Cyclura ricordii

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Cyclura ricordii
Cabritos 2011 12 13Feb 221 cropped.jpg
C. ricordii at Lake Enriquillo, Dominican Republic
CITES Appendix I (CITES) [2]
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Reptilia
Order: Squamata
Suborder: Iguania
Family: Iguanidae
Genus: Cyclura
Species:
C. ricordii
Binomial name
Cyclura ricordii
(Duméril & Bibron, 1837)
Synonyms [3] [4]
  • Aloponotus ricordiiDuméril & Bibron, 1837
  • Hypsilophus ricordii(Duméril & Bibron, 1837) Fitzinger, 1843
  • Cyclura ricordi(Duméril & Bibron, 1837) Schwartz & R. Thomas, 1975, lapsus

Cyclura ricordii, also known as Ricord's ground iguana or Ricord's rock iguana, is an endangered species of medium-sized rock iguana, a large herbivorous lizard. It is endemic to the island of Hispaniola (in both Haiti and the Dominican Republic). It is known to coexist with the nominate subspecies of the rhinoceros iguana (C. cornuta cornuta); the two species are the only taxa of rock iguana to do so. The natural habitats of its three subpopulations are hot, dry, wooded savanna on limestone with access to soil and sandy flats in southern Hispaniola. It is threatened by predation by introduced predators and habitat loss, due to overgrazing and charcoal manufacture.

Contents

Taxonomy

The specific epithet ricordii commemorates the French doctor Alexandre Ricord who sent the first specimen to Paris. [5]

In 1837 Cyclura ricordii was described as a species new to science by André Marie Constant Duméril and Gabriel Bibron, who at that time named it Aloponotus ricordii. [3] [5] In 1843, the species was assigned to the genus Hypsilophus by Leopold Fitzinger. In 1885, the species was returned to the genus Aloponotus by Edward Drinker Cope. In 1924, the species was assigned to the genus Cyclura by Doris Mable Cochran. [3] Cochran used the spelling C. ricordii, but in 1975 Albert Schwartz and Richard Thomas misspelled the name as C. ricordi, [4] this orthographic error [1] was subsequently followed by most authors and databases, [3] [6] until the 2010s. [1] [3]

The holotype is a stuffed animal sent by Ricord from the colony of Saint-Domingue to Paris, which arrived at the Muséum national d'histoire naturelle in 1699, and is stored there under the collection number MNHN-RA-0.8304. [6]

Genetic (mtDNA) [7] and morphological data indicate that the closest living relative of C. ricordii is C. carinata of the Turks and Caicos Islands. [8]

Common names

In English, vernacular names of C. ricordii include Ricord's rock iguana, [1] [3] [9] Ricord's ground iguana, [3] [9] Ricord's iguana, [10] [11] and banded rock iguana. [12]

Vernacular names in Spanish include iguana amarilla and iguana de Ricord. In the local Haitian Creole, it is known as leza recò. In French, the names cyclure d'Hispaniola, cyclures de Ricord and iguane de Ricord are recorded. [1]

Description

Cyclura ricordii is a species of rock iguana with a maximum snout-to-vent length in males of 460 mm (18 in), [1] in females to 430 mm (17 in), [13] The tail is 540 mm (21 in) long at maximum. The average snout-to-vent length at birth is 96 mm (3.8 in) with a 147 mm (5.8 in) tail. [1]

Their body color is a grayish green flat color marked by five to six bold pale gray chevrons alternating with dark gray to black chevrons. In adults, the dark chevrons are less contrasting than in juveniles. [10] The eyes have a dark, almost black iris and red sclera.[ citation needed ]

Species of Cyclura are sexually dimorphic; males are larger than females, and have larger femoral pores on their thighs, which are used to release pheromones. [14] [15]

Eggs from the genus Cyclura are some of the largest laid by any lizard. [13]

Distribution

Until 2008, Cyclura ricordii was thought to be restricted to two populations in the southern Dominican Republic: one population in the arid Hoya de Enriquillo surrounding the hypersaline Lake Enriquillo and its lake island Isla Cabritos, and the other in the most xeric portion of the coastal lowlands of Pedernales Province. These are separated by the moister Sierra de Bahoruco, with three peaks exceeding 2,000 metres (6,600 ft) which form an ecological barrier between two populations. Past drier Pleistocene climates may have allowed genetic exchange between the two populations. It is sympatric throughout its range with C. cornuta, the rhinoceros iguana. [10] [16] All other Caribbean islands with rock iguanas are home to a single species. [11] In 2008, a third population was found to exist near the town of Anse-a-Pitres in Haiti, [17] near the southernmost coast. [1]

Hispaniola was once two islands; genetic evidence indicates C. ricordii evolved on the northern island and later dispersed southwards, while C. cornuta evolved on the southern island. [7]

Ecology

Habitat

This species inhabits dry xeric Hispaniolan dry forests or scrublands with scattered trees, cacti and many vines, that grow on rocky limestone cliffs and terraces, with the occasional depressions filled with red soil. Another part of the population inhabits a flat habitat with a 5–6m tall dry forest, dominated by succulents growing on white sandy soil. It is found at altitudes from 43m below sea level (Cabritos Island on Lake Enriquillo) up to 439m. The Haitian population is found on a small karst limestone terrace near the coast. [1]

Behaviour

It is a diurnal animal, sleeping in "retreats" during the nights. [1] They usually excavate burrows for retreats in the sandy areas of either type of habitat which they expand over time. [16] Entrances to these retreats are generally dug under dense thorny vegetation, shrubs, stumps, or exposed rocks. [16] They may sometimes also retreat to hollow tree trunks or rock crevices. [1]

Mating occurs from May through June. [16] In the genus Cyclura in general, in many species copulation is preceded by numerous head-bobs on the part of the male, who then circles around behind the female and grasps the nape of her neck in order to manoeuvre his tail under hers to position himself for sex. [13] Nest sites are built in clay or sand, [1] in pockets of earth exposed to the sun. [16] The Haiti population nests in a single location on a sandy beach at the coast. Anywhere from 2 to 23 eggs are usually laid in May to July, [1] depending on the size and age of the female. [16] The eggs go through a 95- to 100-day incubation period before hatching in July to September The average success rate is 95%. After two to three years both sexes have reached maturity. [1]

The adults of the species are primarily terrestrial whereas juveniles tend to occupy arboreal retreats. [11] It has been observed swimming and floating in Lago Enriquillo. [10]

Diet

It feeds on a wide variety of plants and plant parts, depending on local availability, including Consolea , Cordia , Croton , Guaiacum , Melocactus lemairei , Opuntia and Prosopis . [10] Insects and crustaceans are also sometimes eaten when the opportunity presents itself, [1] [10] as well as vertebrates. [1]

Conservation

In 1970, the estimated wild population was 5,000 lizards. [13] In 1996, the estimated wild population was 2,000-4,000 animals. [10] In 2018 the IUCN assessed wild population as 3,000-4,000 animals. The authors of that assessment found the population trend to be decreasing. [1]

The two populations are partially found within the following protected areas:

The Indianapolis Zoo has been involved in the Dominican Republic since the mid-1990s. [18] As of 1995, it was successful with breeding this species, but rearing the young had not gone well. The Parque Zoológico Nacional  [ es ] in Santo Domingo had similar success, but had "institutional problems" according to Ottenwalder. [10] In 2005 the Parque Zoológico Nacional was breeding the iguanas. As of 2009, Grupo Jaragua was the only Dominican non-governmental organisation focussed on the conservation of amphibians and reptiles. [19] It was quite active domestically. [19] [20] In 2018 Grupo Jaragua was still actively monitoring the population. [1]

Threats

In 1995, Ottenwalder mentioned that in the 1970s, Chinese restaurants in the capital city Santo Domingo sometimes sold iguana meat from this species as a special treat, although this was not going on in his time. [10] According to Grupo Jaragua, the Ricord's iguana population in Pedernales Province has been threatened by agricultural displacement through increased cattle grazing, as well as charcoal mining. [20] They state the iguanas are hunted and trapped as a food source by humans, and killed by goatherders under the false superstition that iguanas rip open the bellies of livestock with their pointed crests. [20] [21] Competition from domestic and feral livestock is also a concern, as is predation of juveniles by cats, dogs, and mongooses. [20]

Status

The IUCN initially assessed this species' conservation status as critically endangered in 1996 (it had been listed as undetermined before then), but after the Haitian subpopulation was discovered, the "area of occupancy" had increased and it was downlisted to endangered in the assessment in 2018. [1] It has been listed in Appendix I of the CITES treaty, [13] at least since the 1990s, and this appears to have been effective. [10] It is not listed under the US Endangered Species Act. [13]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pedernales Province</span> Province of the Dominican Republic

Pedernales is the southernmost province of the Dominican Republic, including the offshore island of Isla Beata. It was split from Barahona in 1957. Of its 2,074.53 km2, 1,374 km2 belongs to the Jaragua National Park. A third of its population is of Haitian origin, the highest ratio within the country.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Étang Saumâtre</span> Salt lake in Plaine du Cul-de-Sac

Étang Saumâtre, is the largest lake in Haiti and the second largest lake in the Dominican Republic and Hispaniola, after Lake Enriquillo. It is also known as Lake Azuéi ; its Taíno name was Yainagua.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Turks and Caicos rock iguana</span> Species of lizard

The Turks and Caicos rock iguana is a species of lizard endemic to the Turks and Caicos islands. This small iguana can reach 30 in (76 cm) and becomes mature at seven years and may live for twenty. A single clutch of up to nine eggs is laid each year, and these take three months to hatch. This iguana is mostly herbivorous, but supplements this by adding some animal matter to its diet.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Blue iguana</span> Species of reptile

The blue iguana, also known as the Grand Cayman ground iguana, Grand Cayman blue iguana or Cayman Island rock iguana, is an endangered species of lizard which is endemic to the island of Grand Cayman. It was previously considered to be a subspecies of the Cuban iguana, Cyclura nubila, but in a 2004 article Frederic J. Burton reclassified it as a separate species because according to him the genetic differences discovered four years earlier between the different C. nubila populations warranted this interpretation. The blue iguana is one of the longest-living species of lizard.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lake Enriquillo</span> Saline lake in Hoya de Enriquillo

Lake Enriquillo is a hypersaline lake in the Dominican Republic located in the southwestern region of the country. Its waters are shared between the provinces of Bahoruco and Independencia, the latter of which borders Haiti. Lake Enriquillo is the largest lake in both the Dominican Republic and Hispaniola, as well as the entire Caribbean. It is also the lowest point for an island country.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mona ground iguana</span> Species of Cyclura closely related to the rhinoceros iguana

The Mona ground iguana is a critically endangered species of rock iguana, endemic to Mona Island, Puerto Rico. It is one of the island nation's few large land animals, and it is the largest endemic terrestrial lizard in the country, and one of the biggest rock iguanas within the Antilles. It was previously considered a subspecies of the rhinoceros iguana.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Rhinoceros iguana</span> Species of iguana endemic to the Caribbean

The rhinoceros iguana is an endangered species of iguana that is endemic to the Caribbean island of Hispaniola and its surrounding islands. A large lizard, they vary in length from 60 to 136 centimetres, and skin colours range from a steely grey to a dark green and even brown. Their name derives from the bony-plated pseudo-horn or outgrowth which resembles the horn of a rhinoceros on the iguana's snout. It is known to coexist with the Ricord's iguana ; the two species are the only taxa of rock iguana to do so.

<i>Cyclura nubila</i> Species of reptile

The Cuban rock iguana, also known as the Cuban ground iguana or Cuban iguana, is a species of lizard of the iguana family. It is the second largest of the West Indian rock iguanas, one of the most endangered groups of lizards. A herbivorous species with a thick tail and spiked jowls, it is one of the largest lizards in the Caribbean.

Cyclura cornuta onchiopsis, the Navassa Island iguana, was a subspecies of rhinoceros iguana that was found on the Caribbean island of Navassa.

Cyclura carinata bartschi, commonly known as Bartsch's iguana or the Booby Cay iguana, is a subspecies of lizard in the family Iguanidae. The subspecies is endemic to a single cay, Booby Cay, in The Bahamas.

<i>Cyclura cychlura figginsi</i> Subspecies of lizard

Cyclura cychlura figginsi, known by the common name of guana and sometimes called the Exuma Island iguana in the international literature, is a subspecies of the northern rock iguana, C. cychlura, that is found on the Exuma island chain in the Bahamas with an estimated wild population of 1,300 animals in 2004, it has been listed on the IUCN Red List as critically endangered.

The Hispaniola racer or Hispaniolan brown racer is a snake that is endemic to the Caribbean island of Hispaniola. It is monotypic in the genus Haitiophis.

Coccothrinax jimenezii is a fan palm which is endemic to the island of Hispaniola in the Caribbean. First formally described in 2013, the species is only known from two small populations, and is considered critically endangered.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sierra de Bahoruco National Park</span>

The Sierra de Bahoruco National Park is an environmentally protected national park located in the South-western region of Dominican Republic. It was created in 1983 by Presidential Decree during the presidency of Salvador Jorge Blanco.

<i>Melocactus lemairei</i> Species of cactus endemic to Hispaniola

Melocactus lemairei is a species of cactus endemic to the Caribbean island of Hispaniola. It is named after French botanist and cactus expert Charles Antoine Lemaire.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hispaniolan dry forests</span> Ecoregion on Hispaniola

The Hispaniolan dry forests are a tropical dry broadleaf forest ecoregion on the island of Hispaniola. They cover 15,123 km2 (5,839 sq mi), around 20% of the island's area.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Enriquillo wetlands</span> Ecoregion on Hispaniola

The Enriquillo wetlands are a flooded grasslands and savannas ecoregion on the island of Hispaniola. They cover about 628 km2 (242 sq mi) around several low-lying lakes in southwestern Hispaniola in both the Dominican Republic and Haiti.

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 Pasachnik, S.A.; Carreras De León, R. (2019). "Cyclura ricordii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2019: e.T6032A3098833. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-2.RLTS.T6032A3098833.en . Retrieved 14 November 2021.
  2. ↑ "Appendices | CITES". cites.org. Retrieved 2022-01-14.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Uetz, Peter; Hallermann, Jakob. "Cyclura ricordi". The Reptile Database . Zoological Museum Hamburg. Retrieved 19 February 2020.
  4. 1 2 Schwartz, Albert; Thomas, Richard (1975). Carnegie Museum of Natural History Special Publication No. 1 — A Check-list of West Indian Amphibians and Reptiles. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania: Carnegie Museum of Natural History. p. 113. doi:10.5962/bhl.title.123681.
  5. 1 2 Duméril, André Marie Constant; Bibron, Gabriel (1837). Erpetologie Générale ou Histoire Naturelle Complete des Reptiles (in French). Vol. 4. Paris: Librairie Encyclopédique Roret. pp. 190–192.
  6. 1 2 "Spécimen - Cyclura ricordi (Duméril & Bibron, 1837)". Collection : Reptiles & Amphibiens (RA). Muséum national d'histoire naturelle . Retrieved 19 February 2020.
  7. 1 2 Malone, Catherine L.; Wheeler, Tana; Taylor, Jeremy F.; Davis, Scott K. (November 2000). "Phylogeography of the Caribbean Rock Iguana (Cyclura): Implications for Conservation and Insights on the Biogeographic History of the West Indies". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 17 (2): 269–279. doi:10.1006/mpev.2000.0836. PMID   11083940 . Retrieved 19 February 2020.
  8. ↑ Alberts, Allison (2007). "Turks & Caicos Iguana, Cyclura carinata carinata Conservation & Mgmt. Plan 2005 - 2009" (PDF). Iguana Specialist Group. Retrieved November 26, 2007.[ dead link ]
  9. 1 2 "Cyclura ricordi (Duméril & Bibron, 1837)". GBIF Backbone Taxonomy - Checklist dataset. GBIF Secretariat. 2019. doi:10.15468/39omei . Retrieved 20 February 2020.
  10. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Ottenwalder, Jose (2000). "Ricord's Iguana Cyclura ricordi". In Alberts, Allison (ed.). West Indian Iguanas: Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan (PDF). Gland: IUCN/SSC West Indian Iguana Specialist Group, IUCN. pp. 51–55. ISBN   2-8317-0456-1. Archived from the original on October 28, 2007.
  11. 1 2 3 Foster, John Scott (August 2005), Saving Ricord's Iguana: Conservation and Education in the Dominican Republic (PDF), Association of Zoos and Aquariums Communique, pp. 19–20, archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-02-21
  12. ↑ Sánchez Muñoz, Alejandro J. "Family Iguanidae: Iguanas and Their Kin". Father Sanchez's Web Site of West Indian Natural History Diapsids I: Introduction; Lizards. Kingsnake.com. Retrieved November 26, 2007.
  13. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Blair, David (1991), "West Indian Iguanas of the Genus Cyclura: Their Current Status in the Wild, Conservation Priorities and Efforts to Breed Them in Captivity" (PDF), Northern California Herpetological Society Special Publication, vol. SE, no. 6, pp. 55–56, archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-04-11
  14. ↑ De Vosjoli, Phillipe; Blair, David (1992), The Green Iguana Manual , Escondido, California: Advanced Vivarium Systems, ISBN   1-882770-18-8
  15. ↑ Martins, Emilia P.; Lacy, Kathryn (2004), "Behavior and Ecology of Rock Iguanas, I: Evidence for an Appeasement Display", Iguanas: Biology and Conservation, University of California Press, pp. 98–108, ISBN   978-0-520-23854-1
  16. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Ottenwalder, Jose (1996). "Cyclura ricordii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 1996: e.T6032A12348520. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T6032A12348520.en .
  17. ↑ Accime, Masani, Ricord's Iguana Project: Message from our research team, archived from the original on 2012-11-01, retrieved 2012-02-12
  18. ↑ Wyatt III, John E. (2003). "Indianapolis Zoo Conducts Ricord's Iguana Field Research". Project Iguana. Indianapolis Zoo. Archived from the original on 2008-02-06. Retrieved 2007-10-04.
  19. 1 2 Powell, Robert; Incháustegui, Sixto J. (April 2009). "Conservation of the herpetofauna of the Dominican Republic". Applied Herpetology. 6 (2): 11, 114–116. doi:10.1163/157075409X427153 . Retrieved 20 February 2020.
  20. 1 2 3 4 Rupp, Ernst; Incháustegui, Sixto J.; Arias, Yvonne (December 1, 2005). "Conservation of Cyclura ricordii in the Southwestern Dominican Republic and a Brief History of the Grupo Jaragua". Iguana: Journal of the International Iguana Society. 12 (4): 222–234.
  21. ↑ Rupp, Ernst; Incháustegui, Sixto J.; Arias, Yvonne (2005). "Preliminary Report on the Distribution and Situation of Cyclura ricordi on the Southern Shore of Enriquillo Lake". El Vergel. Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic (33): 1–12.


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