Demographics of Saint Petersburg

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Demographics of Saint Petersburg
St Petersburg pop pyramid 2021.svg
Population pyramid of Saint Petersburg in 2021
Population5,384,342 (2021)
Satellite picture of St. Peterburg Saint Petersburg 30.36553E 59.94613N.jpg
Satellite picture of St. Peterburg

Saint Petersburg is the second largest city in Russia, after Moscow and the fourth most populous city in Europe.

Contents

2002 census recorded population of the federal subject 4,661,219, or 3.21% of the total population of Russia. The city with its vicinity has an estimated population of about 6 million people. According to Rosstat, in 2021 the city's population is 5,384,342 [1]

Ethnicity

Panorama of St. Petersburg Spb Vasilievsky Island Neva at SchmidtEmb asv2019-09 crop.jpg
Panorama of St. Petersburg

The 2002 census recorded twenty-two ethnic groups of more than two thousand persons each. The ethnic composition was: Russian 84.72%; Ukrainian 1.87%; Belarusians 1.17%; Jewish 0.78%; Tatar 0.76%; Armenian 0.41%; Azeri 0.36%; Georgian 0.22%; Chuvash 0.13%; Polish 0.10%; Finnish 0.08%; Korean 0.08%; German 0.08%; Moldovan 0.07%; Mordovian 0.07%; Uzbek 0.06%; Kazakh 0.06%; Ossetian 0.06%; Bashkir 0.05%; Tajik 0.05%; Estonian 0.05%; Karelian 0.05%; Lithuanian 0.6%, and many other ethnic groups of less than two thousand persons each. 7.89% of the inhabitants declined to state their ethnicity. [2] As of 2001, 41 percent of Petersburgers identified themselves as Russian Orthodox, another 21% called themselves Christians in general. Almost a half of both groups were at the same time self-reported non-believers. The number of churched parishioners of the Russian Orthodox Church are estimated as less than 5%. [3] [4]

Saint Petersburg has always been populated mostly by Russians, albeit with several sizeable ethnic minorities, such as Germans, Ukrainians, Finns, and people from Eastern Europe, among others. In 1800 an estimated 200 to 300 thousand people lived in the city.[ citation needed ] After the emancipation of serfs in 1861, former serfs started arriving to the capital as workers, boosting population from half a million to nearly 1.3 million as recorded in the census of 1897.

Ethnicity of Saint Petersburg over time
1926

[5] population.

 %1939

[6] Population.

 %1959

[7] Population.

 %1970

[8] Population.

 %1979

[9] Population.

 %1989

[10] [11] Population.

 %2002

[12] Population.

 %% of the population who declared a ethnicity2010

[13] [14] Population.

 %% of the population who declared a ethnicity
Total1609816100.00 %3191304100.00 %3321196100.00 %3949501100.00 %4568548100.00 %4990749100.00 %4661219100.00 %4879566100.00 %
Russians 138687286.15 %277597986.99 %295125488.86 %351429688.98 %409762989.69 %444888489.14 %394962384.73 %92.00 %390875379.10 %92.48 %
Ukrainians107810.67 %546601.71 %683082.06 %971092.46 %1174122.57 %1509823.03 %871191.87 %2.03 %644461.32 %1.52 %
Belarusians145720.91 %323531.01 %470041.42 %637991.62 %815751.79 %935641.87 %544841.17 %1.27 %381360.78 %0.90 %
Tatars73210.45 %315060.99 %271780.82 %328510.83 %394030.86 %439970.88 %355530.76 %0.83 %308570.63 %0.73 %
Jews844805.25 %2015426.32 %1686415.08 %1625004.11 %1427303.12 %1061422.13 %365700.78 %0.85 %241320.49 %0.57 %
Uzbeks1030.01 %2380.01 %16780.04 %18830.04 %79270.16 %29870.06 %0.07 %203450.42 %0.48 %
Armenians16640.10 %46150.14 %48970.15 %66280.17 %79950.18 %120700.24 %191640.41 %0.45 %199710.41 %0.47 %
Azerbaijanis3850.01 %8550.03 %15760.04 %31710.07 %118040.24 %166130.36 %0.39 %177170.36 %0.42 %
Tajiks30.01 %610.00 %3610.01 %4730.01 %19170.04 %24490.05 %0.06 %120720.25 %0.29 %
Georgians5880.04 %16400.05 %19170.06 %37980.10 %43630.10 %78040.16 %101040.22 %0.24 %82740.17 %0.20 %
Moldovans1680.01 %5670.02 %9560.03 %24670.06 %28820.06 %53900.11 %33650.07 %0.08 %72000.15 %0.17 %
Chuvash16000.10 %17780.06 %17870.05 %34650.09 %60570.13 %89940.18 %60070.13 %0.14 %46100.09 %0.11 %
Koreans1030.01 %1950.01 %13610.03 %22580.05 %29620.06 %39080.08 %0.09 %40310.08 %0.10 %
Kazakhs3900.01 %6540.02 %15620.04 %20020.04 %63310.13 %28300.06 %0.07 %33490.07 %0.08 %
Kyrgyz370.00 %490.00 %3060.01 %4530.01 %27630.06 %5660.01 %0.01 %32890.07 %0.08 %
Ossetians2770,02 %9550,03 %9170,03 %11860,03 %17410,04 %25840,05 %28360,06 %0,07 %32330,07 %0,08 %
Germans169161,05 %101040,32 %20520,06 %32490,08 %28020,06 %35700,07 %38680,08 %0,09 %28490,06 %0,07 %
Lezgins440,01 %620,00 %1940,00 %4410,01 %14480,03 %18050,04 %0,04 %28140,06 %0,07 %
Bashkirs920,01 %7160,02 %6170,02 %9140,02 %17490,04 %30140,06 %24530,05 %0,06 %27060,06 %0,06 %
Poles340272,11 %206050,65 %116620,35 %109480,28 %96070,21 %79550,16 %44510,10 %0,10 %26470,05 %0,06 %
Finns39400,24 %79230,25 %31500,09 %43760,11 %57190,13 %54690,11 %39800,09 %0,09 %25590,05 %0,06 %
Mordva3130,02 %38120,12 %18570,06 %22160,06 %37650,08 %51750,10 %33690,07 %0,08 %23370,05 %0,06 %
Avars10,01 %1860,00 %3680,01 %12050,02 %15160,03 %0,04 %19710,04 %0,05 %
Chinese3060,01 %3100,01 %14510,04 %660,00 %930,00 %10640,02 %0,02 %15780,03 %0,04 %
Estonians158470,98 %151610,48 %73500,22 %68040,17 %62370,14 %50010,10 %22660,05 %0,05 %15340,03 %0,04 %
Chechens140,01 %400,00 %2090,01 %3840,01 %11730,02 %16850,04 %0,04 %14820,03 %0,04 %
Turkmens80,00 %540,00 %6030,02 %3270,01 %13600,03 %7930,02 %0,02 %14690,03 %0,04 %
Karelians4940,03 %25340,08 %19720,06 %24070,06 %31940,07 %36070,07 %21420,05 %0,05 %13960,03 %0,03 %
Lithuanians58860,37 %47210,15 %26600,08 %32620,08 %26070,06 %33140,07 %16370,04 %0,04 %12940,03 %0,03 %
Latvians120460,75 %95540,30 %45640,14 %43460,11 %39710,09 %34000,07 %17050,04 %0,04 %12910,03 %0,03 %
Buryats660,01 %1390,00 %2720,01 %6270,01 %10430,02 %11520,02 %0,03 %12870,03 %0,03 %
Kalmyks280,00 %400,00 %1070,00 %2690,01 %4420,01 %5510,01 %0,01 %12830,03 %0,03 %
Karbardians120,00 %600,00 %2000,01 %3420,01 %7270,01 %5070,01 %0,01 %11810,02 %0,03 %
Greeks3740,02 %5580,02 %7820,02 %10650,02 %15900,03 %14480,03 %0,03 %11540,02 %0,03 %
Udmurts3330,01 %6270,02 %11550,03 %21620,04 %12650,03 %0,03 %10760,02 %0,02 %
Komi10690,03 %10070,03 %11530,03 %15060,04 %16500,04 %22080,04 %14550,03 %0,03 %10720,02 %0,03 %
Mari710,01 %2550,01 %6610,02 %11380,02 %18470,04 %12880,03 %0,03 %10220,02 %0,02 %
Turks290,00 %570,00 %290,00 %390,00 %1500,00 %4510,01 %0,01 %9990,02 %0,02 %
Kumyks20,00 %250,00 %710,00 %1750,00 %4440,01 %4990,01 %0,03 %9470,02 %0,02 %
Dargins110,00 %1310,00 %1720,00 %6110,01 %7290,02 %0,02 %9460,02 %0,02 %
Ingush110,00 %170,00 %800,00 %1090,00 %3040,01 %6700,01 %0,01 %9300,02 %0,02 %
Arabs40,00 %70,00 %4040,01 %1840,00 %5260,01 %11150,02 %0,03 %9290,02 %0,02 %
Roma2620,02 %9100,03 %7040,02 %14710,03 %18040,04 %12780,03 %0,03 %8900,02 %0,02 %
Bulgarians750,01 %2110,01 %10290,03 %7310,02 %10620,02 %9380,02 %0,02 %8430,02 %0,02 %
Abkhazians70,00 %510,00 %1650,00 %3630,00 %6320,01 %8640,02 %0,02 %7830,02 %0,02 %
Yakuts200,00 %700,00 %2140,01 %7870,02 %8620,02 %8470,02 %0,02 %7010,01 %0,02 %
Other29130,07 %43320,14 %97810,29 %64110,16 %49810,11 %105920,21 %112540,24 %0,26 %123540,25 %0,29 %
Stated an ethnicity1609816100,00 %319059299,98 %3321186100,00 %4568522100,00 %498690599,92 %429322392,11 %100,00 %422673986,62 %100,00 %
Did not state an ethnicity7120,02 %100,00 %260,00 %38440,08 %3679967,89 %65282713,38 %

Population

Life expectancy at birth in Saint Petersburg, with calculated gender difference Life expectancy in Russian subject -Saint Petersburg -diff.png
Life expectancy at birth in Saint Petersburg,
with calculated gender difference
Number of population of Saint Petersburg Saint Petersburg population history.svg
Number of population of Saint Petersburg

Throughout the three centuries the growth of St. Petersburg was accompanied by an increase in population of its surroundings, while the latter to the city were gradually incorporated into the city limits. From an administrative point of view these suburbs (Russian : пригороды, literally by the city) comprised a few uyezds adjacent to the city, holding an intermediate position between the gubernia (presently oblast) as the largest unit in Russia and the city of Petersburg as its center. A known confusion between the St. Petersburg / Petrograd / Leningrad Uezd (1727—1914—1924–1927; with a rural population of 56002 according to the census of 1897 [15] [16] ) and four districts (Russian : участки or части, literally plots or homesteads) referred to as suburbs (of Petershof, of Shlisselburg, of Polyustrovo and of Lesnoi; a total of 191491 inhabitants by 1900 [15] ) may sometimes lead to a discrepancy between the statistical data taken from different sources, especially considering the fact that a suburban Tsarskoselsky Uezd (population around 150,000 in 1897) was excluded from district statistics.

In 1890–1891 the population figures for Petersburg crossed the boundary of 1 million. By 1900 the 38 'plots' comprising the 'city itself' had a population of 1,248,122 while the four abovenamed suburban districts counted 191,491 people. [15]

In the 20th century the city experienced three major depopulation trends. The first one began in 1916 (estimates for this year show 2.4 million; this level was surpassed again in 1930–31). In addition to the February Revolution, the sharp deterioration in food supplies in the first months of 1917 caused the flood of certain segments of population to the rural areas of Russia. In 1918 Petrograd without suburbs counted 1,179,256 persons (a 40% decline to 1917), and in 1920 about 740 thousand (without troops garrisoned in the city). By that time mobilisations brought the remarkable preponderance of women over men: 100 to 72, not counting the troops. [17]

The demobilisation after the end of the Civil War (1921), the industrial revival which followed the promulgation of New Economic Policy (March 21, 1921), resumption of the old and opening many new universities and especially colleges led to the increasing influx of population since 1921, [18] in which younger generations formed a notable part. The first Five-Year Plans (1928–1930, 1931–1935 and 1936–1940) put the population growth upon the planned basis supported by a 'propiska' residencial quotas introduced at the beginning of the 1930s. In the years of industrialization in the USSR the influx of population was at the same time accompanied by the annual outflow of tens of thousands of college graduates and workers assigned to another locations of the country on the construction sites and in rural areas from where they came to study in Leningrad.

The German minority in Petersburg began to extinguish at the end of the 19th century (1890 – 4.6%, 1900 – 3.5%); this process accelerated in 1914 with the beginning of the First World War. The disintegration of the Russian Empire in 1917–1920 with the secession of Finland, Poland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania was followed by an outflow of Finns (in 1900 they counted 15638, or 1.3% of citizen), Poles (38314, or 3.1%), Estonians (13401, or 1.1%), Latvians (7097, or 0.6%) and Lithuanians (5666, or 0.4%). [15] In 1939 the city has surpassed a 3-million mark, [18] however the subsequent mobilisation to the Winter War (1939–40), the assignments of some part of both military and civilians onto the western territories of the USSR and to a certain extent, the Transfer of some Finns still remaining in Leningrad out of the border zone of the USSR stagnated the 3 million population level through the beginning of the Great Patriotic War in June 1941. [18]

The impact of the siege of Leningrad is estimated as one of the longest, most destructive and costly in terms of casualties in human history. [19] Before September 8, 1941 when the city was encircled 336,000 civilians were evacuated with the 86 city industrial enterprises that were dismantled and moved to Northern Russia and Siberia. From September 1941 through April 1942 659,000 civilians were evacuated mainly by watercraft and ice road over the Ladoga lake. From May through October 1942 another 403,000 people were evacuated mainly through the waterways of this lake. [20] Some the people that were evacuated fled to the city from surrounding territory. Many would soon die after evacuation due to the previous months of starvation within the Siege of Leningrad. From September, 1941 to January, 1944 670,000 deaths were registered officially, resulting mostly from starvation, stress and exposure. In addition, German shelling and bombings killed 5,723 and wounded 20,507 civilians. [21]

Statistics for 1944 show between 546,000 [18] and 700,000 people survived. After the siege was lifted, the evacuees were allowed to return, but the main source of renewal of the population of Leningrad in the post-war years was the influx from another parts of the Soviet Union. Only in 1957–1958, [18] or 18–19 years after 1939 when the 3-million citizen was born, the city managed to surpass this population mark again. 12 years later, in 1969–1970 the population reached 4 million, and in 1988–1989 — 5 million. [18]

When the historical maximum was reached in 1990 (less than 5.1 million) the whole country teetered on the brink of political and economic collapse. The first year when the city has restored its original name, St. Petersburg (1991) was the first in the most lengthy period of the steady population reduction in the city's history. By 2003 the city population was less than 4.5 million, or at a level of 1977. Among the reasons of this demographic degradation was a increased death rate and decreasing birth rate, declined inflow of workers due to shutdowns of many of the city’s industries, increased emigration out of the country, closure of many military educational institutions. At the same time a certain inflow to the Leningrad Oblast (a region surrounding the city) in the 2000s was influenced with the migration from Russia and other ex Soviet Republics, the relocation of officers and their families from places of the overseas deployment of the Soviet Army. The relevant suburban housing construction was supported both with private and state funding. [22] [23] The long-term excess of deaths over births has brought a noticeable population ageing. The average age is about 40 years, and people of 65 years and older comprise more than 20% of the population, while the life expectancy in Russia has fallen under 60 years. [24]

Periods of temporary economic recovery accompanied by an increase in demand for unskilled labor (road and construction workers, janitors, porters, drivers etc.) pose a problem of migrant workers under a new, unexpected angle. In the Soviet planned economy this demand was covered by the stable inflow of labourers from the central regions of Russia and the European Republics of the USSR. They were favored with both job and dwelling guarantees (initially housed in the dorms, after a certain period they received a new living space from the state). Now the labour sourcing geographical azimuth has changed to the ex republics of Caucasus, Middle Asia and Moldavia known by the lesser professional skill of newcomers. Apart from that, more and more labourers now migrate to St. Petersburg from the Far East and Turkey. It changes the labour market conditions for people from Russia and other ex-Soviet Republics, despite the fact that the latter were taught Russian language from their childhood.

The population of St.Petersburg in 1764–2003
yearsthousandsyearsthousandsyearsthousandsyearsthousands
1764149,719111950,319422432,019734219,8
1765150,319122035,61943622,019744287,0
1770158,819132124,61944546,019754356,2
1775166,119142217,51945927,019764417,9
1780174,819152314,519461541,019774471,3
1785197,619162415,719471920,019784527,2
1790218,219172300,019481998,019794588,2
1795219,119181469,019492218,019804635,2
1800220,21919900,019502258,019814669,4
1805252,81920740,019512328,019824711,2
1810291,01921830,019522403,019834762,1
1815340,01922960,019532459,019844806,4
1820385,419231093,019542765,019854844,2
1825424,719241221,019552797,019864882,2
1830435,519251379,019562814,019874931,2
1835452,019261535,019572816,019884986,9
1840472,819271627,019583333,619895023,5
1845480,019281700,119593389,619905035,2
1850487,319291827,819603432,019915034,7
1855513,019302009,519613524,519925003,8
1860506,619312372,519623594,919934952,3
1865539,119322684,319633663,919944882,6
1870682,319332668,019643731,619954838,0
1875758,419342715,919653777,219964801,5
1880843,119352715,719663813,519974778,6
1885884,319362728,519673867,019984748,5
1890954,419372814,519683925,119994728,2
18951097,519382946,719693983,120004694,0
19001418,019393015,219704026,820014660,6
19051635,119402920,019714083,420024629,0
19101881,319412992,019724149,920034597,6
Source: И.И.Елисеева, Е.И.Грибова, ed. (2003). Санкт-Петербург. 1703-2003: Jubilee Statistical Yearbook [Saint Petersburg. 1703-2003] (2 ed.). СПб: Судостроение. pp. 16–17. Retrieved February 9, 2011.

In 2020 the pandemic of COVID-19 was accompanied by a drop in birth rate, and the city population decreased to 5 mln 395.2 thousand people, according to the city government economics authority. [25]

Housing

People in urban Saint Petersburg mostly live in apartment blocks. Between 1918 and 1990s, the Soviets nationalised housing and many were forced to share their apartments as communal apartments ( kommunalkas ) with other residents of the city. In the 1930s, some 68 percent of the Leningrad population lived in shared apartments. Leningrad was the largest city of the Soviet Union by the number of kommunalkas. As new boroughs were built on the outskirts in the 1950s-1980s, over half a million low-income families eventually received free apartments, and additional hundred thousand condos were purchased by the middle class. Today, economic and social activity remains concentrated in and around the city centre, which is the richest part of the city; the new boroughs have mostly served a commuter area function, with people living in large multi-storied apartment blocks and travelling to and from the city centre for work. Their gentrification has yet to begin. Although progress has been made in resettling residents of kommunalkas in the 1990s, shared apartments are still not uncommon. In the last 15 years of de-nationalisation, most of the residential property has been transferred free of charge, or at a small fraction of its value, to millions of legal residents of St. Petersburg.

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Kurds in Turkmenistan</span> Ethnic group in Turkmenistan

The Kurds in Turkmenistan form a part of the historically significant Kurdish population in the post-Soviet space, and encompass people born in or residing in Turkmenistan who are of Kurdish origin. In the 17th century, Abbas I of Persia and Nader Shah settled Kurdish tribes from Khuzestan alongside the Iranian-Turkmen border. More Kurds arrived to Turkmenistan in the 19th century to find unclaimed land and to escape starvation.

Azerbaijanis in Kazakhstan are part of the greater Azerbaijani diaspora. They are Kazakh citizens and permanent residents of ethnic Azerbaijani background. According to the 2009 census, there were 85,292 ethnic Azerbaijanis living in Kazakhstan; Azerbaijanis comprised 0.5% of Kazakhstan's population and were the country's tenth-largest ethnic minority.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Deportations of the Ingrian Finns</span> Ethnic cleansing and genocide in the Soviet Union

Deportations of the Ingrian Finns were a series of mass deportations of the Ingrian Finnish population by Soviet authorities. Deportations took place from the late 1920s to the end of World War II. They were part of the genocide of the Ingrian Finns. Approximately over 100,000 Ingrian Finns were deported in the 1930s and 1940s.

The Udmurt and Tatar Jews are a special ethnocultural group of Ashkenazi Jews, which originally formed in the areas of the mixed Turkic-speaking, Finno-Ugric-speaking, and Slavic-speaking (Russians) population. From 1807, Jewish people also began to reside in the industrial and administrative centers of Sarapulsky Uezd. Until this time the Jews in this region lived only in Kazan. The occurrence of Jewish communities in the region was made possible only after the decree of Emperor Nicholas I of Russia on August 26, 1827 on the introduction of conscription for the Jews.

Tatars in Azerbaijan are Azerbaijani citizens and people of Tatar origin. According to the 2009 census, 25,882 Tatars live in the Republic of Azerbaijan. This is 0.29% of the total population.

References

  1. ↑ Estimated resident population as of January 1, 2021 and on average for 2020 Rosstat Archived 2021-03-19 at the Wayback Machine
  2. ↑ "National Composition of Population for Regions of the Russian Federation". 2002 Russian All-Population Census. 2002. Archived from the original (XLS) on 2007-02-17. Retrieved 2006-07-20.
  3. ↑ Голов А.А. Есть ли бог в Санкт-Петербурге? Archived 2007-09-27 at the Wayback Machine . VTsIOM, August 23, 2002.
  4. ↑ 55 процентов петербуржцев считают себя православными. Православный Санкт-Петербург 3 (107), March 2001.
  5. ↑ Всесоюзная перепись населения 1926 года. Национальный состав населения по регионам РСФСР Ленинградская область, Ленинград
  6. ↑ Всесоюзная перепись населения 1939 года. Национальный состав населения по регионам РСФСР. Ленинград
  7. ↑ Всесоюзная перепись населения 1959 года. Национальный состав населения по регионам РСФСР. Ленинград
  8. ↑ Всесоюзная перепись населения 1970 года. Национальный состав населения по регионам РСФСР. Ленинград
  9. ↑ Всесоюзная перепись населения 1979 года. Национальный состав населения по регионам РСФСР. Ленинград
  10. ↑ Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 года. Национальный состав населения по регионам РСФСР. Ленинград
  11. ↑ "Данные Всесоюзной переписи населения СССР 1989 года". Archived from the original on 2007-11-21. Retrieved 2008-05-02.
  12. ↑ "Всероссийская перепись населения 2002 года. Том 4 — «Национальный состав и владение языками, гражданство»". Archived from the original on 2011-10-10. Retrieved 2022-10-22.
  13. ↑ Официальный сайт Всероссийской переписи населения 2010 года. Информационные материалы об окончательных итогах Всероссийской переписи населения 2010 года
  14. ↑ Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года. Официальные итоги с расширенными перечнями по национальному составу населения и по регионам.: см.
  15. 1 2 3 4 "Saint Petersburg". The Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary [Энциклопедический словарь Брокгауза и Ефрона]. СПб. 1890–1906. Retrieved February 9, 2011.{{cite encyclopedia}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  16. ↑ Ibid. of which 86.49% were Russians, 4.01% Germans, 2.91% Poles, 1.66% Finns, 0.97% Estonians, 0.95% Jews, 0.50% Latvians, 0.41% Ukrainians, 0.39% Tatars, 0,37% Swedes, 0.30% Lithuanians, 0.26% French, 0.23% Belarusians
  17. ↑ Russian Information and Review [Saint Petersburg. 1703-2003]. Vol. 1. Petrograd: Information Department of the Russian Trade Delegation. October 1922. p. 95. Retrieved February 9, 2011.
  18. 1 2 3 4 5 6 И.И.Елисеева, Е.И.Грибова, ed. (2003). Санкт-Петербург. 1703-2003: Jubilee Statistical Yearbook [Saint Petersburg. 1703-2003] (2 ed.). СПб: Судостроение. pp. 16–17. Retrieved February 9, 2011.
  19. ↑ The Siege of Leningrad, 1941 - 1944
  20. ↑ "Road of Life (Russian commemoration of 65th Anniversary of the siege of Leningrad". Archived from the original on 2008-02-28.
  21. ↑ Glantz, David (2001). The Siege of Leningrad 1941–44: 900 Days of Terror. Zenith Press, Osceola, WI. p. 130. ISBN   0-7603-0941-8.
  22. ↑ Чистякова Н. Третье сокращение численности населения… и последнее? Демоскоп Weekly 163 – 164, August 1–15, 2004.
  23. ↑ Чистяков А. Ю. Население (обзорная статья). Энциклопедия Санкт-Петербурга
  24. ↑ Основные показатели социально-демографической ситуации в Санкт-Петербурге Archived October 10, 2006, at the Wayback Machine
  25. ↑ "Пандемия COVID-19 привела к падению рождаемости в Петербурге". m.dp.ru. Retrieved 2020-08-19.
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