.
136. Bernstein, Maxine (May 19, 2016). "First Oregon standoff defendant pleads guilty to federal conspiracy charge". The Oregonian/OregonLive.com. Advance Publications. ISSN   8750-1317 . Retrieved May 21, 2016.
137. Bernstein, Maxine (June 14, 2016). "Oregon standoff defendant Geoffrey Stanek pleads guilty to federal conspiracy charge". The Oregonian/OregonLive.com. Advance Publications. ISSN   8750-1317 . Retrieved June 24, 2016.
138. Bernstein, Maxine (June 16, 2016). "Oregon standoff defendant Jason Blomgren pleads guilty to federal conspiracy charge". The Oregonian/OregonLive.com. Advance Publications. ISSN   8750-1317 . Retrieved June 24, 2016.
139. Bernstein, Maxine (June 23, 2016). "Wesley Kjar, described as Ammon Bundy's 'personal security,' pleads guilty to federal conspiracy charge". The Oregonian/OregonLive.com. Advance Publications. ISSN   8750-1317 . Retrieved June 24, 2016.
140. DuBois, Steven (June 10, 2016). "Refuge occupier Eric Lee Flores pleads guilty to conspiracy". The Register-Guard . Eugene, OR. ISSN   0739-8557 . Retrieved June 24, 2016.
141. Wilson, Conrad (July 20, 2016). "Travis Cox Becomes 9th Refuge Occupier To Plead Guilty". Portland, OR: Oregon Public Broadcasting. Retrieved July 21, 2016.
142. Bernstein, Maxine (October 13, 2016). "Oregon standoff defendant Ryan Payne wants to withdraw guilty plea". The Oregonian/OregonLive.com. Advance Publications. ISSN   8750-1317 . Retrieved October 13, 2016.
143. Bernstein, Maxine (July 19, 2016). "Ryan Payne would face recommended 12-year sentence under plea deals in Oregon and Nevada". The Oregonian/OregonLive.com. Advance Publications. ISSN   8750-1317 . Retrieved July 19, 2016.
144. Woolington, Rebecca (August 16, 2016) [1st pub. August 15, 2016]. "Oregon standoff defendant Jon Ritzheimer pleads guilty in federal conspiracy case". The Oregonian/OregonLive.com. Advance Publications. ISSN   8750-1317 . Retrieved August 15, 2016.
145. "Charges Dismissed Against Refuge Occupier Pete Santilli". Portland, OR: Oregon Public Broadcasting. September 6, 2016. Retrieved September 6, 2016.
146. Wilson, Conrad; Vance, Bryan M.; Parks, Bradley W. (October 3, 2016). "Gun Charge Against Shawna Cox Dismissed, Ward Testifies". Portland, OR: Oregon Public Broadcasting. Retrieved October 3, 2016.
147. Bernstein, Maxine (October 27, 2016). "Jury finds all Oregon standoff defendants not guilty of federal conspiracy, gun charges". The Oregonian/OregonLive.com. Advance Publications. ISSN   8750-1317 . Retrieved October 27, 2016.
148. "Two convicted and two acquitted of conspiracy in Oregon occupation trial". OregonLive.com. Retrieved 2018-01-12.
149. "18 U.S. Code § 372 - Conspiracy to impede or injure officer". Legal Information Institute . Ithaca, NY: Cornell Law School . Retrieved March 13, 2016.
150. "18 U.S. Code § 930 - Possession of firearms and dangerous weapons in Federal facilities". Legal Information Institute. Ithaca, NY: Cornell Law School. Retrieved March 13, 2016.
151. "18 U.S. Code § 924 - Penalties". Legal Information Institute. Ithaca, NY: Cornell Law School. Retrieved March 13, 2016.
152. "18 U.S. Code § 1361 - Government property or contracts". Legal Information Institute. Ithaca, NY: Cornell Law School. Retrieved March 13, 2016.
153. "18 U.S. Code § 641 - Public money, property or records". Legal Information Institute. Ithaca, NY: Cornell Law School. Retrieved March 13, 2016.
154. Zaitz, Les (February 23, 2016) [1st pub. February 10, 2016]. "Nevada rancher Cliven Bundy arrested by FBI in Portland". The Oregonian/OregonLive.com. Advance Publications. ISSN   8750-1317 . Retrieved February 23, 2016.
155. Johnson, Alex (January 25, 2016). "Oregon Occupation: Man on Way to Join Bundys Threatens to Kill Officers on Camera". NBC News. New York: NBC. Retrieved January 27, 2016.
156. Bernstein, Maxine (February 23, 2016) [1st pub. January 28, 2016]. "Judge won't release Oregon standoff defendants as long as refuge occupation continues". The Oregonian/OregonLive.com. Advance Publications. ISSN   8750-1317 . Retrieved June 20, 2016.
157. "Feds keep Bundy, militia in jail until trial". Portland, OR: KOIN. Associated Press. January 31, 2016 [1st pub. January 29, 2016]. Archived from the original on January 30, 2016. Retrieved June 20, 2016.
158. Ellis, Ralph; Sidner, Sara; Castillo, Mariano (January 29, 2016). "Oregon standoff suspects denied bond". CNN. Atlanta, GA. Retrieved January 29, 2016.
159. Weisberg, Brent (February 1, 2016) [1st pub. January 31, 2016]. "Refuge occupier Shawna Cox released from jail". Portland, OR: KOIN. Retrieved February 1, 2016.
160. Chappell, Bill (February 18, 2016). "Oregon Occupier Countersues For $666 Billion, Citing 'Works Of The Devil'". The Two-Way. Washington, D.C.: NPR. Retrieved March 6, 2016.
161. "Refuge occupier files for 'damages from works of devil' in excess of $666,666,666,666.66". Portland, OR: KATU. February 17, 2016. Retrieved March 7, 2016.
162. Wilson, Conrad (February 5, 2016) [1st pub. February 4, 2016]. "Militant Duane Ehmer Released From Jail". Portland, OR: Oregon Public Broadcasting. Retrieved February 27, 2016.
163. Manson, Pamela (February 12, 2016). "Utah man charged with conspiracy in Oregon standoff". The Salt Lake Tribune . Salt Lake City, UT. ISSN   0746-3502 . Retrieved April 19, 2016.
164. Sepulvado, John (February 19, 2016). "Malheur National Wildlife Refuge Occupier Sandy Anderson Released From Custody". Portland, OR: Oregon Public Broadcasting. Retrieved February 20, 2016.
165. Malara, Marilyn (February 20, 2016). "First of 4 Oregon wildlife refuge holdouts released from custody". United Press International . Retrieved February 20, 2016.
166. Bernstein, Maxine (February 25, 2016) [1st pub. February 24, 2016]. "Oregon standoff: Ammon Bundy, others plead not guilty; judge aims to avoid trial delay". The Oregonian/OregonLive.com. Advance Publications. ISSN   8750-1317 . Retrieved April 18, 2016.
167. Bernstein, Maxine (May 11, 2016). "Oregon standoff defendant Jason Patrick allowed to represent himself". The Oregonian/OregonLive.com. Advance Publications. ISSN   8750-1317 . Retrieved May 12, 2016.
168. Wilson, Conrad; Freda, Kimberley (February 26, 2016). "Another Of The Final 4 Refuge Occupiers To Be Released From Jail". Portland, OR: Oregon Public Broadcasting. Retrieved February 27, 2016.
169. Bernstein, Maxine (April 19, 2016). "Federal jury convicts Ken Medenbach of unlawful camping on federal public land". The Oregonian/OregonLive.com. Advance Publications. ISSN   8750-1317 . Retrieved August 2, 2016.
170. Bernstein, Maxine (April 28, 2016). "Oregon standoff defendants' motions: Dismiss charges due to vagueness, government overreach". The Oregonian/OregonLive.com. Advance Publications. ISSN   8750-1317 . Retrieved May 1, 2016.
171. "Refuge Occupiers Concerned About Liberal Portland Jury". Portland, OR: Oregon Public Broadcasting. Associated Press. May 4, 2016. Archived from the original on May 8, 2016. Retrieved May 18, 2016.
172. Bernstein, Maxine (May 26, 2016). "Ammon Bundy retains new lawyer, former Utah State Rep. J. Morgan Philpot from Molalla". The Oregonian/OregonLive.com. Advance Publications. ISSN   8750-1317 . Retrieved July 14, 2016.
173. Savage, Peggy (June 9, 2016). "Molalla native hired as Ammon Bundy's lawyer". Portland Tribune. Portland, OR: Pamplin Media Group. Retrieved July 14, 2016.
174. Gehrke, Robert (June 7, 2016). "Ammon Bundy adds another Utah attorney to his defense team". The Salt Lake Tribune. Salt Lake City, UT. ISSN   0746-3502 . Retrieved July 14, 2016.
175. Bernstein, Maxine (June 29, 2016). "Ammon Bundy's bodyguard Brian Cavalier pleads guilty to two federal charges". The Oregonian/OregonLive.com. Advance Publications. ISSN   8750-1317 . Retrieved June 30, 2016.
176. Powell, Meerah (June 29, 2016). "Bundy 'Bodyguard' Pleads Guilty To Occupation Charges". Portland, OR: Oregon Public Broadcasting. Retrieved June 30, 2016.
177. "Ammon Bundy bodyguard pleads guilty in refuge case". Portland, OR: KOIN. Associated Press. June 29, 2016. Retrieved June 30, 2016.
178. Bernstein, Maxine (July 1, 2016). "Ammon Bundy seeks delay in September trial, asks for pretrial release". The Oregonian/OregonLive.com. Advance Publications. ISSN   8750-1317 . Retrieved July 3, 2016.
179. "Defendant Ammon Bundy's Motion to Continue September 7, 2016 Trial Date" (PDF). United States District Court for the District of Oregon. The Oregonian/OregonLive.com. June 30, 2016. Retrieved July 3, 2016.
180. "Defendant Ryan Bundy's Motion to Continue September 7, 2016 Trial Date" (PDF). United States District Court for the District of Oregon. The Oregonian/OregonLive.com. July 1, 2016. Retrieved July 3, 2016.
181. Bernstein, Maxine (July 7, 2016) [1st pub. July 6, 2016]. "Federal judge denies Bundy brothers' requests for delay in trial". The Oregonian/OregonLive.com. Advance Publications. ISSN   8750-1317 . Retrieved July 8, 2016.
182. Templeton, Amelia (July 6, 2016). "Judge Will Not Delay Refuge Occupation Trial". Portland, OR: Oregon Public Broadcasting. Retrieved July 8, 2016.
183. Brown, Karina (July 6, 2016). "Courtroom Cleared After Bundy Riles Gallery". Pasadena, CA. Courthouse News Service . Retrieved July 8, 2016.
184. Powell, Meerah (July 7, 2016). "Malheur Refuge Occupier And 'Recruiter' Blaine Cooper Pleads Guilty". Portland, OR: Oregon Public Broadcasting. Retrieved July 7, 2016.
185. "Malheur conspirator O'Shaughnessy pleads guilty". Portland, OR: KOIN. Associated Press. August 1, 2016. Retrieved August 1, 2016.
186. Moran, Jack (August 2, 2016). "Malheur Refuge occupier sentenced to probation in separate case". The Register-Guard. Eugene, OR. ISSN   0739-8557 . Retrieved August 2, 2016.
187. Bernstein, Maxine (August 23, 2016) [1st pub. August 22, 2016]. "Federal judge admonishes Oregon standoff defendant Duane Ehmer for threatening social media post". The Oregonian/OregonLive.com. Advance Publications. ISSN   8750-1317 . Retrieved September 8, 2016.
188. Bernstein, Maxine (September 1, 2016) [1st pub. August 30, 2016]. "Despite misgivings, judge allows Oregon standoff defendants Ryan Bundy, Ken Medenbach to represent themselves". The Oregonian/OregonLive.com. Advance Publications. ISSN   8750-1317 . Retrieved September 8, 2016.
189. Bernstein, Maxine (August 30, 2016). "Oregon standoff: David Fry suffers from schizotypal personality disorder, mental health expert to testify". The Oregonian/OregonLive.com. Advance Publications. ISSN   8750-1317 . Retrieved September 8, 2016.
190. Bernstein, Maxine (September 11, 2016). "Pete Santilli talks about dismissal of Oregon case, doesn't hold 'ounce of bitterness'". The Oregonian/OregonLive.com. Advance Publications. ISSN   8750-1317 . Retrieved September 11, 2016.
191. Bernstein, Maxine (September 7, 2016). "Ammon Bundy's lawyer argues for his client's right to wear cowboy boots at trial". The Oregonian/OregonLive.com. Advance Publications. ISSN   8750-1317 . Retrieved September 11, 2016.
192. Weiss, Debra Cassens (September 8, 2016). "Ammon and Ryan Bundy won't be allowed to wear their preferred cowboy attire at trial". ABA Journal . Chicago, IL: American Bar Association. ISSN   0002-7596 . Retrieved September 11, 2016.
193. Bernstein, Maxine (September 7, 2016). "Federal judge finds Bundy brothers' trial attire appropriate". The Oregonian/OregonLive.com. Advance Publications. ISSN   8750-1317 . Retrieved September 11, 2016.
194. Bernstein, Maxine (August 3, 2016). "Oregon standoff case: Judge maps out plans for jury selection, schedules last pretrial hearings". The Oregonian/OregonLive.com. Advance Publications. ISSN   8750-1317 . Retrieved August 13, 2016.
195. Bernstein, Maxine (September 7, 2016). "Judge excludes 11 of 31 potential jurors for Oregon standoff trial in first day of questioning". The Oregonian/OregonLive.com. Advance Publications. ISSN   8750-1317 . Retrieved September 9, 2016.
196. Bernstein, Maxine (September 9, 2016). "Jury expected to be selected in Oregon standoff trial by end of day". The Oregonian/OregonLive.com. Advance Publications. ISSN   8750-1317 . Retrieved September 9, 2016.
197. Bernstein, Maxine (September 9, 2016). "Jury selected for Oregon standoff trial; opening statements begin Tuesday". The Oregonian/OregonLive.com. Advance Publications. ISSN   8750-1317 . Retrieved September 9, 2016.
198. Bernstein, Maxine (September 12, 2016). "Oregon standoff defendant Jeff Banta had to remind judge he also faces firearms charge". The Oregonian/OregonLive.com. Advance Publications. ISSN   8750-1317 . Retrieved September 14, 2016.
199. Bernstein, Maxine (September 13, 2016). "Two contrasting portraits of refuge occupation emerge during opening statements". The Oregonian/OregonLive.com. Advance Publications. ISSN   8750-1317 . Retrieved September 14, 2016.
200. Bernstein, Maxine (September 13, 2016). "Line forms early outside federal courthouse on day of Bundy trial's opening statements". The Oregonian/OregonLive.com. Advance Publications. ISSN   8750-1317 . Retrieved September 14, 2016.
201. Bernstein, Maxine (September 15, 2016) [1st pub. September 14, 2016]. "Harney County Sheriff Dave Ward testifies: 'I didn't go to pick a fight. I wanted them to go home.'". The Oregonian/OregonLive.com. Advance Publications. ISSN   8750-1317 . Retrieved September 14, 2016.