Sac spider

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Sac spiders
Temporal range: Palaeogene–present
Clubiona trivialis2.jpg
Clubiona trivialis
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Subphylum: Chelicerata
Class: Arachnida
Order: Araneae
Infraorder: Araneomorphae
Family: Clubionidae
Simon, 1878
Diversity
18 genera, 665 species
Distribution.clubionidae.1.png

The sac spiders of the family Clubionidae [a] are nocturnal, sac-building hunting spiders with a near-worldwide distribution. Their sacs, silken retreats in which they hide during the day, may be made in a variety of places, including between folded leaves or grass blades, under bark and below rocks or other ground litter.[ citation needed ]

Contents

Although formerly a much larger catch-all taxon, in its current definition the family contains less than 700 described species across 18 genera, of which Clubiona is by far most species-rich, with 528 accepted species as of November 2024. [1]

Taxonomy

The Clubionidae have a complex taxonomic history. Historically, the family was a large catch-all taxon for a variety of spiders that shared the following morphological and behavioral similarities: having eight eyes arranged in two rows; having conical anterior spinnerets that touched; and being nocturnal wandering predators that build "sacs" to retreat to during the day.[ citation needed ]

A large number of genera have been transferred from Clubionidae to other families, and several former subfamilies of the Clubionidae are now treated as separate families. [2] The Zoropsidae, to which genera Anachemmis, Lauricius and Liocranoides were transferred, is much more closely related to the lynx spiders of family Oxyopidae than to the remaining Clubionidae. [3]

According to 2023 cladistic research by Siddharth Kulkarni, Hannah M. Wood and Gustavo Hormiga, the remaining Clubionidae remain polyphyletic as a result of the current placement of genus Elaver . [3]

Genera

As of November 2024, the Clubionidae consist of over 665 species in 18 genera worldwide, [4] with by far the majority of species in genus Clubiona. The following genera are accepted by the World Spider Catalog: [5]

Additionally, the World Spider Catalog considers Carteroniella Strand, 1907 to be a nomen dubium . [6]

See also

Notes

  1. the term "sac spider" is also part of the common name of various non-clubionid spiderssuch as yellow sac spiders (Cheiracanthiidae) or corinnid sac spiders (Corinnidae)many of which were formerly included in Clubionidae

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Corinnidae</span> Family of spiders

Corinnidae is a family of araneomorph spiders, sometimes called corinnid sac spiders. The family, like other "clubionoid" families, has a confusing taxonomic history. Once it was a part of the large catch-all taxon Clubionidae, now very much smaller. The original members of the family are apparently similar only in that they have eight eyes arranged in two rows, conical anterior spinnerets that touch and are generally wandering predators that build silken retreats, or sacs, usually on plant terminals, between leaves, under bark or under rocks.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cheiracanthiidae</span> Family of spiders

Cheiracanthiidae is a family of araneomorph spiders first described by Vladimir Wagner in 1887. The synonym Eutichuridae was used for a long time, but Cheiracanthiidae has priority. The largest genus currently recognized as belonging to this family is Cheiracanthium, which has previously been placed in both the Clubionidae and the Miturgidae.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Trachelidae</span> Family of spiders

Trachelidae is a family of araneomorph spiders first described by Eugène Simon in 1897 as a subfamily called "Tracheleae". The Trachelidae family, also known as "ground sac spiders", is within the group of spiders known as the RTA clade, which includes mostly wandering spiders that do not use webs. Spiders in the Trachelidae family are characterized as being 3-10mm long and having a red cephalothorax and a yellow/tan abdomen. They are commonly found indoors. It was placed in the family Clubionidae, then later in Corinnidae when the Clubionidae were split up. The first study that suggested Trachelidae should be considered its own family was done by Deeleman-reinhold in 2001 as part of an analysis of RTA Clade spiders. An analysis by Martín J. Ramírez in 2014 suggested that it was not closely related to other members of the Corinnidae, and was better treated as a separate family. It was then placed in the CTC clade of spiders, or the Claw Tuft Clasper clade, which is a group of spiders that have two tarsal claws with tufts of hair.

Utivarachna is a genus of Asian araneomorph spiders in the family Trachelidae first described by Kyukichi Kishida in 1940. It was largely ignored until Christa L. Deeleman-Reinhold revised the sac and ground spiders in 2001, transferring some species from Trachelas and adding several new ones. The genus was further expanded in 2014 and 2015.

Matidia is a genus of southeast Asian sac spiders first described by Tamerlan Thorell in 1878.

<i>Nusatidia</i> Genus of spiders

Nusatidia is a genus of Asian sac spiders first described by Christa L. Deeleman-Reinhold in 2001.

Koppe is a genus of liocranid sac spiders first described by Christa L. Deeleman-Reinhold in 2001.

Oedignatha is a genus of Asian spiders first described by Tamerlan Thorell in 1881 as a genus of corinnid sac spiders, and moved to Liocranidae in 2014.

Invexillata is a genus of South Pacific sac spiders first described by V. Versteirt, L. Baert & Rudy Jocqué in 2010. As of April 2019 it contains only three species, all found in Papua New Guinea.

Malamatidia is a genus of Southeast Asian sac spiders first described by Christa L. Deeleman-Reinhold in 2001.

Pristidia is a genus of Asian sac spiders first described by Christa L. Deeleman-Reinhold in 2001.

Pteroneta is a genus of sac spiders first described by Christa L. Deeleman-Reinhold in 2001.

Scopalio is a monotypic genus of Indonesian sac spiders containing the single species, Scopalio verrens. It was first described by Christa L. Deeleman-Reinhold in 2001, and has only been found in Indonesia.

Castoponera is a genus of Southeast Asian corinnid sac spiders first described by Christa L. Deeleman-Reinhold in 2001.

Echinax is a genus of Asian and African corinnid sac spiders first described by Christa L. Deeleman-Reinhold in 2001.

Medmassa is a genus of corinnid sac spiders first described by Eugène Simon in 1887 under the name "Megaera", later renamed because "Megaera" was already in use as a synonym of the reptile genus Trimeresurus.

Laronius is a monotypic genus of Southeast Asian ground spiders containing the single species, Laronius erewan. It was first described by Christa L. Deeleman-Reinhold in 2001, and has only been found in Thailand and in Sumatra.

Clubiona silvestris is a species of spiders in the family Clubionidae, found in Borneo. It was first described by Christa Deeleman-Reinhold in 2001.

Plynnon is a genus of Southeast Asian araneomorph spiders in the family Phrurolithidae, first described by Christa L. Deeleman-Reinhold in 2001. As of April 2019 it contains only three species, all from Indonesia and Borneo.

Serendib is a genus of Southeast Asian corinnid sac spiders first described by Christa L. Deeleman-Reinhold in 2001. As of April 2019 it contains only three species.

References

  1. "Clubiona Species list". World Spider Catalog Version 25.5. Natural History Museum Bern. Retrieved 26 November 2024.
  2. "Clubionidae Simon, 1878". World Spider Catalog Version 25.5. Natural History Museum Bern. 2024. Retrieved 26 November 2024.
  3. 1 2 Kulkarni, Siddharth; Wood, Hannah M.; Hormiga, Gustavo (December 2023). "Advances in the reconstruction of the spider tree of life: A roadmap for spider systematics and comparative studies". Cladistics. 39 (6). doi:10.1111/cla.12557. ISSN   0748-3007 . Retrieved 26 November 2024.
  4. "Clubionidae Simon, 1878 - Family Detail". World Spider Catalog Version 25.5. Natural History Museum Bern. Retrieved 26 November 2024.
  5. "Clubionidae Simon, 1878 - Genus List". World Spider Catalog Version 25.5. Natural History Museum Bern. 2024. Retrieved 26 November 2024.
  6. "Carteroniella Strand 1907". World Spider Catalog version 25.5. Natural History Museum Bern. Retrieved 26 November 2024.