Sac spider

Last updated

Sac spider
Temporal range: Palaeogene–present
Clubiona trivialis2.jpg
Clubiona trivialis
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Subphylum: Chelicerata
Class: Arachnida
Order: Araneae
Infraorder: Araneomorphae
Family: Clubionidae
Simon, 1878
Diversity
18 genera, 665 species
Distribution.clubionidae.1.png

The sac spiders of the family Clubionidae [a] are nocturnal, sac-building hunting spiders with a near-worldwide distribution. Their sacs, silken retreats in which they hide during the day, may be made in a variety of places, including between folded leaves or grass blades, under bark and below rocks or other ground litter. [1]

Contents

Although formerly a much larger catch-all taxon, in its current definition the family contains less than 700 described species across 18 genera, of which Clubiona is by far most species-rich, with 528 accepted species as of November 2024. [2]

Taxonomy

The Clubionidae have a complex taxonomic history. Historically, the family was a large catch-all taxon for a variety of spiders that shared the following morphological and behavioral similarities: having eight eyes arranged in two rows; having conical anterior spinnerets that touched; and being nocturnal wandering predators that build "sacs" to retreat to during the day.[ citation needed ]

A large number of genera have been transferred from Clubionidae to other families, and several former subfamilies of the Clubionidae are now treated as separate families. [3] The Zoropsidae, to which genera Anachemmis, Lauricius and Liocranoides were transferred, is much more closely related to the lynx spiders of family Oxyopidae than to the remaining Clubionidae. [4]

According to 2023 cladistic research by Siddharth Kulkarni, Hannah M. Wood and Gustavo Hormiga, the remaining Clubionidae remain polyphyletic as a result of the current placement of genus Elaver . [4]

Genera

As of November 2024, the Clubionidae consist of over 665 species in 18 genera worldwide, [5] with by far the majority of species in genus Clubiona. The following genera are accepted by the World Spider Catalog: [6]

Additionally, the World Spider Catalog considers Carteroniella Strand, 1907 to be a nomen dubium . [7]

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ the term "sac spider" is also part of the common name of various non-clubionid spiders—such as yellow sac spiders (Cheiracanthiidae) or corinnid sac spiders (Corinnidae)—many of which were formerly included in Clubionidae

References

  1. ↑ Das Sarkar, Irina; Quasin, Shazia; Siliwal, Manju (April 2023). "Two new species of sac spiders (Araneae: Clubionidae) from the Indian Western Himalayas". Serket. 19: 126. Retrieved 26 April 2025.
  2. ↑ "Clubiona Species list". World Spider Catalog Version 25.5. Natural History Museum Bern. Retrieved 26 November 2024.
  3. ↑ "Clubionidae Simon, 1878". World Spider Catalog Version 25.5. Natural History Museum Bern. 2024. Retrieved 26 November 2024.
  4. 1 2 Kulkarni, Siddharth; Wood, Hannah M.; Hormiga, Gustavo (December 2023). "Advances in the reconstruction of the spider tree of life: A roadmap for spider systematics and comparative studies". Cladistics. 39 (6): 479–532. doi: 10.1111/cla.12557 . ISSN   0748-3007. PMID   37787157.
  5. ↑ "Clubionidae Simon, 1878 - Family Detail". World Spider Catalog Version 25.5. Natural History Museum Bern. Retrieved 26 November 2024.
  6. ↑ "Clubionidae Simon, 1878 - Genus List". World Spider Catalog Version 25.5. Natural History Museum Bern. 2024. Retrieved 26 November 2024.
  7. ↑ "Carteroniella Strand 1907". World Spider Catalog version 25.5. Natural History Museum Bern. Retrieved 26 November 2024.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.