Caponiidae

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Caponiidae
Temporal range: Neogene–present
Caponiidae gallery.jpg
Left: Nops guanabacoae
Middle and right: Cubanops alayoni female and male
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Subphylum: Chelicerata
Class: Arachnida
Order: Araneae
Infraorder: Araneomorphae
Family: Caponiidae
Simon, 1890
Diversity
19 genera, 124 species
Distribution.caponiidae.1.png

Caponiidae is a family of ecribellate haplogyne spiders that are unusual in a number of ways. They differ from other spiders in lacking book lungs and having the posterior median spinnerets anteriorly displaced to form a transverse row with the anterior lateral spinnerets. Most species have only two eyes, which is also unusual among spiders. A few species of Caponiidae variously have four, six or eight eyes. In some species the number of eyes will increase when the spiderling changes its skin as it grows towards adulthood.

Contents

Description

These spiders of about 2 to 5 millimetres (0.079 to 0.197 in) are rarely noticed, but generally look like somewhat faded woodlouse hunter spiders in the genus Dysdera . The carapace (cephalothorax or prosoma) is orange and the abdomen (opisthosoma) light gray. The two-eyed species have their two eyes in the anterior middle of the carapace.

Eye numbers

Caponiidae are unusual in the degree to which the eye number varies. In this they surpass even the family Cybaeidae in which some species have two eyes, some six, and some eight. In some species of the Caponiidae paired eyes meet in the midline, giving the spider in effect, an odd number of eyes. The following genera have eyes as follows:

Habits

Their habits are for the most part unknown. At least some species are known to hunt other spiders.

Relationships

The fact that they are ecribellate and haplogyne suggests that they might be relatively primitive. Calponia harrisonfordi from California seems to be the most primitive member of the family. Their phylogenetic relationships have long been enigmatic, but in the early 1990s it was determined that they are probably a sister group of the Tetrablemmidae plus the four families inside the superfamily Dysderoidea.

The subfamily Nopinae consists at least of the genera Nops, Nopsides, Orthonops and Tarsonops. The remaining genera are unlikely to form a monophyletic group.

Distribution

The family is found in Africa and the Americas from Argentina to the United States.

Names

Calponia is a contraction of Californian Caponia, because the single species Calponia harrisonfordi has, like the African genus Caponia eight eyes. The species name is in honor of Harrison Ford, recognizing his efforts on behalf of the American Museum of Natural History.

The Chilean caponiid fauna differs from that of the rest of the Neotropics in lacking members of the Nopinae (named after the genus Nops). Three genera newly described by Norman I. Platnick in 1994 were thus named Notnops, Taintnops and Tisentnops, emphasizing this fact. The only Taintnops species, T. goloboffi, is named in honor of one of the collectors, P.A. Goloboff.

Genera

As of April 2019, the World Spider Catalog accepts the following genera: [1]

See also

Related Research Articles

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Prodidomidae</span> Subfamily of spiders

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Telemidae</span> Family of spiders

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Orsolobidae</span> Family of spiders

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Palpimanidae</span> Family of spiders

Palpimanidae, also known as palp-footed spiders, is a family of araneomorph spiders first described by Tamerlan Thorell in 1890. They are widely distributed throughout the tropical and subtropical regions of the world, the Mediterranean and one in Uzbekistan, but not Australia. They are not common and there is a high degree of endemism.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Haplogynae</span>

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Notnops is a monotypic genus of South American araneomorph spiders in the family Caponiidae, containing the single species, Notnops calderoni. It was first described by Norman I. Platnick in 1994, and has only been found in Chile. They have an orange carapace with yellow legs. Males have a body length of about 2 millimetres (0.079 in) long, and females are slightly larger, with a body length up to 3 millimetres (0.12 in).

Calponia is a monotypic genus of araneomorph spiders in the family Caponiidae, containing the single species, Calponia harrisonfordi. It was first described in 1993 by Norman I. Platnick, who named the type species after the film actor Harrison Ford to thank him for narrating a documentary for the Natural History Museum in London. It has only been found in California in the United States.

<i>Cubanops</i> Genus of spiders

Cubanops is a genus of Caribbean araneomorph spiders in the family Caponiidae first described by A. Sánchez-Ruiz, Norman I. Platnick & N. Dupérré in 2010. These spiders are wandering hunters, generally found at ground level, under stones, in leaf litter or in the soil, and have only been found in the West Indies.

<i>Nops</i> (spider) Genus of spiders

Nops is a genus of medium-sized South American, Central American, and Caribbean spiders in the family Caponiidae, first described by Alexander Macleay in 1839. It has a great richness on the Caribbean islands, and most mainland species are located in high proportion toward the Caribbean coast. It likely has a neotropical distribution, though most species of South America are known only from the coast of Colombia and Venezuela, including the islands of Aruba, Curaçao, Bonaire and Trinidad.

Pseudanapis is a genus of araneomorph spiders in the family Anapidae, first described by Eugène Simon in 1905. It is a senior synonym of "Gossiblemma" and "Amrishoonops".

Caponina is a genus of araneomorph spiders in the family Caponiidae, first described by Eugène Simon in 1892.

Iraponia is a monotypic genus of Asian araneomorph spiders in the family Caponiidae, containing the single species, Iraponia scutata. It was first described by Y. Kranz-Baltensperger, Norman I. Platnick & N. Dupérré in 2009, and has only been found in Iran.

<i>Laoponia</i> Genus of spiders

Laoponia is a genus of Southeast Asian araneomorph spiders in the family Caponiidae, first described by Norman I. Platnick & Peter Jäger in 2008. As of April 2019 it contains only two species.

Nopsides is a monotypic genus of North American araneomorph spiders in the family Caponiidae, containing the single species, Nopsides ceralbonus. It is one of three nopine species, in addition to Tarsonops and Orthonops, described by Ralph Vary Chamberlin from specimens collected from the Baja California region and nearby islands in 1924. They are active during the night, hiding under large stones of Mexico's deserts and xeric shrublands during the day.

Nyetnops is a genus of South American araneomorph spiders in the family Caponiidae, first described by Norman I. Platnick & A. A. Lise in 2007. As of April 2019 it contains only two species.

Taintnops is a genus of South American araneomorph spiders in the family Caponiidae, first described by Norman I. Platnick in 1994. As of April 2019 it contains only two species, both found in Chile.

Medionops is a genus of araneomorph spiders in the family Caponiidae, first described by A. Sánchez-Ruiz & Antônio Domingos Brescovit in 2017.

Nopsma is a genus of tropical spiders in the family Caponiidae. It was first described by A. Sánchez-Ruiz, Antônio Domingos Brescovit and A. B. Bonaldo in 2020. It was originally described under the name "Nyetnops juchuy" in 2014. They are found in Central and South America.

References

  1. "Family: Caponiidae Simon, 1890". World Spider Catalog. Natural History Museum Bern. Retrieved 2019-04-22.