Disperis

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Disperis
Disperis capensis 1.jpg
Disperis capensis
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Monocots
Order: Asparagales
Family: Orchidaceae
Subfamily: Orchidoideae
Tribe: Orchideae
Subtribe: Brownleeinae
Genus: Disperis
Sw.
Subgenera

D. subg. Disperis
D. subg. Dryorkis

Disperis distribution map.png
Range of genus

Disperis is a genus of plants in the orchid family, Orchidaceae. It has about 78 species. [1] Most of the species are from tropical and southern Africa, as well as Indian Ocean islands. A few are native to the tropical or the warmer subtropical regions of Asia and Malesia.

Contents

Etymology

The genus name Disperis derives from the ancient greek δίς (dís), meaning "twice", and πήρα (pḗra), meaning "bag", "pouch", [2] [3] because of to the pouches formed by the lateral sepals. [4]

Range and variation

Disperis consists of two subgenera, Disperis and Dryorkis. [5] Subgenus Disperis has been well sampled in a molecular phylogenetic study, [6] but subgenus Dryorkis has not. Subgenus Disperis has about 30 species and is distinguished by an entire lip appendage. Most of its species are from southern Africa. A few are from East Africa and Madagascar. Subgenus Dryorkis has about 48 species and is distinguished by a 2-lobed lip appendage. It is found throughout tropical Africa as well as Madagascar and nearby islands, and it has one widespread species in tropical Asia.

Pollination

Like members of the subtribe Coryciinae sensu stricto, Disperis is pollinated by oil collecting bees of the genus Rediviva . The oil is produced on the lip appendage, usually near its apex. Disperis has independently evolved a floral morphology much like that of Coryciinae s.s. in order to attract these pollinators.

Relationships

In the Genera Orchidacearum work, Disperis has been placed in the subtribe Coryciinae. [7] However, molecular phylogeny studies challenged this taxonomic view. Analysis of the nuclear ribosomal ITS first suggested the polyphyly of Coryciinae as Disperis did not branch with Corycium and Pterygodium. [8] Moreover, Disperis appeared more closely related to Brownleea than to the subtribe Coryciinae, though this affinity did not receive strong statistical support. [6] In a classification of orchids that was published in 2015, Disperis was transferred to the subtribe Brownleeinae. [1] Brownleea and Disperis have a similar pollen structure and an upright labellum that lies over the front of the stigma. A median sepal spur is found in all six species of Brownleea and in many species of Disperis. [6]

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Cypripedioideae is a subfamily of orchids commonly known as lady's slipper orchids, lady slipper orchids or slipper orchids. Cypripedioideae includes the genera Cypripedium, Mexipedium, Paphiopedilum, Phragmipedium and Selenipedium. They are characterised by the slipper-shaped pouches of the flowers – the pouch traps insects so they are forced to climb up past the staminode, behind which they collect or deposit pollinia, thus fertilizing the flower. There are approximately 165 species in the subfamily.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Taxonomy of the Orchidaceae</span>

The taxonomy of the Orchidaceae (orchid family) has evolved slowly during the last 250 years, starting with Carl Linnaeus who in 1753 recognized eight genera. De Jussieu recognized the Orchidaceae as a separate family in his Genera Plantarum in 1789. Olof Swartz recognized 25 genera in 1800. Louis Claude Richard provided us in 1817 with the descriptive terminology of the orchids. (See External links below). The next step was taken in 1830-1840 by John Lindley, who recognized four subfamilies. He is generally recognized as the father of orchid taxonomy. The next important step was taken by George Bentham with a new classification, recognizing subtribes for the first time. This classification was first presented in a paper that Bentham read to the Royal Society in 1881. Then it was published in 1883 in the final volume of Genera Plantarum. The next great contributors were Pfitzer (1887), Schlechter (1926), Mansfeld (1937), Dressler and Dodson (1960), Garay (1960, 1972), Vermeulen (1966), again Dressler (1981). and Burns-Balogh and Funk (1986). Dressler's 1993 book had considerable influence on later work.

<i>Disa</i> (plant) Genus of flowering plants belonging to the orchid family

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<i>Maxillaria</i> Genus of orchids

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Adrorhizinae</span> Subtribe of orchids

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<i>Rhynchostylis</i> Genus of orchids

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<i>Arthrochilus</i> Genus of flowering plants

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<i>Brownleea</i> Genus of flowering plants belonging to the orchid family

Brownleea is a genus of flowering plants from the family Orchidaceae native to Africa and Madagascar. Eight species are known.

  1. Brownleea coeruleaHarv. ex Lindl.
  2. Brownleea galpiniiBolus
  3. Brownleea graminicolaMcMurtry
  4. Brownleea macrocerasSond.
  5. Brownleea maculataP.J.Cribb
  6. Brownleea mulanjiensisH.P.Linder
  7. Brownleea parvifloraHarv. ex Lindl.
  8. Brownleea recurvataSond.
<i>Cryptostylis</i> Species of orchid

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<i>Neotinea</i> Genus of orchids

Neotinea is a genus of flowering plants from the orchid family, Orchidaceae. It is native to much of Europe, the Mediterranean region, and the islands of the eastern Atlantic, from the Canaries, Madeira and Ireland east to Iran and Western Siberia.

<i>Pachites</i> Genus of flowering plants belonging to the orchid family

Pachites is a genus of flowering plants in the orchid family, Orchidaceae. It contains two known species, both endemic to South Africa. One of these, Pachites appressus, is very rare.

Galeottiella is a genus of flowering plants from the orchid family, Orchidaceae. Traditionally it had been included in subtribe Spiranthinae, but following molecular phylogenetic and morphological studies it is now placed in a subtribe on its own, Galeottiellinae.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Eriinae</span> Subtribe of orchids

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Diseae</span> Tribe of orchids

Diseae is an orchid tribe in the subfamily Orchidoideae. It was recognized in Genera Orchidacearum volume 2, which was published in 2001. It consisted of 12 genera in five subtribes. In molecular phylogenetic studies that were published after 1999, it was shown that Diseae is paraphyletic over the tribe Orchideae. In a classification of orchids that was published in 2015, Diseae was not recognized, but was instead placed in synonymy under Orchideae.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Coryciinae</span> Subtribe of flowering plants in the orchid family

Coryciinae is a subtribe of orchids that has been differently defined and placed in the two classification systems that are currently in use for orchids. Genera Orchidacearum, which is currently the definitive work on orchid taxonomy, delimits Coryciinae as consisting of five genera: Disperis, Evotella, Ceratandra, Pterygodium, and Corycium, and it places Coryciinae in the mostly African tribe Diseae, along with four other subtribes: Brownleeinae, Huttonaeinae, Disinae, and Satyriinae. The genera of Coryciinae are small to medium in size and the number of species in each genus is as follows: Disperis (78), Pterygodium (19), Corycium (15), Ceratandra (6), and Evotella (1).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Zygopetalinae</span> Subtribe of orchids

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Disinae</span> A subtribe of flowering plants belonging to the orchid family

Disinae is a subtribe of orchids that has been differently defined and placed in the two classification systems that are currently in use for orchids. Genera Orchidacearum, which is currently the definitive work on orchid taxonomy, delimits Disinae as consisting of two closely related genera, Disa and Schizodium, and it places Disinae in the mostly African tribe Diseae, along with four other subtribes: Brownleeinae, Huttonaeinae, Coryciinae, and Satyriinae. In the classification for orchids that was published by Chase et alii in 2015, Schizodium was placed in synonymy under Disa, while Pachites and Huttonaea were transferred to Disinae. In Genera Orchidacearum, Pachites and Satyrium form the subtribe Satyriinae, and Huttonaea is the sole genus in the subtribe Huttonaeinae. The transfer of Pachites and Huttonaea to Disinae by Chase et alii (2015) was done with considerable doubt, and was based upon uncertainty about the relationships of these two genera. In 2009, a molecular phylogenetic study found only weak statistical support for a sister relationship between Huttonaea and Disa.

References

  1. 1 2 Mark W. Chase, Kenneth M. Cameron, John V. Freudenstein, Alec M. Pridgeon, Gerardo A. Salazar, Cássio van den Berg, and André Schuiteman. 2015. "An updated classification of Orchidaceae". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society177(2):151-174. (See External links below).
  2. ↑ Bailly, Anatole (1981-01-01). Abrégé du dictionnaire grec français. Paris: Hachette. ISBN   978-2010035289. OCLC   461974285.
  3. ↑ Bailly, Anatole. "Greek-french dictionary online". www.tabularium.be. Retrieved 2017-01-24.
  4. ↑ Umberto Quattrocchi. 2000. CRC World Dictionary of Plant Names volume II. CRC Press: Boca Raton; New York; Washington, D.C.; USA. London, UK. ISBN   978-0-8493-2676-9 (vol. II).
  5. ↑ Hubert Kurzweil and John C. Manning. 2005. "A synopsis of the genus Disperis Sw. (Orchidaceae)". Adansonia27(2):155-207.
  6. 1 2 3 Richard J. Waterman, Anton Pauw, Timothy G. Barraclough, and Vincent Savolainen. 2009. "Pollinators underestimated: A molecular phylogeny reveals widespread floral convergence in oil-secreting orchids (sub-tribe Coryciinae) of the Cape of South Africa". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution51(1):100-110. doi : 10.1016/j.ympev.2008.05.020.
  7. ↑ Alec M. Pridgeon; Phillip J. Cribb; Mark W. Chase; Finn N. Rasmussen (2001). Genera Orchidacearum: Volume 2. Orchidoideae. Oxford University Press. p. 14. ISBN   978-0-19-850710-9. (See External links below).
  8. ↑ Emmanuel J. P. Douzery, Alec M. Pridgeon, Paul Kores, H. P. Linder, Hubert Kurzweil, and Mark W. Chase. 1999. "Molecular phylogenetics of Diseae (Orchidaceae): a contribution from nuclear ribosomal ITS sequences". American Journal of Botany86(6):887-899. PDF [ dead link ]
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