Dipteris conjugata

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Dipteris conjugata
Dipteris conjugata Po San Jue 001 (Tian Wen ).jpg
Dipteris conjugata in Taiwan
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Division: Polypodiophyta
Class: Polypodiopsida
Order: Gleicheniales
Family: Dipteridaceae
Genus: Dipteris
Species:
D. conjugata
Binomial name
Dipteris conjugata
Synonyms [1]
  • Dipteris horsfieldii(R.Br. ex J.Sm.) Bedd.
  • Drynaria horsfieldiiR.Br. ex J.Sm.
  • Phymatodes conjugata C.Presl
  • Polypodium conjugatum(Reinw.) Kaulf.
  • Polypodium dipteris Blume
  • Polypodium horsfieldiiR.Br.

Dipteris conjugata is a species of fern in the family Dipteridaceae. It has a rhizome, and 2-3 tall stems with mid green or dark green fronds, which have several divisions to toothed lobes. It is grows in clearings, mountain ridges and in forest margins, from tropical and temperate Asia, northern Queensland in Australia and some islands in the Pacific Ocean. It has limited native medicinal uses.

Contents

Description

This species has a long-creeping rhizome about 1 cm (0.4 in) diameter, covered with black shiny hairs up to 5 mm (0.2 in) long, which are coarser on the older sections of the rhizomes. The stipes (leaf stalks) are up to 2 m (6 ft 7 in) long, and have hair-like scales at base but are glabrous at the further end. [2] [3] [4] [5] They appear at regular intervals along the rhizome and branch three or four times. [2] [6]

The fronds are green on the upper surface and glaucous underneath. They are 35 to 50 cm (14 to 20 in) long and may be up to 80 cm (31 in) wide, and are divided to the base into two fan-shaped halves, each of which are further divided three or four times. The ultimate lobes taper to a narrow apex with the edges deeply or coarsely toothed. The main veins branch into two veins several times. [2] [3] [4] [5]

On the lower surface of the fronds are numerous small sori which are irregularly scattered and of irregular size and shape. [2] [4] They do not have indusia (umbrella-like covers) and have club-shaped paraphyses (filament-like support structures). [3] [5]

Taxonomy

Illustration of the fern from Die Farnkrauter der Erde in 1897 Die Farnkrauter der Erde - beschreibende Darstellung der geschlechter und wichtigeren Arten der Farnpflanzen mit besonderer Berucksichtigung der Exotischen (1897) (20725847540).jpg
Illustration of the fern from Die Farnkräuter der Erde in 1897

This species was described by Caspar Georg Carl Reinwardt in the book Sylloge Plantarum Novarum in 1828. He did not mention the origin of the specimen(s) that his description was based upon. [7]

Etymology

The species epithet conjugata refers to the leaf having one pair of leaflets. [8] [9]

Common names

In Fiji it is known as koukoutangane, [6] [4] or 'aivuiniveli'. [10] In Thailand it is called bua chaek [11] and bua cek in Singapore, [12] It is written as 双扇蕨 [5] or 破傘蕨, [4] in Chinese script, and known as shuang shan jue in Pinyin in China. [5]

Biochemistry

The leaves contain 2 ent-kauranoid hydroxy acids. [13] [ full citation needed ]

Distribution and habitat

Close-up of the leaf of the fern Fern (Dipteris conjugata) (7113325651).jpg
Close-up of the leaf of the fern

It is native to tropical and temperate Asia, Australia and some Pacific islands. [11]

Range

It can be found in temperate Asia, within the Ryukyu Islands of Japan. In tropical Asia, within Papua New Guinea, Cambodia (mainly Kampot [3] ), Singapore, [2] Thailand, Vietnam, [11] and Hainan (in China), Taiwan, India, Indonesia, Malaysia (including on the slopes of Mount Ophir, [14] ) and in the Philippines. [4] [15] [5] Also within Queensland in Australia, [16] and on the islands of New Caledonia, [11] [15] [4] (of New Zealand) and Fiji. [17]

Within Thailand, it is found in the provinces of Surat Thani, Phangnga, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Trang and Yala. [3] Within Singapore, it is found in the district of Kranji, Tanjung Gul and on the island of Pulau Tekong. [18]

Habitat

D. conjugata grows on clay slopes, [3] in clearings, [12] ridges and on forest margins. [5] [15] In East Kalimantan, Indonesia, it grows along rivers together with Nypa Palms. [15] In Borneo, it is found commonly growing with Histiopteris incisa (Thunb.) J. Sm. and Lygodium circinnatum (Burm.) Sw., along forest margins and paths. [19] In New Caledonia, it is found on sunny roadside banks. [17] The fern is also common in forest margins in high rainfall areas. [6]

The species occurs mainly at altitudes of 500 to 1,200 m (1,600 to 3,900 ft) above sea level in China, [5] 300 to 1,700 m (980 to 5,580 ft) in Malaysia, [2] and 300 to 2,900 m (980 to 9,510 ft) in Singapore. [15] In Singapore, it occurs on coastal cliffs, [12] [4] and at the risk of landslides. [2] [15] It is also

Conservation

This species has a varying status in different countries. In Singapore it is classed as critically endangered, in Queensland it has been assessed as near threatened, while in Cambodia, Thailand and Laos it is seen as having no threats, such that it was recommended to the IUCN that it be classed as least concern. [3] [20] [21] As of August 2024, it has not been assessed by the IUCN.

Cultivation

D.conjugata in Cibodas Botanical Garden, Indonesia Dipteris conjugata.JPG
D.conjugata in Cibodas Botanical Garden, Indonesia

It is sometimes planted as an ornamental plant in Singapore. [12]

It can grown in poor to well drained soils and is mostly disease and pest resistant. [4]

Also specimens of the plant can be found in Cibodas Botanical Garden in West Java of Indonesia, [22] and in the Fernarium of Univerisiti Kebangsaan in Malaysia [23]

Uses

It has been used as a medicinal plant to treat various ailments, [24] such as in southern Thailand, the roots have been collected for used in traditional medicine. [15] [12] [4] In Fiji, it is used to treat male reproductive ailments. [4]

It also has another use, in the highlands of Mindanao in the Philippines, the large fronds are used as an umbrella. [15]

References

  1. 1 2 Hassler, Michael. "World Plants: Ferns and Lycophytes list". World Ferns. Synonymic Checklist and Distribution of Ferns and Lycophytes of the World. Retrieved 3 August 2024.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Lok, A.F.S.L.; Ang, W.F.; Tan, H.T.W. (2009). "The status and distribution in Singapore of Dipteris conjugata Reinw. (Dipteridaceae)" (PDF). Nature in Singapore. 2: 339–345.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 "Dipteris conjugata". Ferns of Thailand, Laos and Cambodia. Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh. Retrieved 30 September 2019.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 "Dipteris conjugata". Flora and Fauna Web. Singapore Government . Retrieved 29 December 2017.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 "FOC Vol. 2-3 Page 116". efloras.org (Flora of China). Retrieved 29 December 2017.
  6. 1 2 3 R.C. Cambie and J. Ash Fijian Medicinal Plants , p. 48, at Google Books
  7. ↑ Reinwardt, Caspar Georg Carl (1828). Hornschuch, Christian Friedrich (ed.). Sylloge Plantarum Novarum. Vol. 2. Regensburg: C. E. Brenck. p. 3. Retrieved 3 August 2024.
  8. ↑ "conjugate". The Free Dictionary. Retrieved 5 October 2019.
  9. ↑ Abraham Rees The Cyclopædia; Or, Universal Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, and Literature, Volume 20 (1819) , p. 285, at Google Books
  10. ↑ Parham, H. B. Richenda. "Fiji Plants Their Names and Uses" . Retrieved 20 October 2019.
  11. 1 2 3 4 "Dipteris conjugata". Germplasm Resources Information Network . Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture . Retrieved 2 October 2019.
  12. 1 2 3 4 5 Yeo, Ron (15 July 2012). "Coastal Epiphytes, Ferns & Ground-dwelling Herbs of Singapore". tidechaser. Retrieved 30 September 2019.
  13. ↑ N. Tanaka 'Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin (Japan), 1985, 33 page 152
  14. ↑ A. C. Seward Darwin and Modern Science: the Evolution , p. 133, at Google Books
  15. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 "Dipteris conjugata Reinw., 1825-1826". Lee Kong Chian Natural History Museum. Archived from the original on 31 July 2018. Retrieved 30 September 2019.
  16. ↑ "Native plants of Malaan National Park". wetlandinfo.des.qld.gov.au. Queensland Government. Retrieved 20 October 2019.
  17. 1 2 Perrie, Leon (2 November 2012). "Ferns of New Caledonia that are very different to those in New Zealand". Te Papa’s Blog. Retrieved 5 October 2019.
  18. ↑ Ibrahim, Hassan. "Saving A Prehistoric Fern From Extinction". nparks.gov.sg. Retrieved 30 September 2019.
  19. ↑ Cicuzza, Daniele (20 December 2014). "A rediscovery of Alfred Russel Wallace's fern collection from Borneo at the Cambridge University Herbarium". Notes and Records: The Royal Society Journal of the History of Science. 68 (4): 403–412. doi:10.1098/rsnr.2014.0035. PMC   4213437 .
  20. ↑ "Flora - Species List (Red Data Book List)". National Parks. National Parks Board, Singapore. Retrieved 4 August 2024.
  21. ↑ "Species profile—Dipteris conjugata". Queensland Department of Environment and Science. Queensland Government. 2024. Retrieved 4 August 2024.
  22. ↑ Bell, P. R. (May 1986). "Features of Egg Cells of Living Representatives of Ancient Families of Ferns". Annals of Botany . 57 (5): 613–621. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aob.a087144.
  23. ↑ V. H. Heywood and Peter Wyse Jackson (editors) Tropical Botanic Gardens: Their Role in Conservation and Development , p. 234, at Google Books
  24. ↑ H.B.R. Parham, 'Fiji native plants with their medicinal and other uses' Polynes. Soc. Mem 16 The Polynesian Society, page 160

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