Dictynoidea

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The Dictynoidea or dictynoids are a group of araneomorph spiders that have been treated as a superfamily. The composition of the group has varied. Phylogenetic studies in the 21st century have failed to confirm the monophyly of the dictynoids as originally defined.

Contents

Phylogeny

The "classical" circumscription of Dictynoidea from the 1970s included the families Amauroboididae (now placed in Anyphaenidae), Anyphaenidae, Argyronetidae (now included in Cybaeidae), Dictynidae, Desidae, Hahniidae and Nicodamidae. [1] In 1991, Coddington and Levi included "at least" Desidae, Dictynidae, Cybaeidae, Argyronetidae (now included in Cybaeidae), Hahniidae and Neolanidae (now Stiphidiidae) in Dictynoidea, which in their cladistic hypothesis for the phylogeny of the araneomorphs was presented as a clade within the RTA clade. However, they said that placing many families in Dictynoidea had more to do with "tradition than explicit justification". [2]

In Jonathan A. Coddington's 2005 summary of the phylogeny and classification of spiders, Dictynoidea has disappeared. Desidae is an "agelenoid"; Dictynidae is the most basal family in the RTA clade; Cybaeidae and Hahniidae are "unplaced families"; Neolanidae (Amphinectidae) is a "stiphidioid". [3] A 2009 "preferred topology" also put genera from Dictynidae at the base of the RTA clade and combined genera from Desidae and Agelenidae into a clade. [4] A 2013 summary, shown below, grouped three members of the classical Dictynoidea into one clade, placing a fourth into another clade, but without naming any of the clades. [5] Shaded names represent classical Dictynoidea.

Hahniidae

Dictynidae

Cybaeidae

Agelenidae

Desidae

Amphinectidae (now Desidae)

Stiphidiidae

A 2017 study also did not support the Dictynoidea, but placed the families previously included in this group in a more widely defined "marronoid clade", comprising Amaurobiidae, Agelenidae, Cybaeidae, Cycloctenidae, Desidae, Dictynidae, Hahniidae, Stiphidiidae and Toxopidae. [6]

Families

Families included by some sources that used the name "Dictynoidea" are shown in the table below.

Family"Classical" (1970s) [1] Coddington & Levi (1991) [2] Dunlop & Penny (2011) [7]
Amphinectidae
(now Desidae)		–yes–
Anyphaenidae
(Amauroboididae)		yes––
Cybaeidae
(Argyronetidae)		yesyesyes
Desidae yesyesyes
Dictynidae yesyesyes
Hahniidae yesyesyes
Nicodamidae yes––

References

  1. 1 2 Griswold, Charles E.; Coddington, Jonathan A.; Platnick, Norman I. & Forster, Raymond R. (1999), "Towards a Phylogeny of Entelegyne Spiders (Araneae, Araneomorphae, Entelegynae)", Journal of Arachnology, 27 (1): 53–63, JSTOR   3705965 , p. 60
  2. 1 2 Coddington, Jonathan A. & Levi, Herbert W. (1991), "Systematics and evolution of spiders (Araneae)", Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 22: 565–592, doi:10.1146/annurev.es.22.110191.003025, JSTOR   2097274, S2CID   55647804
  3. ↑ Coddington, Jonathan A. (2005), "Phylogeny and classification of spiders" (PDF), in Ubick, D.; Paquin, P.; Cushing, P.E. & Roth, V. (eds.), Spiders of North America: an identification manual, American Arachnological Society, pp. 18–24, retrieved 2015-09-24
  4. ↑ Blackledge, Todd A.; Scharff, Nikolaj; Coddington, Jonathan A.; Szüts, Tamas; Wenzel, John W.; Hayashi, Cheryl Y. & Agnarsson, Ingi (2009), "Reconstructing web evolution and spider diversification in the molecular era", Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 106 (13): 5229–5234, doi: 10.1073/pnas.0901377106 , PMC   2656561 , PMID   19289848
  5. ↑ Wolff, Jonas O.; Nentwig, Wolfgang & Gorb, Stanislav N. (2013), "The Great Silk Alternative: Multiple Co-Evolution of Web Loss and Sticky Hairs in Spiders", PLOS ONE, 8 (5) e62682, doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0062682 , PMC   3641104 , PMID   23650526 , based on Nentwig, Wolfgang, ed. (2013), "Appendix : Spider Phylogeny" (PDF), Spider Ecophysiology, Springer, ISBN   978-3-642-33988-2 , retrieved 2015-11-03
  6. ↑ Wheeler, Ward C.; Coddington, Jonathan A.; Crowley, Louise M.; Dimitrov, Dimitar; Goloboff, Pablo A.; Griswold, Charles E.; Hormiga, Gustavo; Prendini, Lorenzo; Ramírez, Martín J.; Sierwald, Petra; Almeida-Silva, Lina; Alvarez-Padilla, Fernando; Arnedo, Miquel A.; Benavides Silva, Ligia R.; Benjamin, Suresh P.; Bond, Jason E.; Grismado, Cristian J.; Hasan, Emile; Hedin, Marshal; Izquierdo, Matías A.; Labarque, Facundo M.; Ledford, Joel; Lopardo, Lara; Maddison, Wayne P.; Miller, Jeremy A.; Piacentini, Luis N.; Platnick, Norman I.; Polotow, Daniele; Silva-Dávila, Diana; Scharff, Nikolaj; Szűts, Tamás; Ubick, Darrell; Vink, Cor J.; Wood, Hannah M. & Zhang, Junxia (2017) [published online 2016], "The spider tree of life: phylogeny of Araneae based on target-gene analyses from an extensive taxon sampling", Cladistics, 33 (6): 574–616, doi: 10.1111/cla.12182 , PMID   34724759, S2CID   35535038
  7. ↑ Dunlop, Jason A. & Penney, David (2011), "Order Araneae Clerck, 1757" (PDF), in Zhang, Z.-Q. (ed.), Animal biodiversity: An outline of higher-level classification and survey of taxonomic richness, Zootaxa, Auckland, New Zealand: Magnolia Press, ISBN   978-1-86977-850-7 , retrieved 2015-10-31
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