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Mahmud Ri’ayat Shah Zilu’llah fil’Alam Khalifat ul-Muminin ibni al-Marhum Sultan ‘Abdu’l Jalil Shah was the 17th Sultan of Johor and Johor's dependencies who reigned from 1770 to 1811. Exercising little power over the sultanate where actual power was held under the Bugis court faction, the Tuhfat al-Nafis nevertheless mentions him as an able statesman who did what he could in insurmountable odds, while Munshi Abdullah attests to his good character.
The Pahang Sultanate also referred as the Old Pahang Sultanate, as opposed to the modern Pahang Sultanate, was a Malay Muslim state established in the eastern Malay Peninsula in the 15th century. At the height of its influence, the sultanate was an important power in Southeast Asia and controlled the entire Pahang basin, bordering the Pattani Sultanate to the north and the Johor Sultanate to the south. To the west, its jurisdiction extended over parts of modern-day Selangor and Negeri Sembilan.
The Pahang Kingdom was a Malay state that existed from 1770 to 1881, and is the immediate predecessor of the modern Malaysian state of Pahang. The kingdom came into existence with the consolidation of power by the Bendahara family in Pahang, following the gradual dismemberment of Johor Empire. A self rule was established in Pahang in the late 18th century, with Tun Abdul Majid declared as the first Raja Bendahara. The area around Pahang formed a part of the hereditary domains attached to this title and administered directly by the Raja Bendahara. The weakening of the Johor sultanate and the disputed succession to the throne was matched by an increasing independence of the great territorial magnates; the Bendahara in Pahang, the Temenggong in Johor and Singapore, and the Yamtuan Muda in Riau.
The Bendahara dynasty is the current ruling dynasty of Pahang, Terengganu and Johor Sultanate, a constituent state of Malaysia. The royal house were of noble origin, holding the hereditary position of Bendahara in the courts of Singapura, Melaka and Old Johor since at least from the end of the 13th century.
The following is family tree of the monarchs of Malaysia. The head of state is titled the Yang di-Pertuan Agong. The position is elective but only the hereditary rulers of the states of Johor, Kedah, Kelantan, Negeri Sembilan, Pahang, Perak, Perlis, Selangor and Terengganu are eligible. He holds office for five years and enjoys the style of Majesty.
Genealogies of Kedah Rulers can be found in two traditional Malay texts, the first one being Hikayat Merong Mahawangsa, a chronicle written in the late 16th century, and the other is Al-Tarikh Salasilah Kedah, a royal-sanctioned history published in 1928. The records however do not provide consistent genealogies for the early Rulers of Kedah. According to the Hikayat, Kedah's first Ruler was Merong Mahawangsa. In the Salasilah, it is stated that the first Kedah Ruler was Derbar Raja I who originated from Persia in the 9th century CE.
The following is the family tree of the Malay monarchs of Kelantan. While foreign sources include oblique references to the successive rulers who governed the city states of ancient Kelantan, a clear genealogy only emerges with Mansur Shah who reigned from 1465 to 1526. His father, Iskandar Shah is said to have been descendant of the ruler of the similarly obscure Kota Gelanggi.
The following is the family tree of the Malay monarchs of Negeri Sembilan, from the establishment of the chieftaincy in 1773 until present day. The monarch is styled Yang di-Pertuan Besar or shortened as Yamtuan Besar. The first three monarchs namely, Melewar, Hitam and Lenggang were hailed from Pagaruyung in Sumatra, and were invited to rule the confederacy of Minangkabau Luaks of Negeri Sembilan. The accession of the locally-born Radin marked the end of the practice of inviting princes from Pagaruyung.
The following is family tree of the Malay monarchs of Pahang, from the establishment of the Old Pahang Sultanate in 1470 until present day.
Few traces remain as to the identity of Terengganu's early rulers. Whats is known is that a trading port was established from as early as the 13th century. Terengganu Inscription Stone attests to the 14th century's first muslim ruler of the state, Raja Mandalika, from the Telanai dynasty. In the late 15th century, the Telanai dynasty came to an end when a Pahang Hulubalang, Sri Akar Diraja, killed Tun Telanai for offending Sultan Ahmad of Pahang. It is believed that Terengganu was later ruled by Sri Akar Diraja's family, before they were eventually replaced by the Megat family.
References
- ↑ Ahmad Sarji Abdul Hamid 2011, p. 69
- ↑ Yusoff Iskandar & Aruna Gopinath 1992, p. 370
- ↑ Ahmad Sarji Abdul Hamid 2011, p. 70
- ↑ Ahmad Sarji Abdul Hamid 2011, p. 71
- ↑ Trocki 2007, p. 22
- ↑ Buyong Adil 1980, p. 139
- ↑ Ahmad Sarji Abdul Hamid 2011, p. 71
- ↑ Buyong Adil 1980, p. 141
- ↑ Ahmad Sarji Abdul Hamid 2011, p. 70
- ↑ Ahmad Sarji Abdul Hamid 2011, p. 72
- ↑ Ahmad Sarji Abdul Hamid 2011, p. 72
- ↑ Trocki 2007, p. 22