Drimia

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Drimia
Drimia maritima EnfoqueFlores 2010-10-03 SierraMadrona.jpg
Drimia maritima growing in the Sierra Madrona, Spain.
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Monocots
Order: Asparagales
Family: Asparagaceae
Subfamily: Scilloideae
Genus: Drimia
Jacq. ex Willd. [1]
Synonyms [1]
  • AdenothecaWelw. ex Baker
  • BoosiaSpeta
  • CharybdisSpeta
  • DuthieaSpeta
  • EbertiaSpeta
  • GescholliaSpeta
  • IdotheaKunth
  • IdotheariaC.Presl
  • IndurgiaSpeta
  • LedurgiaSpeta
  • LitanthusHarv.
  • MucinaeaM.Pinter
  • PilasiaRaf.
  • Rhadamanthopsis(Oberm.) Speta
  • RhadamanthusSalisb.
  • RhodocodonBaker
  • SagittantheraMart.-Azorín
  • SchizobasisBaker
  • SekanamaSpeta
  • SquillaSteinh.
  • StrepsiphylaRaf.
  • SypharissaSalisb.
  • TenicroaRaf.
  • ThuranthosC.H.Wright
  • UrginaviaSpeta
  • UrgineaSteinh.
  • UrgineopsisCompton
Drimia maritima flowering in Khurvat Karta, Israel Le Destroit - WLM 2015 by ovedc 90.jpg
Drimia maritima flowering in Khurvat Karta, Israel

Drimia is a genus of African, south European and south Asian flowering plants. In the APG IV classification system, it is placed in the family Asparagaceae, subfamily Scilloideae (formerly the family Hyacinthaceae [2] ). When broadly circumscribed, the genus includes a number of other genera previously treated separately, including Litanthus, Rhodocodon, Schizobasis and Urginea. [1]

Contents

One of the best-known species is the sea squill, Drimia maritima (formerly Urginea maritima). Drimia intricata (formerly Schizobasis intricata) is sometimes cultivated as a bulbous or succulent plant.

Description

Drimia species are usually deciduous, more rarely evergreen, growing from bulbs. The bulbs may be underground or occur on or near the surface. Each bulb has one to several leaves that are often dry by the time the flowers open. The inflorescence is in the form of a raceme, with one to many flowers. At least the lower inflorescence bracts have spurs (a characteristic of the tribe Urgineeae). The individual flowers generally last for only one to two days and have white to yellowish green or brown tepals that are either free or joined into a basal tube. The tepals often have a darker central keel. After fertilization, an ovoid capsule forms with several seeds in each locule. The seeds are black and winged. [3]

Taxonomy

A formal description of genus Drimia first appeared in the fourth edition of Species Plantarum , published in 1799, authored by Carl Ludwig Willdenow. The name was attributed to Nikolaus Joseph von Jacquin. [1] [4] When describing Drimia elata (the type species of the genus) in a work published in 1797, Jacquin said that he was unable to assign it to one of the known genera, and so constructed a new one. The name is derived from the Greek δριμεῖαdrimeia, the feminine form of the adjective δριμύςdrimys meaning "bitter" or "acrid", referring to the root. [5] [6]

The boundaries between genera within the Scilloideae are not completely settled. [3] [7] The situation has been described as being in a "state of flux". [2] As early as 1977, it was suggested that Urginea be merged into Drimia, although other small genera continued to be kept separate. In 2000, Peter Goldblatt and John Charles Manning proposed including other related genera, including Litanthus, Rhadamanthus and Schizobasis, a position supported later by some molecular phylogenetic studies. [3] This broad circumscription of Drimia is accepted by the World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. [1] Other sources prefer to maintain a larger number of segregated genera. [8] [9] Regardless of whether a broad or strict view is taken of Drimia, it is placed in the tribe Urgineeae of the subfamily Scilloideae (or the subfamily Urgineoideae of the family Hyacinthaceae if this family is separated from Asparagaceae). [3]

Litanthus group

The genus Litanthus was for a long time monotypic, with the sole species L. pusillus, before in 2000 Goldblatt and Manning included it in Drimia. [3] A further species, Drimia stenocarpa, was added to the group in 2014. The Litanthus group is characterized by one- or occasionally two-flowered inflorescences with drooping tubular flowers whose tepals are united at the base for more than half their length. [10]

Rhodocodon group

The genus Rhodocodon was included in Drimia by Goldblatt and Manning in 2000. [3] The species of Rhodocodon, or the Rhodocodon group within Drimia, including D. cryptopoda, form a well supported clade endemic to Madagascar. They appear to be the product of a single invasion of Madagascar by an African species. A total of 13 species are recognized by those who separate the genus from Drimia. [8]

Schizobasis group

The genus Schizobasis was included in Drimia by Goldblatt and Manning in 2000. [3] As many as eight species have been described, but in 2014 these were reduced to two: Drimia intricata, including all the previously described species, and the new species Drimia sigmoidea. The Schizobasis group is distinguished by its well branched, thin-stemmed inflorescence and small, filiform leaves that are found only in seedlings, disappearing in mature plants. [11]

Species

As of August 2017, the World Checklist of Selected Plant Families accepted 100 species: [12]

In addition, 10 species described in 2015, and placed by the authors in Rhodocodon, [9] are, as of August 2017, treated as "unplaced" in the World Checklist of Selected Plant Families, which does not recognize the genus; none have names in Drimia: [13]

  • Rhodocodon apiculatusH.Perrier ex Knirsch, Mart.-Azorín & Wetschnig
  • Rhodocodon calcicolaKnirsch, Mart.-Azorín & Wetschnig
  • Rhodocodon campanulatusKnirsch, Mart.-Azorín & Wetschnig
  • Rhodocodon cyathiformisH.Perrier ex Knirsch, Mart.-Azorín & Wetschnig
  • Rhodocodon floribundusH.Perrier ex Knirsch, Mart.-Azorín & Wetschnig
  • Rhodocodon graciliscapusKnirsch, Mart.-Azorín & Wetschnig
  • Rhodocodon intermediusH.Perrier ex Knirsch, Mart.-Azorín & Wetschnig
  • Rhodocodon linearifoliusKnirsch, Mart.-Azorín & Wetschnig
  • Rhodocodon monophyllusKnirsch, Mart.-Azorín & Wetschnig
  • Rhodocodon rotundusH.Perrier ex Knirsch, Mart.-Azorín & Wetschnig

Distribution and habitat

The broadly defined genus has about 100 species found in Africa, including Madagascar, the Mediterranean area and Asia. About half of all the species occur in southern Africa, where species diversity is greatest in semi-arid regions with winter rainfall. Drimia generally is found in regions with seasonal dryness. [3]

Related Research Articles

<i>Scilla</i> Genus of flowering plants

Scilla is a genus of about 30 to 80 species of bulb-forming perennial herbaceous plants in the family Asparagaceae, subfamily Scilloideae. Sometimes called the squills in English, they are native to woodlands, subalpine meadows, and seashores throughout Europe, Africa and the Middle East. A few species are also naturalized in Australasia and North America. Their flowers are usually blue, but white, pink, and purple types are known; most flower in early spring, but a few are autumn-flowering. Several Scilla species are valued as ornamental garden plants.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Scilloideae</span> Subfamily of bulbous monocot plants

Scilloideae is a subfamily of bulbous plants within the family Asparagaceae. Scilloideae is sometimes treated as a separate family Hyacinthaceae, named after the genus Hyacinthus. Scilloideae or Hyacinthaceae include many familiar garden plants such as Hyacinthus (hyacinths), Hyacinthoides (bluebells), Muscari and Scilla and Puschkinia. Some are important as cut flowers.

<i>Ornithogalum</i> Genus of perennial bulbous plants in the asparagus family (Asparagaceae

Ornithogalum is a genus of perennial plants mostly native to southern Europe and southern Africa belonging to the family Asparagaceae. Some species are native to other areas such as the Caucasus. Some species are classified as noxious invasive weeds in some portions of North America. Growing from a bulb, species have linear basal leaves and a slender stalk, up to 30 cm tall, bearing clusters of typically white star-shaped flowers, often striped with green. The common name of the genus, star-of-Bethlehem, is based on its star-shaped flowers, after the Star of Bethlehem that appears in the biblical account of the birth of Jesus. The number of species has varied considerably, depending on authority, from 50 to 300.

<i>Anthericum</i> Genus of flowering plants belonging to the agave, yucca, and Joshua tree subfamily

Anthericum is a genus of about 65 species, rhizomatous perennial plants in the family Asparagaceae, subfamily Agavoideae. It was formerly placed in its own family, Anthericaceae. The species have rhizomatous or tuberous roots, long narrow leaves and branched stems carrying starry white flowers. The members of this genus occur mainly in the tropics and southern Africa and Madagascar, but are also represented in Europe.

<i>Galtonia</i> Genus of plants

Galtonia is a genus of plants in the family Asparagaceae, subfamily Scilloideae. Native to Southern Africa, the genus is named after Sir Francis Galton. According to some authorities it has been subsumed into Ornithogalum as a subgenus, while others prefer to keep it as a separate genus.

<i>Ledebouria</i> Genus of flowering plants

Ledebouria is a genus of African bulbous perennial herbs in the Asparagus family, Asparagaceae, subfamily Scilloideae. Most members were previously part of the genus Scilla. A number of species are grown by cacti and succulent enthusiasts for their patterned leaves.

<i>Massonia</i> Genus of flowering plants

Massonia is a genus of bulbous perennial flowering plants in the family Asparagaceae, subfamily Scilloideae. It is native to southern Africa, and is found in localities such as Namaqualand with hot and dry summers, being dormant in summer and growing during winter. The genus Whiteheadia has been merged into Massonia. It is classed as a cryptophyte.

<i>Lachenalia</i> Genus of flowering plants

Lachenalia is a genus of bulbous perennial plants in the family Asparagaceae, subfamily Scilloideae, which are usually found in Namibia and South Africa. Most of them have a dormancy period, but new roots will always grow every year.

<i>Albuca</i> Genus of flowering plants

Albuca is a genus of flowering plants in the family Asparagaceae, subfamily Scilloideae. The genus is distributed mainly in southern and eastern Africa, with some species occurring in northern Africa and the Arabian Peninsula. Plants of the genus are known commonly as slime lilies.

<i>Barnardia</i> Genus of flowering plants

Barnardia is a small genus of bulbous flowering plants in the family Asparagaceae, subfamily Scilloideae. The genus has two species, one found in the Balearic Islands and north-west Africa, the other in east China, Korea, Japan and adjacent localities. It was suggested in 2012 that the two species were not closely related.

<i>Daubenya</i> Genus of flowering plants

Daubenya is a genus of bulbous flowering plants in the family Asparagaceae, subfamily Scilloideae. It is native to the Cape Province of South Africa.

<i>Dipcadi</i> Genus of flowering plants

Dipcadi is a genus of bulbous flowering plants in the family Asparagaceae, subfamily Scilloideae. It is widely distributed, occurring in southern Europe, most of Africa and the Middle East through to the Indian subcontinent.

<i>Fusifilum</i> Genus of flowering plants

Fusifilum is a genus of bulbous flowering plants in the family Asparagaceae, subfamily Scilloideae. It is distributed in southern Africa. Some sources consider that all the species should be placed in the genus Drimia.

<i>Pseudogaltonia</i> Genus of flowering plants

Pseudogaltonia is a genus of bulbous flowering plants in the family Asparagaceae, subfamily Scilloideae. It is distributed in southern Africa.

<i>Spetaea</i> Genus of flowering plants

Spetaea is a monotypic genus of bulbous flowering plants in the family Asparagaceae, subfamily Scilloideae. The only known species Spetaea lachenaliiflora is found only in the south-west of the Cape Province in South Africa. Prior to 2003, it was incorrectly known as Scilla plumbea.

<i>Drimia elata</i> Species of flowering plant

Drimia elata is a species of flowering plant in the family Asparagaceae, subfamily Scilloideae. It is widely distributed in eastern and southern Africa.

Austronea is a genus of flowering plants in the family Asparagaceae, found in Namibia and South Africa. It is sister to Fusifilum.

<i>Barnardia numidica</i> Species of plant

Barnardia numidica is a bulbous flowering plant in the family Asparagaceae, subfamily Scilloideae. It is one of the two species of the genus Barnardia, although evidence suggests that B. numidica is not related to the other species B. japonica and should be transferred to a genus of its own.

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 "Drimia Jacq. ex Willd.", World Checklist of Selected Plant Families, The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew , retrieved 2017-08-03
  2. 1 2 Chase, M.W.; Reveal, J.L. & Fay, M.F. (2009), "A subfamilial classification for the expanded asparagalean families Amaryllidaceae, Asparagaceae and Xanthorrhoeaceae", Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 161 (2): 132–136, doi: 10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00999.x
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Manning, J.C.; Goldblatt, P.; Fay, M.F. (2004). "A revised generic synopsis of Hyacintheaceae in sub-Saharan Africa, based on molecular evidence, including new combinations and the new tribe Pseudoprospereae". Edinburgh Journal of Botany. 60 (3): 533–568. doi: 10.1017/S0960428603000404 .
  4. ↑ Willdenow, C.L. (1799), "651 Drimia", Species Plantarum : Editio Quarta (in Latin), vol. 2, Berlin, pp. 165–166, retrieved 2017-08-03
  5. ↑ Jacquin, N.J. (1797) [title page 1796], "Drimia elata", Collectaneorum Supplementum (in Latin), Vienna (Vindobona), pp. 38–39, retrieved 2017-08-03
  6. ↑ δριμύς . Liddell, Henry George ; Scott, Robert ; A Greek–English Lexicon at the Perseus Project.
  7. ↑ Wetschnig, W.; Pfosser, M. (2003). "The Scilla plumbea puzzle – present status of the genus Scilla sensu lato in southern Africa and description of Spetaea lachenaliiflora, a new genus and species of Massonieae (Hyacinthaceae)". Taxon. 52 (1): 75–91. doi:10.2307/3647303. JSTOR   3647303.
  8. 1 2 Pfosser, Martin; Knirsch, Walter; Pinter, Michael; Ali, Syed Shujait; Dutta, Suchandra & Wetschnig, Wolfgang (2012), "Phylogenetic relationships of Malagasy Hyacinthaceae", Plant Ecology and Evolution, 145 (1): 65–72, doi: 10.5091/plecevo.2012.590
  9. 1 2 Knirsch, Walter; Martínez Azorín, Mario; Pfosser, Martin & Wetschnig, Wolfgang (2015-01-23), "The reinstatement and rediagnosis of the madagascan genus Rhodocodon (Asparagaceae, Scilloideae), with validation and remarks on H. Perrier's taxa", Phytotaxa, 195 (2): 101–134, doi:10.11646/phytotaxa.195.2.1
  10. ↑ Manning, J.C.; Deacon, J. & Goldblatt, P. (2014), "A review of the Litanthus group of Drimia Jacq. (Hyacinthaceae: Urgineoideae) with the description of a second species, Drimia stenocarpa, from Western Cape", South African Journal of Botany, 90: 96–100, doi: 10.1016/j.sajb.2013.10.006
  11. ↑ Manning, John; Deacon, James & Goldblatt, Peter (2014), "A review of the Schizobasis group of Drimia Jacq. (Hyacinthaceae: Urgineoideae), and the new species D. sigmoidea from Western Cape, South Africa", South African Journal of Botany, 94: 263–269, doi: 10.1016/j.sajb.2014.07.011
  12. ↑ Search for "Drimia", World Checklist of Selected Plant Families, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew , retrieved 2017-08-04
  13. ↑ "Search for Rhodocodon", World Checklist of Selected Plant Families , Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew , retrieved 2017-08-05

Bibliography

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