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Civilian control of the military in communist states have differed from country to country. There are typically three models of civilian control of the military: party-run, state-run, and hybrid. In all three models, the communist party has an internal organisation in the military.
In the party-run model, the military is entirely run through the organ on military affairs of the central committee of the communist party. This was the case in China from 1975 to 1983, when there existed no state counterpart to the Central Military Commission of the Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP). [1] Since 1982, under the principle of "one institution with two names", a state counterpart with an identical name, personnel and organisation has existed alongside its party counterpart. [2] The party's authority is stated in law, Article 19 of the "Law of the People's Republic of China on National Defence" states, "The armed forces of the People’s Republic of China is subject to the leadership of the Communist Party of China." [3]
In the state-run model, the highest organ on military affairs is an organ of the highest organ of state power, with no party counterpart. This model was practised by the Soviet Union, in which the Council of Defence, appointed by the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet, led the Soviet armed forces. However, party leadership was ensured by the Soviet party leader, the general secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, serving ex officio as chairman of the Council of Defence. [4]
In the hybrid model, both the state and the party have organs on military affairs. This model is practised in Vietnam, in which the Communist Party of Vietnam (CPV) has an internal organ on military affairs led by the party leader and the highest organ of state power, the National Assembly of Vietnam, having a state counterpart led by the President of Vietnam. Despite this, the Vietnamese political system stresses that the Vietnamese armed forces are under the absolute leadership of the CPV. [5]
The politics of Vietnam is dominated by a single party under an authoritarian system, the Communist Party of Vietnam (CPV). The President of Vietnam is the head of state, and the Prime Minister of Vietnam is the head of government. Both of these offices are separate from the General Secretary of the Communist Party of Vietnam, who leads the CPV and is head of the Politburo and the Central Military Commission. The General Secretary is thus the de facto highest position in the Vietnamese politics.
The People's Army of Vietnam (PAVN), officially the Vietnam People's Army, also recognized as the Vietnamese Army or the People's Army, is the national military force of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam and the armed wing of the ruling Communist Party of Vietnam (CPV). The PAVN is a part of the Vietnam People's Armed Forces and includes: Ground Force, Navy, Air Force, Border Guard and Coast Guard. Vietnam does not have a separate and formally-structured Ground Force or Army service. Instead, all ground troops, army corps, military districts and special forces are designated under the umbrella term combined arms and are belonged to the Ministry of National Defence, directly under the command of the CPV Central Military Commission, the Minister of National Defence, and the General Staff of the Vietnam People's Army. The military flag of the PAVN is the National flag of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam defaced with the motto Quyết thắng added in yellow at the top left.
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The Central Military Commission (CMC) is the highest national defense organization in the People's Republic of China, which heads the People's Liberation Army (PLA), the People's Armed Police (PAP), and the Militia of China.
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The Communist Party of Vietnam (CPV) is the founding and sole legal party of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam. Founded in 1930 by Hồ Chí Minh, the CPV became the ruling party of North Vietnam in 1954 and then all of Vietnam after the collapse of the South Vietnamese government following the Fall of Saigon in 1975. Although it nominally exists alongside the Vietnamese Fatherland Front, it maintains a unitary government and has centralized control over the state, military, and media. The supremacy of the CPV is guaranteed by Article 4 of the national constitution. The Vietnamese public generally refer to the CPV as simply "the Party" or "our Party".
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The President of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam is the head of state of Vietnam, elected by the National Assembly of Vietnam from its delegates. Since Vietnam is a one-party state, candidates for the post are nominated by the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Vietnam. The officeholder is generally considered to hold the second-highest position in the political system, practically after the General Secretary of the Communist Party of Vietnam. The incumbent Tô Lâm is holding both positions as the Party General Secretary and State President as the same time, inarguably making him the most powerful figure in the current Vietnamese politics.
The Vietnamese Constitution or the Constitution of Vietnam, fully the Constitution of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam, is the fundamental and supreme law of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam. The current constitution was adopted on November 28, 2013, by the Thirteenth National Assembly and took effect on January 1, 2014, being the third constitution adopted by the Vietnamese state since the political reunification of the country in 1976.
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Đỗ Mười was a Vietnamese communist politician. He rose in the party hierarchy in the late 1940s, became Chairman of the Council of Ministers in 1988 and was elected General Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Vietnam (CPV) at the 7th Congress in 1991. He continued his predecessor's policy of ruling through a collective leadership and Nguyễn Văn Linh's policy of economic reform. He was elected for two terms as General Secretary, but left office in 1997 at the 3rd plenum of the 8th Central Committee during his second term.
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Hoàng Văn Hoan was a personal friend of Ho Chi Minh, a founding member of the Indochinese Communist Party, and a Politburo member of the Communist Party of Vietnam from 1960 to 1976. Born in Nghệ An Province in 1905, Hoan was a crucial link between the Democratic Republic of Vietnam and the People's Republic of China, serving as ambassador to the country from 1950 to 1957 and Vice Chairman of the DRV's National Assembly Standing Committee in the 1960s. Known for his pro-Chinese stance, Hoan reached the peak of his career in the early 1960s when North Vietnam temporarily allied with China in the Sino-Soviet dispute.
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