Deltaretrovirus

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Deltaretrovirus
Virus classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
(unranked): Virus
Realm: Riboviria
Kingdom: Pararnavirae
Phylum: Artverviricota
Class: Revtraviricetes
Order: Ortervirales
Family: Retroviridae
Subfamily: Orthoretrovirinae
Genus:Deltaretrovirus
Species

Deltaretrovirus is a genus of the Retroviridae family. It consists of exogenous horizontally transmitted viruses found in several groups of mammals. As of 2023, ICTV lists under this genus the Bovine leukemia virus and three species of primate T-lymphotropic virus.

Contents

The genus of viruses is known for its propensity to target immune cells and oncogenicity, evident in the names of the four named species. [1] Infection is usually asymptomatic, but inflammation and cancer can develop over time. [2]

Classification

Four species are recognized by the ICTV as of 2023:

Two additional PTLVs are known but not recognized: HTLV-4 (South Cameroon, 2005) and STLV-5 (Mac B43 strain, highly divergent PTLV-1). [3]

In addition, eight endogenous retroviruses identified as Deltaretrovirus are known as of 2019. Two of these were complete enough to show ORFs; the rest only showing long terminal repeats. [1]

Hosts

Known exogenous deltaretroviruses infect cattle and primates. [1]

The two complete endogenous ones were found in bats and dolphins; the others in Solenodon, mongoose, and fossa. These endogenous examples fill in the large gap in the host range. [1]

Clinical relevance

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Retrovirus</span> Family of viruses

A retrovirus is a type of virus that inserts a DNA copy of its RNA genome into the DNA of a host cell that it invades, thus changing the genome of that cell. After invading a host cell's cytoplasm, the virus uses its own reverse transcriptase enzyme to produce DNA from its RNA genome, the reverse of the usual pattern, thus retro (backward). The new DNA is then incorporated into the host cell genome by an integrase enzyme, at which point the retroviral DNA is referred to as a provirus. The host cell then treats the viral DNA as part of its own genome, transcribing and translating the viral genes along with the cell's own genes, producing the proteins required to assemble new copies of the virus. Many retroviruses cause serious diseases in humans, other mammals, and birds.

<i>Flaviviridae</i> Family of viruses

Flaviviridae is a family of enveloped positive-strand RNA viruses which mainly infect mammals and birds. They are primarily spread through arthropod vectors. The family gets its name from the yellow fever virus; flavus is Latin for "yellow", and yellow fever in turn was named because of its propensity to cause jaundice in victims. There are 89 species in the family divided among four genera. Diseases associated with the group include: hepatitis (hepaciviruses), hemorrhagic syndromes, fatal mucosal disease (pestiviruses), hemorrhagic fever, encephalitis, and the birth defect microcephaly (flaviviruses).

<i>Filoviridae</i> Family of viruses in the order Mononegavirales

Filoviridae is a family of single-stranded negative-sense RNA viruses in the order Mononegavirales. Two members of the family that are commonly known are Ebola virus and Marburg virus. Both viruses, and some of their lesser known relatives, cause severe disease in humans and nonhuman primates in the form of viral hemorrhagic fevers.

<i>Simian immunodeficiency virus</i> Species of retrovirus

Simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) is a species of retrovirus that cause persistent infections in at least 45 species of non-human primates. Based on analysis of strains found in four species of monkeys from Bioko Island, which was isolated from the mainland by rising sea levels about 11,000 years ago, it has been concluded that SIV has been present in monkeys and apes for at least 32,000 years, and probably much longer.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Human T-lymphotropic virus 1</span> Species of virus

Human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 or human T-lymphotropic virus (HTLV-I), also called the adult T-cell lymphoma virus type 1, is a retrovirus of the human T-lymphotropic virus (HTLV) family.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma</span> Human disease

Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma is a rare cancer of the immune system's T-cells caused by human T cell leukemia/lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1). All ATL cells contain integrated HTLV-1 provirus further supporting that causal role of the virus in the cause of the neoplasm. A small amount of HTLV-1 individuals progress to develop ATL with a long latency period between infection and ATL development. ATL is categorized into 4 subtypes: acute, smoldering, lymphoma-type, chronic. Acute and Lymphoma-type are known to particularly be aggressive with poorer prognosis.

<i>Gammaretrovirus</i> Genus of viruses

Gammaretrovirus is a genus in the Retroviridae family. Example species are the murine leukemia virus and the feline leukemia virus. They cause various sarcomas, leukemias and immune deficiencies in mammals, reptiles and birds.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Endogenous retrovirus</span> Inherited retrovirus encoded in an organisms genome

Endogenous retroviruses (ERVs) are endogenous viral elements in the genome that closely resemble and can be derived from retroviruses. They are abundant in the genomes of jawed vertebrates, and they comprise up to 5–8% of the human genome.

<i>Hepacivirus</i> Genus of viruses

Hepacivirus is a genus of positive-strand RNA viruses in the family Flaviviridae. The hepatitis C virus (HCV), in species Hepacivirus C, infects humans and is associated with hepatitis and hepatocellular carcinoma. There are fourteen species in the genus which infect a range of other vertebrate.

The murine leukemia viruses are retroviruses named for their ability to cause cancer in murine (mouse) hosts. Some MLVs may infect other vertebrates. MLVs include both exogenous and endogenous viruses. Replicating MLVs have a positive sense, single-stranded RNA (ssRNA) genome that replicates through a DNA intermediate via the process of reverse transcription.

A Tax Gene Product (Tax) is a nuclear protein that has a molecular weight of about 37,000 to 40,000 daltons.

Bovine leukemia virus (BLV) is a retrovirus which causes enzootic bovine leukosis in cattle. It is closely related to the human T‑lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-I). BLV may integrate into the genomic DNA of B‑lymphocytes as a DNA intermediate, or exist as unintegrated circular or linear forms. Besides structural and enzymatic genes required for virion production, BLV expresses the Tax protein and microRNAs involved in cell proliferation and oncogenesis. In cattle, most infected animals are asymptomatic; leukemia is rare, but lymphoproliferation is more frequent (30%).

The African long-fingered bat is a species of vesper bat in the family Miniopteridae. It is found only in Kenya. It is found in subtropical or tropical moist montane forests. This species is often considered a synonym of Miniopterus inflatus. The holotype was collected in October 1926 by A. M. Bailey. It was described as a new species in 1936 by Colin Campbell Sanborn.

<i>Miniopterus</i> Genus of bats

Miniopterus, known as the bent-winged or long winged bats, is the sole genus of the family Miniopteridae. They are small flying insectivorous mammals, micro-bats of the order Chiroptera, with wings over twice the length of the body. The genus had been placed in its own subfamily among the vespertilionid bats, as Miniopterinae, but is now classified as its own family.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Primate T-lymphotropic virus</span> Informal grouping of virus species

The primate T-lymphotropic viruses (PTLVs) are a group of retroviruses that infect primates, using their lymphocytes to reproduce. The ones that infect humans are known as human T-lymphotropic virus (HTLV), and the ones that infect Old World monkeys are called simian T-lymphotropic viruses (STLVs). PTLVs are named for their ability to cause adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma, but in the case of HTLV-1 it can also cause a demyelinating disease called tropical spastic paraparesis. On the other hand, newer PTLVs are simply placed into the group by similarity and their connection to human disease remains unclear.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Human T-lymphotropic virus 2</span> Species of virus

A virus closely related to HTLV-I, human T-lymphotropic virus 2 (HTLV-II) shares approximately 70% genomic homology with HTLV-I. It was discovered by Robert Gallo and colleagues.

<i>Herpesvirales</i> Order of viruses

The Herpesvirales is an order of dsDNA viruses with animal hosts, characterised by a common morphology consisting of an icosahedral capsid enclosed in a glycoprotein-containing lipid envelope. Common infections in humans caused by members of this order include cold sores, genital herpes, chickenpox, shingles, and glandular fever. Herpesvirales is the sole order in the class Herviviricetes, which is the sole class in the phylum Peploviricota.

Tetraparvovirus are a genus of viruses in the family Parvoviridae. There are six recognized species: Chiropteran tetraparvovirus 1, Primate tetraparvovirus 1, Ungulate tetraparvovirus 1, Ungulate tetraparvovirus 2, Ungulate tetraparvovirus 3, and Ungulate tetraparvovirus 4.

An endogenous viral element (EVE) is a DNA sequence derived from a virus, and present within the germline of a non-viral organism. EVEs may be entire viral genomes (proviruses), or fragments of viral genomes. They arise when a viral DNA sequence becomes integrated into the genome of a germ cell that goes on to produce a viable organism. The newly established EVE can be inherited from one generation to the next as an allele in the host species, and may even reach fixation.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Betacoronavirus 1</span> Species of virus

Betacoronavirus gravedinis is a species of coronavirus which infects humans and cattle. The infecting virus is an enveloped, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA virus and is a member of the genus Betacoronavirus and subgenus Embecovirus. Like other embecoviruses, it has an additional shorter spike-like surface protein called hemagglutinin esterase (HE) as well as the larger coronavirus spike protein.

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 Hron, T; Elleder, D; Gifford, RJ (27 November 2019). "Deltaretroviruses have circulated since at least the Paleogene and infected a broad range of mammalian species". Retrovirology. 16 (1): 33. doi: 10.1186/s12977-019-0495-9 . PMC   6882180 . PMID   31775783.
  2. Farkašová, H; Hron, T; Pačes, J; Hulva, P; Benda, P; Gifford, RJ; Elleder, D (21 March 2017). "Discovery of an endogenous Deltaretrovirus in the genome of long-fingered bats (Chiroptera: Miniopteridae)". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 114 (12): 3145–3150. Bibcode:2017PNAS..114.3145F. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1621224114 . PMC   5373376 . PMID   28280099.
  3. Mahieux, R; Gessain, A (July 2011). "HTLV-3/STLV-3 and HTLV-4 viruses: discovery, epidemiology, serology and molecular aspects". Viruses. 3 (7): 1074–90. doi: 10.3390/v3071074 . PMC   3185789 . PMID   21994771.