Dipteris

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Dipteris
Dipteris conjugata Po San Jue 001 (Tian Wen ).jpg
Dipteris conjugata
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Division: Polypodiophyta
Class: Polypodiopsida
Order: Gleicheniales
Family: Dipteridaceae
Genus: Dipteris
Reinw.
Type species
Dipteris conjugata
Reinwardt
Species

See text

Synonyms
  • PhymatodesPresl

Dipteris is a genus of about seven species of ferns, native to tropical regions across the world, particularly Asia, with a species in northeastern Queensland in Australia. It is one of two genera in the family Dipteridaceae.

Contents

Description

Species of Dipteris grow from creeping rhizomes, [1] and have large stalks to the sporangium and annulus. [2] The rhizomes have bristles (or hairs) and the fronds have uniseriate hairs (having one line or series). [3] All species of Dipteris have spore-capsules that are carried on the lower surface of the broad lobed frond. [4] The fronds can reach up to 50 cm long. [5]

Taxonomy

Caspar Georg Carl Reinwardt first published the genus in 1825, [6] by describing Dipteris conjugataReinw. [7] which is the best known species. [8]

In 1839, R. Brown reduced the genus to a subgenus of Polypodium . [9] In 1901, Konrad Christ published Die Farnkrauter der Erde't, within which he included the genus Dipteris in the family Polypodiaceae, (a subdivision of the Polypodiacea). [10] It was then later placed into a separate genus, [4] [5] Bower (1928), Ching (1940) and Pichi-Sermolli (1958) all having recreated the family Dipteridaceae, then comprising only one genus, Dipteris, [11] due to the differences in sporangium, stomata and gametophyte. [3]

The Latin genus name Dipteris refers to an amalgamation of two terms: di meaning two, and pteris Greek word used for ferns generally, meaning wing-like. [12]

Species

Phylogeny of Dipteris [13] [14]

D. lobbiana (Hooker) Moore

D. wallichii (Brown ex Wallich 1828) Moore

D. conjugata Reinwardt

D. chinensis Christ

D. shenzhenensis Yan & Wei 2021

As of October 2019, Plants of the World Online and the Checklist of Ferns and Lycophytes of the World recognized seven species: [15] [16]

Dipteris polyphyllus, a species from New Guinea has not been fully accepted as a species. [17]

Distribution and habitat

Many species are found in Malaysia, Philippines, Samoa and New Guinea, growing beside Matonia (another fern species). [5] [10] Most of the species grow on rocks, exposed places, clearings and in thickets. [18]

Fossils

The genus has been found to have been widely distributed during the Jurassic period, [2] of the Mesozoic Era when much of the genus was widely distributed around Europe. Such fossils have been found in England, Germany, France, Belgium, Austria, Switzerland, Bornholm (island), Greenland, and Poland. [10]

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Schizaeales</span> Order of ferns

Schizaeales is an order of ferns.

<i>Anemia</i> (plant) Genus of ferns

Anemia is a genus of ferns. It is the only genus in the family Anemiaceae in the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016. Alternatively, the genus may be placed as the only genus in the subfamily Anemioideae of a more broadly defined family Schizaeaceae, the family placement used in Plants of the World Online as of November 2019. Its species are sometimes called flowering ferns, but this term is more commonly applied to ferns of the genus Osmunda. Fronds are dimorphic; in fertile fronds, the two lowermost pinnae are highly modified to bear the sporangia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Marattiaceae</span> Family of ferns

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cyatheales</span> Order of ferns

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Polypodiaceae</span> Family of ferns

Polypodiaceae is a family of ferns. In the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016, the family includes around 65 genera and an estimated 1,650 species and is placed in the order Polypodiales, suborder Polypodiineae. A broader circumscription has also been used, in which the family includes other families kept separate in PPG I. Nearly all species are epiphytes, but some are terrestrial.

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<i>Plagiogyria</i> Genus of ferns

Plagiogyria is a genus of ferns, the only genus in family Plagiogyriaceae in the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016. Alternatively, the family may be treated as the subfamily Plagiogyrioideae of a very broadly defined family Cyatheaceae, the placement used for the genus in Plants of the World Online as of November 2019.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lomariopsidaceae</span> Family of ferns

The Lomariopsidaceae is a family of ferns with a largely tropical distribution. In the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016 (PPG I), the family is placed in the suborder Polypodiineae of the order Polypodiales. Alternatively, it may be treated as the subfamily Lomariopsidoideae of a very broadly defined family Polypodiaceae sensu lato.

<i>Lecanopteris</i> Genus of ferns

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Gleicheniaceae</span> Family of ferns

The forked ferns are the family Gleicheniaceae, which includes six genera and about 160 known species. The formerly independent families Dicranopteridaceae and Stromatopteridaceae are generally included in the Gleicheniaceae, whereas the Dipteridaceae and Matoniaceae, although closely related, are considered separate families by most authors.

<i>Didymochlaena</i> Genus of ferns

Didymochlaena is a genus of ferns. In the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016, it is the only genus in the family Didymochlaenaceae. Alternatively, the family may be placed in a very broadly defined family Polypodiaceae sensu lato as the subfamily Didymochlaenoideae.

<i>Bommeria</i> Genus of ferns

Bommeria is a genus of small pteridaceous rock ferns, native to the New World. Genetic analysis has shown it to be a stem offshoot clade of all the cheilanthoid ferns, except for Doryopteris, which is an even more basal ("primitive") stem offshoot. for years, it was assumed that this genus was closely allied with Hemionitis, but genetic analysis has shown that genus to be a more advanced genus evolutionarily. The same set of analysis has shown many presumed genera within this family to be paraphyletic, but the small genus Bommeria appears to be monophyletic, or a natural genus.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tectariaceae</span> Family of ferns

Tectariaceae is a family of leptosporangiate ferns in the order Polypodiales. In the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016 (PPG I), the family is placed in the suborder Polypodiineae. Alternatively, it may be treated as the subfamily Tectarioideae of a very broadly defined family Polypodiaceae sensu lato. The family comprises seven genera, of which Tectaria is by far the largest.

<i>Acrostichum</i> Genus of ferns

Acrostichum is a fern genus in the Parkerioideae subfamily of the Pteridaceae. It was one of the original pteridophyte genera delineated by Linnaeus. It was originally drawn very broadly, including all ferns that had sori apparently "acrostichoid", or distributed in a uniform mass across the back of the frond, rather than organized in discrete sori. This led Linnaeus to include such species as Asplenium platyneuron in the genus, because the specimen he received had sori so crowded that it appeared acrostichoid.

<i>Metaxya</i> Genus of ferns

Metaxya is a neotropical genus of ferns in the order Cyatheales. It is the only genus in the family Metaxyaceae in the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016. Alternatively, the genus may be placed in the subfamily Metaxyoideae of a more broadly defined family Cyatheaceae, the family placement used in Plants of the World Online as of November 2019.

Archigrammitis is a genus of ferns in the family Polypodiaceae, subfamily Grammitidoideae, according to the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016 (PPG I). It is known from Malesia and Polynesia.

<i>Dipteris conjugata</i> Species of plant

Dipteris conjugata is a species of fern in the family Dipteridaceae. It has a rhizome, and 2-3 tall stems with mid green or dark green fronds, which have several divisions to toothed lobes. It is grows in clearings, mountain ridges and in forest margins, from tropical and temperate Asia, northern Queensland in Australia and some islands in the Pacific Ocean. It has limited native medicinal uses.

<i>Vandenboschia</i> Genus of ferns

Vandenboschia is a fern genus in the family Hymenophyllaceae. The genus is accepted in the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016 but not by some other sources.

<i>Cheiropleuria</i> Genus of ferns

Cheiropleuria is a genus of ferns in the family Dipteridaceae. Species are found in both temperate and tropical eastern Asia.

References

  1. ↑ F. O. Bower The Ferns (Filicales): Volume 2, The Eusporangiatae and Other ..., Volume 2 , p. 315, at Google Books
  2. 1 2 R.D. Preton and H.W. Woolhouse Advances in Botanical Research, Volume 4 , p. 310, at Google Books
  3. 1 2 Peter H. Hovenkamp A Monograph of the Fern Genus Pyrrosia: Polypodiaceae , p. 102, at Google Books
  4. 1 2 A. C. Seward Links with the Past in the Plant World , p. 93, at Google Books
  5. 1 2 3 A. C. Seward Fossil Plants: A Text-Book for Students of Botany and Geology , p. 298, at Google Books
  6. ↑ "FOC Vol. 2-3 Page 4, 116". efloras.org. Retrieved 1 September 2017.
  7. ↑ Seward, A. C.; Dale, Elizabeth (1901). "On the Structure and Affinities of Dipteris, with Notes on the Geological History of the Dipteridinae". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B. 194 (194–206): 487–513. doi: 10.1098/rstb.1901.0011 .
  8. ↑ "Taxon: Dipteris conjugata Reinw". npgsweb.ars-grin.gov. Retrieved 2 September 2017.
  9. ↑ Annals of Natural History, Volume 2 , p. 215, at Google Books
  10. 1 2 3 Seward, A. C.; Dale, Elizabeth (1901). "On the Structure and Affinities of Dipteris, with Notes on the Geological History of the Dipteridinae". Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. 68 (442–450): 373–374. doi:10.1098/rspl.1901.0061. S2CID   186208132.
  11. ↑ Indian Botanical Society, Memoirs, Issue 4, page 9, 1963
  12. ↑ D. Gledhill The Names of Plants , p. 319, at Google Books
  13. ↑ Nitta, Joel H.; Schuettpelz, Eric; Ramírez-Barahona, Santiago; Iwasaki, Wataru; et al. (2022). "An Open and Continuously Updated Fern Tree of Life". Frontiers in Plant Science. 13: 909768. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2022.909768 . PMC   9449725 . PMID   36092417.
  14. ↑ "Tree viewer: interactive visualization of FTOL". FTOL v1.5.0 [GenBank release 256]. 2023. Retrieved 17 August 2023.
  15. ↑ Hassler, Michael & Schmitt, Bernd (June 2019). "Dipteris". Checklist of Ferns and Lycophytes of the World. Vol. 8. Archived from the original on 2017-09-02. Retrieved 2019-10-04.
  16. ↑ "Dipteris Reinw.", Plants of the World Online, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, retrieved 2019-10-04
  17. ↑ "Dipteris polyphyllus" . Retrieved 6 September 2017.
  18. ↑ K.U. Kramer, Klaus Kubitzki, P.S. Green (Editors) Pteridophytes and Gymnosperms , p. 101, at Google Books

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