David C. Jewitt

Last updated

David Jewitt
David Jewitt.jpg
Born1958 (age 65–66)
London
Alma mater University College London
Known forDiscovery of the first body in the Kuiper belt
Awards Shaw Prize (2012)
Kavli Prize (2012)
Scientific career
FieldsAstronomy, Astrophysics
Institutions UCLA
Thesis  (1983)
Doctoral advisor James Westphal

David Clifford Jewitt (born 1958) is a British-American[ citation needed ] astronomer who studies the Solar System, especially its minor bodies. [1] He is based at the University of California, Los Angeles, where he is a Member of the Institute for Geophysics and Planetary Physics, the Director of the Institute for Planets and Exoplanets, Professor of Astronomy in the Department of Physics and Astronomy and Professor of Astronomy in the Department of Earth, Planetary and Space Sciences. He is best known for being the first person (along with Jane Luu) to discover a body beyond Pluto and Charon in the Kuiper belt. [2]

Contents

Early life

Jewitt was born in London, England, in 1958. [3] His mother was a telephonist, and his father worked on an assembly line making industrial steel cutters. [3] The family lived with Jewitt's grandmother in a social housing project in the north London suburb of Tottenham. [3]

Jewitt's interest in astronomy was kindled in 1965, when he chanced to see some bright meteors. [3] Media coverage of NASA's Apollo 8 and Apollo 11 lunar missions in 1968 and 1969 added to his enthusiasm. [3] His own exploration of outer space began with a tabletop 40 mm refracting telescope that his grandparents gave him as a birthday present. [3] Upgrading to a 150 mm reflector built by his uncle Malcolm and then a homemade 250 mm instrument, Jewitt became a serious amateur astronomer while still a schoolboy. [3] He joined the Transient lunar phenomenon subsection of the Lunar Section of the British Astronomical Association, and regularly contributed reports of his observations to the Section's circular. [4]

Education

Jewitt was educated at local authority primary and secondary schools. [3] He was also an autodidact, borrowing books from a travelling library to supplement the few that his parents could afford to buy for him. [3] His interest in physics began when a teacher introduced him to the subject, of which he had never previously heard, when he was twelve or thirteen. [3]

In 1976, supported by a local authority grant, Jewitt enrolled at University College London to take courses in astronomy, physics, mathematics, computing, electronics, metalwork and technical drawing, studying both at UCL's Gower Street campus and at the UCL Observatory (then called the University of London Observatory) in Mill Hill. [3] The module that he enjoyed most was a panoramic survey of physics delivered by the Christian, Rolls-Royce-driving space scientist Professor Sir Robert Boyd. [3] Together with his friend, the future poet and environmental activist Roly Drower, Jewitt graduated with a first class honours B.Sc. in astronomy in 1979. [3]

Following the advice of UCL's Professor Michael Dworetsky, Jewitt decided to pursue his postgraduate studies at the California Institute of Technology in Pasadena. [3] He became an Anthony Fellow at Caltech in 1979, achieving an M.S. in planetary science in 1980. [3] After investigating planetary nebulae and comets with the 200 inch Hale Telescope of the Mount Palomar Observatory, working with Ed Danielson and Gerry Neugebauer under the supervision of Professor James Westphal, he was awarded a Ph.D. in planetary science and astronomy in 1983. [3] He has recalled his adventures in the Hale's vertiginous prime focus cage as occasionally a risk to life and limb. [3]

Career

In 1983, Jewitt became an assistant professor at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in Cambridge, Massachusetts. [5] In 1988, attracted by the powerful telescopes sited on Mauna Kea, he moved to the University of Hawaii, becoming an Associate Astronomer in its Institute of Astronomy and an associate professor in its Department of Physics and Astronomy. [5] In 1993, the Institute promoted him to the rank of Astronomer tout court. [5]

In 2009, Jewitt returned to the American mainland to work at the University of California, Los Angeles, becoming a Member of UCLA's Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics and a professor in what was then its Department of Earth and Space Sciences. [5] In 2010 he was given a second chair, becoming a professor in UCLA's Department of Physics and Astronomy. [5] In 2011, he became the Director of UCLA's Institute for Planets and Exoplanets. [5]

Research

Jewitt's research interests have embraced many topics in planetary science, including the Kuiper belt, circumstellar discs, planetary ring systems, the physical properties of comets, frozen volatiles in asteroids, the moons of the gas giant planets and the formation and evolution of the Solar System.

In 1992, after five years of searching, Jewitt and the Vietnamese-American astronomer Jane X. Luu discovered 15760 Albion, the first Kuiper belt object (other than Pluto and its largest moon Charon) to be detected. [6] Jewitt and Luu named the object after a character who features in the mythological poetry of William Blake, a writer whom Jewitt admires. [7] (Blake in turn took the name from an ancient poetic term for Jewitt's native England.) Jewitt and Luu would have preferred to name the object Smiley after the protagonist of John le Carré's novel Tinker, Tailor, Soldier, Spy , a favourite book of both of theirs, but they were unable to do so because the name had already been allocated to the asteroid 1613 Smiley in honour of Charles Hugh Smiley, an American astronomer. [8] [9]

Since discovering 15760 Albion, Jewitt has identified dozens of other objects in the Kuiper belt in a series of pioneering wide field surveys. Thanks to his work and the efforts of other astronomers, it is now known that the Kuiper belt objects are divided into four distinct populations. In what is called the dynamically cold classical Kuiper belt, of which 15760 Albion is the prototypical member, objects have orbits that are almost circular and only slightly tilted with respect to the orbits of the major planets. In the dynamically hot classical Kuiper belt, objects have orbits that are more elongated and that are tilted at steeper angles. In the scattered disc, also called the scattered Kuiper belt, discovered in 1997, bodies move in large orbits that are more elongated and more tilted still. The Resonant Kuiper belt objects move in orbits that are harmonically related to that of Neptune: the ratio of the orbital period of a resonant object to the Neptunian year is equal to one small integer divided by another. (The resonant objects in the 3:2 mean-motion resonance Jewitt has named plutinos, in recognition of Pluto's being the first of them to be discovered.) Mathematical models of the formation and evolution of the Solar System have indicated that in order for the Kuiper belt to have developed the structure that has been observed, the Kuiper belt objects and the gas giant planets must have come to their present orbits after migrating to them from elsewhere, pulled away from their earlier paths by their gravitational interactions with one another and with the disc of material that had coalesced around the juvenile Sun. In particular, it seems that Neptune long ago moved outward from an earlier orbit that was much closer to the Sun, and that the Kuiper belt objects, also originally closer to the Sun, were drawn outward with it.

In 1979, in his first months as a graduate student, Jewitt discovered the Jovian moon Adrastea on images taken by Voyager 2 . [2] He has since discovered more than seventy further moons of Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune. [10] In 1982, he achieved worldwide fame as the first astronomer to recover Halley's Comet as it approached its 1986 perihelion, detecting it with the Hale telescope using an early CCD. [4] He is credited by the Minor Planet Center with the discovery of more than forty asteroids. [11] The inner main-belt asteroid 6434 Jewitt, discovered by Edward Bowell in 1981, was named in his honour. [2] In the naming citation, published on 1 July 1996, Jane Luu described Jewitt as "the consummate astronomer" ( M.P.C. 27462). [12]

Controversies

When Pluto was first discovered, it was added to the canonical list of major planets. After Jewitt and Luu's discovery of 15760 Albion and the subsequent finding of many more Kuiper belt objects, it became apparent that Pluto had more in common with these objects than it did with its supposed planetary peers. Some astronomers suggested that Pluto should be demoted. Jewitt thought that the question of whether Pluto was a planet was "essentially bogus" and "scientifically [...] a non-issue", [13] but ultimately agreed with the International Astronomical Union's 2006 decision to reclassify Pluto as a dwarf planet. [14]

With the development of ever better telescopes and detectors, astronomers have been able to find moons that are ever smaller and smaller. Some astronomers have argued that moons smaller than some arbitrary size are unworthy of their title. Jewitt has dissented, asking "Is a small dog not a dog because it is small?" [15]

Outreach

In October 1982, Patrick Moore interviewed Jewitt about his recovery of Halley's Comet in a special episode of BBC TV's The Sky at Night . [4] In November 1985, as the comet neared the Sun, Jewitt again described how he had recovered it in an episode of BBC TV's Horizon titled Halley's Comet – the Apparition (Season 22, Episode 17). [16] A quarter of a century later, Horizon returned to Jewitt to interview him for Asteroids: the Good, the Bad and the Ugly (Season 47, Episode 6). [17] Jewitt told viewers that he had found it difficult to secure enough telescope time for his trans-Neptunian research, and had only been able to achieve his celebrated breakthrough by looking for Kuiper belt objects on nights when he was supposed to be working on other projects.

Jewitt has also explained his work to non-specialists in articles in Scientific American , Sky and Telescope and The Sky at Night BBC Magazine. [10]

Honours

In 1994, Jewitt was awarded the University of Hawaii's Regent's Medal for excellence in research. [5] In 1996, the ARCS (Achievement Rewards for College Scientists) Foundation's Honolulu chapter named him the Hawaii Scientist of the Year, and NASA gave him their Exceptional Scientific Achievement Medal. [5] In 1998, he was made an Honorary Fellow of University College London. [5] In 2000, he became an Honorary Professor at the National Astronomical Observatory of the Chinese Academy of Science. [5] In 2005, he became a Member of the National Academy of Sciences, a Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science and a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. [5] In 2007, he was made an adjunct professor of the National Central University of Taiwan. [5] In 2012, he was awarded the $1 million Shaw Prize for astronomy, jointly with his former student Jane X. Luu of MIT's Lincoln Laboratury, in recognition of their "discovery and characterization of trans-Neptunian bodies, an archaeological treasure dating back to the formation of the solar system and the long sought source of short period comets". [5] In 2012 too he was awarded the $1 million Kavli Prize for astrophysics, jointly with Luu and Michael Brown, for the same work. [5] 2012 also saw his becoming a Foreign Member of the Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters. [18]

Personal life

In 1991, Jewitt met Jing Li (a Chinese-American born in Beijing, China), a Ph.D. student of solar physics at the University of Paris, while she was visiting the University of Hawaii. [3] Jewitt and Jing married in 1993. [3] Their daughter, Suu Suu, was born in 2000. [3]

As a child, Jewitt's extra-astronomical interests included writing, history, music, machines, animals, trees, rocks and fossils. [3] Among the pleasures of his mature years are the cult British TV series The Prisoner and the music of the twentieth century modernist composers Karlheinz Stockhausen and Iannis Xenakis. [3] Jewitt remembers a visit of Xenakis's to Caltech as a highlight of his years of working there. [3]

In 2014, Jewitt was one of 365 eminent people invited to forecast the likely future of the Earth. He declared himself hopeful, deriving his optimism from his opinion that democracy had transcended dictatorship and science had transcended religion. [19]

Select bibliography

Minor planets discovered: 48  [11]
10370 Hylonome [1] 27 February 1995
15760 Albion [1] 20 August 1992
(15807) 1994 GV9 [2] 15 April 1994
(15809) 1994 JS [1] 11 May 1994
(15820) 1994 TB [2] 2 October 1994
(15836) 1995 DA2 [1] 24 February 1995
(15874) 1996 TL66 [1] [2] [3] 9 October 1996
(15875) 1996 TP66 [1] [3] 11 October 1996
(15883) 1997 CR29 [2] [3] 3 February 1997
(19308) 1996 TO66 [1] [3] 12 October 1996
(20108) 1995 QZ9 [2] 29 August 1995
(20161) 1996 TR66 [1] [2] [3] 8 October 1996
(24952) 1997 QJ4 [1] [3] [4] 28 August 1997
(24978) 1998 HJ151 [1] [3] [5] 28 April 1998
(32929) 1995 QY9 [2] 31 August 1995
(33001) 1997 CU29 [1] [2] [3] 6 February 1997
(59358) 1999 CL158 [1] [3] 11 February 1999
66652 Borasisi [1] [3] 8 September 1999
79360 Sila-Nunam [1] [2] [3] 3 February 1997
(79969) 1999 CP133 [1] [3] 11 February 1999
(79978) 1999 CC158 [1] [3] [6] 15 February 1999
(79983) 1999 DF9 [1] [3] 20 February 1999
(91554) 1999 RZ215 [1] [3] 8 September 1999
(118228) 1996 TQ66 [1] [2] [3] 8 October 1996
(129746) 1999 CE119 [1] [3] 10 February 1999
(131695) 2001 XS254 [6] [7] 9 December 2001
(131696) 2001 XT254 [6] [7] 9 December 2001
(131697) 2001 XH255 [6] [7] 11 December 2001
(134568) 1999 RH215 [1] [3] 7 September 1999
(137294) 1999 RE215 [1] [3] 7 September 1999
(137295) 1999 RB216 [1] [3] 8 September 1999
(148112) 1999 RA216 [1] [3] 8 September 1999
(148975) 2001 XA255 [6] [7] 9 December 2001
(168700) 2000 GE147 [3] [6] 2 April 2000
(181708) 1993 FW [1] 28 March 1993
(181867) 1999 CV118 [1] [3] 10 February 1999
(181868) 1999 CG119 [1] [3] 11 February 1999
(181871) 1999 CO153 [1] [3] 12 February 1999
(181902) 1999 RD215 [1] [3] 6 September 1999
(385185) 1993 RO [1] 14 September 1993
(385201) 1999 RN215 [1] [3] 7 September 1999
(415720) 1999 RU215 [1] [3] 7 September 1999
(469306) 1999 CD158   [1] [3] 10 February 1999
(469420) 2001 XP254  [6] [7] 10 December 2001
(469421) 2001 XD255  [6] [7] 9 December 2001
(503858) 1998 HQ151  [1] [3] [5] 28 April 1998
(508792) 2000 FX53  [3] [6] 31 March 2000
(508770) 1995 WY2  [1] 18 November 1995
  1. 1 with J. X. Luu
  2. 2 with J. Chen
  3. 3 with C. A. Trujillo
  4. 4 with K. Berney
  5. 5 with D. J. Tholen
  6. 6 with S. S. Sheppard
  7. 7 with J. T. Kleyna
  8. 8 credited to Mauna Kea Observatories
Uncredited (currently):
58534 Logos [8] 4 February 1997

A complete, up to date list of Jewitt's more than two hundred academic publications is available via his UCLA website. [10] His magazine articles for general readers are: [10]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Kuiper belt</span> Area of the Solar System beyond the planets, comprising small bodies

The Kuiper belt is a circumstellar disc in the outer Solar System, extending from the orbit of Neptune at 30 astronomical units (AU) to approximately 50 AU from the Sun. It is similar to the asteroid belt, but is far larger—20 times as wide and 20–200 times as massive. Like the asteroid belt, it consists mainly of small bodies or remnants from when the Solar System formed. While many asteroids are composed primarily of rock and metal, most Kuiper belt objects are composed largely of frozen volatiles, such as methane, ammonia, and water. The Kuiper belt is home to most of the objects that astronomers generally accept as dwarf planets: Orcus, Pluto, Haumea, Quaoar, and Makemake. Some of the Solar System's moons, such as Neptune's Triton and Saturn's Phoebe, may have originated in the region.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Planets beyond Neptune</span> Hypothetical planets further than Neptune

Following the discovery of the planet Neptune in 1846, there was considerable speculation that another planet might exist beyond its orbit. The search began in the mid-19th century and continued at the start of the 20th with Percival Lowell's quest for Planet X. Lowell proposed the Planet X hypothesis to explain apparent discrepancies in the orbits of the giant planets, particularly Uranus and Neptune, speculating that the gravity of a large unseen ninth planet could have perturbed Uranus enough to account for the irregularities.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Solar System</span> The Sun and objects orbiting it

The Solar System is the gravitationally bound system of the Sun and the objects that orbit it. It was formed about 4.6 billion years ago when a dense region of a molecular cloud collapsed, forming the Sun and a protoplanetary disc. The Sun is a typical star that maintains a balanced equilibrium by the fusion of hydrogen into helium at its core, releasing this energy from its outer photosphere. Astronomers classify it as a G-type main-sequence star.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2060 Chiron</span> Large, ringed 200km centaur/comet with 50-year orbit

2060 Chiron is a ringed small Solar System body in the outer Solar System, orbiting the Sun between Saturn and Uranus. Discovered in 1977 by Charles Kowal, it was the first-identified member of a new class of objects now known as centaurs—bodies orbiting between the asteroid belt and the Kuiper belt. Chiron is named after the centaur Chiron in Greek mythology.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Centaur (small Solar System body)</span> Type of Solar System object

In planetary astronomy, a centaur is a small Solar System body that orbits the Sun between Jupiter and Neptune and crosses the orbits of one or more of the giant planets. Centaurs generally have unstable orbits because they cross or have crossed the orbits of the giant planets; almost all their orbits have dynamic lifetimes of only a few million years, but there is one known centaur, 514107 Kaʻepaokaʻawela, which may be in a stable orbit. Centaurs typically exhibit the characteristics of both asteroids and comets. They are named after the mythological centaurs that were a mixture of horse and human. Observational bias toward large objects makes determination of the total centaur population difficult. Estimates for the number of centaurs in the Solar System more than 1 km in diameter range from as low as 44,000 to more than 10,000,000.

Brett James Gladman is a Canadian astronomer and a full professor at the University of British Columbia's Department of Physics and Astronomy in Vancouver, British Columbia. He holds the Canada Research Chair in planetary astronomy. He does both theoretical work and observational optical astronomy.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Chad Trujillo</span> American astronomer

Chadwick A. Trujillo is an American astronomer, discoverer of minor planets and the co-discoverer of Eris, the most massive dwarf planet known in the Solar System.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Michael E. Brown</span> American astronomer (born 1965)

Michael E. Brown is an American astronomer, who has been professor of planetary astronomy at the California Institute of Technology (Caltech) since 2003. His team has discovered many trans-Neptunian objects (TNOs), including the dwarf planet Eris, which was originally thought to be bigger than Pluto, triggering a debate on the definition of a planet.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">15760 Albion</span> Trans-Neptunian object, prototype of cubewanos

15760 Albion (provisional designation 1992 QB1) was the first trans-Neptunian object to be discovered after Pluto and Charon. Measuring about 108–167 kilometres in diameter, it was discovered in 1992 by David C. Jewitt and Jane X. Luu at the Mauna Kea Observatory, Hawaii. After the discovery, they dubbed the object "Smiley" and it was shortly hailed as the tenth planet by the press. It is a "cold" classical Kuiper belt object and gave rise to the name cubewano for this kind of object, after the QB1 portion of its designation. Decoding its provisional designation, "QB1" reveals that it was the 27th object found in the second half of August of that year. As of January 2018, around 2,400 further objects have been found beyond Neptune, a majority of which are classical Kuiper belt objects. It was named after Albion from William Blake's mythology.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Charles T. Kowal</span> American astronomer (1940–2011)

Charles Thomas Kowal was an American astronomer known for his observations and discoveries in the Solar System. As a staff astronomer at Caltech's Mount Wilson and Palomar Mountain observatories between 1961 and 1984, he found the first of a new class of Solar System objects, the centaurs, discovered two moons of the planet Jupiter, and discovered or co-discovered a number of asteroids, comets and supernovae. He was awarded the James Craig Watson Medal for his contributions to astronomy in 1979.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Marc Buie</span> American astronomer

Marc William Buie is an American astronomer and prolific discoverer of minor planets who works at the Southwest Research Institute in Boulder, Colorado in the Space Science Department. Formerly he worked at the Lowell Observatory in Flagstaff, Arizona, and was the Sentinel Space Telescope Mission Scientist for the B612 Foundation, which is dedicated to protecting Earth from asteroid impact events.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Jane Luu</span> Vietnamese American astronomer

Jane X. Luu is a Vietnamese-American astronomer and defense systems engineer. She was awarded the Kavli Prize for 2012 "for discovering and characterizing the Kuiper Belt and its largest members, work that led to a major advance in the understanding of the history of our planetary system".

The definition of the term planet has changed several times since the word was coined by the ancient Greeks. Greek astronomers employed the term ἀστέρες πλανῆται, 'wandering stars', for star-like objects which apparently moved over the sky. Over the millennia, the term has included a variety of different celestial bodies, from the Sun and the Moon to satellites and asteroids.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Scattered disc</span> Collection of bodies in the extreme Solar System

The scattered disc (or scattered disk) is a distant circumstellar disc in the Solar System that is sparsely populated by icy small Solar System bodies, which are a subset of the broader family of trans-Neptunian objects. The scattered-disc objects (SDOs) have orbital eccentricities ranging as high as 0.8, inclinations as high as 40°, and perihelia greater than 30 astronomical units (4.5×109 km; 2.8×109 mi). These extreme orbits are thought to be the result of gravitational "scattering" by the gas giants, and the objects continue to be subject to perturbation by the planet Neptune.

<span class="nowrap">(612911) 2004 XR<sub>190</sub></span> Minor planet in the scattered disc

(612911) 2004 XR190, informally nicknamed Buffy, is a trans-Neptunian object, classified as both a scattered disc object and a detached object, located in the outermost region of the Solar System. It was first observed on 11 December 2004, by astronomers with the Canada–France Ecliptic Plane Survey at the Mauna Kea Observatories, Hawaii, United States. It is the largest known highly inclined (> 45°) object. With a perihelion of 51 AU, it belongs to a small and poorly understood group of very distant objects with moderate eccentricities.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Julio Ángel Fernández</span> Uruguayan astronomer and teacher

Julio Ángel Fernández Alves is a Uruguayan astronomer and teacher, member of the department of astronomy at the Universidad de la República in Montevideo. He is also a member of PEDECIBA,, and the Uruguayan Society of Astronomy. From 2005 to 2010, he was the Dean of the Universidad de la Republica's Faculty of Sciences. The asteroid 5996 Julioangel, discovered in 1983, was named after him.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Discovery and exploration of the Solar System</span>

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Quaoar</span> Ringed dwarf planet in the Kuiper belt

Quaoar is a large, ringed dwarf planet in the Kuiper belt, a region of icy planetesimals beyond Neptune. It has an elongated ellipsoidal shape with an average diameter of 1,090 km (680 mi), about half the size of the dwarf planet Pluto. The object was discovered by American astronomers Chad Trujillo and Michael Brown at the Palomar Observatory on 4 June 2002. Quaoar's surface contains crystalline water ice and ammonia hydrate, which suggests that it might have experienced cryovolcanism. A small amount of methane is present on its surface, which can only be retained by the largest Kuiper belt objects.

(181708) 1993 FW is a cubewano and was the second trans-Neptunian object to be discovered after Pluto and Charon, the first having been 15760 Albion, formerly known as (15760) 1992 QB1. It was discovered in 1993 by David C. Jewitt and Jane X. Luu at the Mauna Kea Observatory, Hawaii. Following its discovery it was nicknamed "Karla" after a character by John le Carré by its discoverers and was hailed as that of a new planet. Mike Brown lists it as possibly a dwarf planet on his website.

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References

  1. ↑ Ridpath, Ian: A dictionary of astronomy, 2012, p. 259
  2. 1 2 3 Schmadel, Lutz D. (2007). "(6434) Jewitt". Dictionary of Minor Planet Names – (6434) Jewitt. Springer Berlin Heidelberg. p. 532. doi:10.1007/978-3-540-29925-7_5866. ISBN   978-3-540-00238-3.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 Jewitt Bio ucla.edu
  4. 1 2 3 Mobberley, Martin: It came from outer space wearing an RAF blazer!: a fan's biography of Sir Patrick Moore, 2013, p.387
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 "David Jewitt: Curriculum Vitae".
  6. ↑ Jewitt, David C. and Luu, Jane X.: Discovery of candidate Kuiper belt object QB1, 1993; Nature, Vol. 362, p. 730
  7. ↑ "Dave Jewitt's favorite quotes". Archived from the original on 26 June 2010.
  8. ↑ What lurks in the Solar System?; Science@NASA
  9. ↑ Wilkie, Tom: Space body given name of Le Carre character: astronomers discover planetesimal Karla; The Independent, 21 April 1993
  10. 1 2 3 4 "Dave Jewitt's Publications".
  11. 1 2 "Minor Planet Discoverers (by number)". Minor Planet Center. 20 August 2016. Retrieved 25 August 2016.
  12. ↑ "MPC/MPO/MPS Archive". Minor Planet Center. Retrieved 22 July 2016.
  13. ↑ Jewitt page ucla.edu [ dead link ]
  14. ↑ Schilling, Govert: The hunt for Planet X: new worlds and the fate of Pluto, 2010, p. 145
  15. ↑ Young, Abby: Jupiter, 2005
  16. ↑ "Home - BBC Programme Index".
  17. ↑ bbc.co.uk
  18. ↑ "Gruppe 2: Astronomi. fysikk og geofysikk" (in Norwegian). Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters. Archived from the original on 27 September 2011. Retrieved 26 April 2014.
  19. ↑ MacLean, Todd: Global chorus: 365 voices on the future of the planet, 2014, p. 388
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